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Integrated Principles of Zoology(18e) ©2020, Hickman

The Gold Standard for Introductory Zoology Emphasizing the central role of evolution in generating diversity, this best-selling text describes animal life and the fascinating adaptations that enable animals to inhabit so many ecological niches. Featuring high quality illustrations and photographs set within an engaging narrative, Integrated Principles of Zoology is considered the standard by which other texts are measured with:

• Accessible coverage, organized in five parts, suitable for today’s high school elective courses.

• Comprehensive coverage of biological and zoological principles, mechanisms of evolution, diversity, physiology, and ecology.

• Extensive vocabulary support including a glossary that provides pronunciation, derivation, and definition of each term.

• Opening chapter prologues drawn from the chapter’s theme to establish and contextualize the learning.

• Chapter summaries and review questions to aid in comprehension and study.

• Chapter notes and essays that offer interesting sidelights to the narrative.

Personalized, Adaptive, and Dynamic Digital ResourcesZoology includes access to robust digital resources for teachers and students, including:

• Comprehensive, editable chapter banks for each chapter.

• Full-color animations that illustrate many different concepts covered in the study of zoology.

• Online Instructor’s Manual including chapter outlines, teaching suggestions, and ideas for lecture enrichment.

• Customizable PowerPoint presentations to help teachers structure classroom instruction.

• An eBook and a SmartBook® adaptive reading experience, designed to help students learn faster, study more efficiently, and retain more knowledge.

Integrated Principles of

ZOOLOGYEighteenth Edition

Hickman | Keen | Eisenhour | Larson | l’Anson

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Digital Resources Personalized, Adaptive, and Dynamic Integrated Principles of Zoology includes a robust array of digital resources that enhance the teaching and learning experience. Media-rich tools provide meaningful experiences with purposeful lessons, individualized support, and extensive practice and assessment opportunities to ensure concept mastery and student success.

For Teachers ■ The online Teacher Manual includes chapter outlines,

teaching suggestions, reading strategies, and ideas for lecture enrichment.

■ Comprehensive, editable chapter banks are available for each chapter.

■ Customizable PowerPoint presentations help structure classroom instruction.

■ A searchable resource library allows teachers to quickly find, display, and assign resources to suit each lesson.

■ Powerful gradebook reporting features help to easily track student performance and inform data-driven instruction.

For Students ■ An eBook and a SmartBook®adaptive reading experience

set each student on a learning path based on individual knowledge, confidence level, and retention ability.

■ Individualized recommendations in SmartBook® target areas that require additional study and practice.

■ Full-color animations illustrate the many different concepts covered in the study of zoology.

■ Self assessments and real-time reports help students monitor their own progress and take ownership of their own learning.

Contact your Representative to access the Zoology digital resources available at my.mheducation.com

Integrated Principles of

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C O N T E N T S I N B R I E F

20 Crustaceans 428

21 Hexapods 450

22 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates 480

23 Chordates 506

24 Fishes 524

25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 552

26 Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 571

27 Birds 593

28 Mammals 619

P A R T F O U R

Activity of Life

29 Support, Protection, and Movement 648

30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and Temperature Regulation 669

31 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 689

32 Digestion and Nutrition 711

33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs 729

34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 755

35 Immunity 773

36 Animal Behavior 787

P A R T F I V E

Animals and Their Environments

37 Animal Distributions 806

38 Animal Ecology 826

Glossary G-1Index I-1

About the Authors ixPreface x

P A R T O N E

Introduction to Living Animals

1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 1

2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life 20

3 Cells as Units of Life 36

4 Cellular Metabolism 57

P A R T T W O

Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life

5 Genetics: A Review 73

6 Organic Evolution 103

7 The Reproductive Process 137

8 Principles of Development 158

P A R T T H R E E

Diversity of Animal Life

9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 187

10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 201

11 Unicellular Eukaryotes 220

12 Sponges and Placozoans 250

13 Cnidarians and Ctenophores 264

14 Xenacoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa 294

15 Polyzoa and Trochozoa 325

16 Molluscs 338

17 Annelids 369

18 Smaller Ecdysozoans 391

19 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 409

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FIRST PAGES

Hickman OLP Design Option 3

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The Uses of PrinciplesWe explore the animal world by actively applying important guiding principles to our investigations. Just as the exploration of outer space is both guided and limited by such principles as the theories of gravitation and motion and their associated technologies, exploration of the animal world depends critically on the principles of evolution, genetics, and cellular organization, and the questions and methods derived from them. Zoology makes sense to us only when we understand the principles used to construct this knowledge.

The principles of modern zoology trace their long history to many sources. Some principles come from laws of physics and chemistry, which all living systems obey. Others come from the scientific method, which tells us that our hypothetical explanations of the animal world must guide us to gather data that potentially can refute these explanations. Many important principles come from previous studies of the living world, of which animals are one part.

Principles of heredity, variation, and organic evolution guide the study of life from the simplest unicellular forms to the most complex animals, fungi, and plants. Because life shares a common evolutionary origin, principles learned from the study of one group often provide insights into other groups as well. By tracing the origins of our operating principles, we see that zoologists are not an island unto themselves but part of a larger scientific community.

We begin our study of zoology by searching broadly through the history of science and biology for our most basic principles and their diverse sources. These principles simultaneously guide our studies of animals and integrate those studies into the broader context of human knowledge.

Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology

LEARNING OBJECTIVESReaders will be able to:

1.1 Explain the unifying properties of living systems as outcomes of life’s unique evolutionary history.

1.2 Explain the major features unique to the animal branch of the evolutionary tree of life.

1.3 Explain how science consists in testing, possibly rejecting, and improving our simplest and best explanations using data, not in proving the correctness of a conjecture.

1.4 Explain the five major conjectures of Darwin’s evolutionary theory—perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, and natural selection—and the roles of Mendelian genetics and the chromosomal theory of inheritance in animal evolution.

Zoologist studying the behavior of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Amboseli Reserve, Kenya. ©Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.

1PART ONE

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FIRST PAGES

2 PART ONE Introduction to Living Animals

Zoology, the scientific study of animal life, builds on centuries of human observations of the animal world. Mythologies of nearly every human culture reveal early attempts to solve the

mysteries of animal life and its origin. Zoologists now confront these same mysteries with the most advanced methods and technologies developed by all branches of science. We document the diversity of animal life and organize it in a systematic way. This complex and exciting process builds on the contributions of thousands of zoolo-gists working in all dimensions of the biosphere (see Figure 1.1). We strive to explain how animal diversity originated and how animals perform the basic processes of life that permit them to inhabit diverse environments.

This chapter introduces the fundamental properties of animal life, the methodological principles that govern their study, and two important theories that guide our research: (1) the theory of evolu-tion, which is the central organizing principle of biology, and (2) the chromosomal theory of inheritance, which explains heredity and variation in animals. These theories unify our knowledge of the animal world.

1.1 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF LIFEHistorical Continuity of LifeWe begin by asking, What is life? Our definition lies in the historical continuity of life on earth. Life’s history of common descent with modification gives it an identity separate from the nonliving world. We trace this common history backward through time from the diverse forms observed today and in the fossil record to a common ancestor that must have arisen almost 4 billion years ago (see Chapter 2). There are no traces in the fossil record or on earth’s surface of what we postulate to have been the incipient stages of life, those that predate cells. Replicating molecular systems, which could not have produced fossils, must have preceded and given rise to cellular life, whose his-tory appears in the fossil record. All descendants of life’s common ancestor, past and present, lie within our concept of life.

Life’s most fundamental attribute is its reproduction of individ-uals with heredity and variation. Replication of large molecules that

Figure 1.1 Examples of observation in zoological research. A, Observing a coral reef. B, Observing nematocyst discharge from cnidarian tentacles, as shown in C, (see Section 13.1)

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FIRST PAGES

Print Part Opener

Part Assignments Part Assignments

Part Assignments

Part Assignments

Part Assignments

Teacher Part-Level Resources Teacher Part-Level Resources

Teacher Part-Level Resources

Teacher Part-Level Resources

Teacher Part-Level Resources

PART PART

PART

Part Opener Banner, Part Assignments Background, Teacher Part-Level Resources Background

OLP Part Level Elements

PART

1. Introduction to Living Animals 2. Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life

4. Activity of Life

3. Diversity of Animal Life

5. Animals and Their Environments

PART PART

ISBN ListSample Student Edition978-0-07-690595-9

Standard Student Bundle (Student Edition with Online Student Edition) 6 year: 978-0-07-907369-3 | 1 year: 978-0-07-907367-9

Online Student Edition Subscription6 year: 978-0-07-690600-0 | 1 year: 978-0-07-690596-6

Online Teacher Edition Subscription6 year: 978-0-07-690604-8 | 1 year: 978-0-07-690603-1

Access to the Online Student Edition includes access to a SmartBook adaptive ebook and additional teaching and learning resources.

Integrated Principles of Zoology (18e) ©2020, Hickman

More Personalized. More Productive. More Prepared.SmartBook® delivers personalized, adaptive learning tailored to each student’s individual needs by pinpointing knowledge gaps and focusing instruction on the concepts that require additional study. Teachers can assign a specific chapter, topic, or concept and access advanced reporting features that track individual and class progress with actionable insights to inform in-class instruction.

Contents in Brief

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About the Authors ixPreface x

Introduction to Living Animals 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 1 2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life 20 3 Cells as Units of Life 36 4 Cellular Metabolism 57

Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life 5 Genetics: A Review 73 6 Organic Evolution 103 7 The Reproductive Process 137 8 Principles of Development 158

Diversity of Animal Life 9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 187

10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 201 11 Unicellular Eukaryotes 220 12 Sponges and Placozoans 250 13 Cnidarians and Ctenophores 264 14 Xenacoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa 294 15 Polyzoa and Trochozoa 325 16 Molluscs 338 17 Annelids 369 18 Smaller Ecdysozoans 391 19 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 409 20 Crustaceans 428 21 Hexapods 450 22 Cheatognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates 48023 Chordates 506 24 Fishes 524 25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 552 26 Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 571 27 Birds 593 28 Mammals 619

Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life 29 Support, Protection, and Movement 648 30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and Temperature Regulation 669 31 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 689 32 Digestion and Nutrition 711 33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs 729 34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 755 35 Immunity 773 36 Animal Behavior 787

Animals and Their Environments 37 Animal Distributions 806 38 Animal Ecology 826

Glossary G–1Index 1–1

P A R T O N E

P A R T T W O

P A R T T H R E E

P A R T F O U R

P A R T F I V E