integrated science m4 volcanoes

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Integrated Science - Module 3 Unit 2 Lesson 7 BEGINBEGIN

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

2. Plate Tectonics 2. Plate Tectonics

3. What is a Volcano? 3. What is a Volcano?

4. Volcanic Eruptions4. Volcanic Eruptions

8. Precautions & Behaviours


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

1 . The Layers of the Earth


5. Volcanic eruptions in the Caribbean


7. Ecological Consequences


6. Types of Volcanic Eruptions


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INTRODUCTION

Watch what happened when a volcano erupted in a Caribbean island > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sPyyHY57H4

Are there really volcanoes here in the Caribbean? Where in the earth do they come from? What is a volcano anyway?? Why do they erupt? Why are there different types of eruptions? How can I keep myself safe during an eruption? How do volcanic eruptions affect our environment?

You will learn the answers to these questions, and more, in this presentation!

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OBJECTIVES

On completing this slide presentation, you should be able to:search for and access information on the internet.describe the structure of the earth. show understanding of the relationship between the structure of the earth and the formation of volcanoes.describe the major types of volcanoes.state the causes of volcanic eruptions and compare different types of eruptions. show an understanding of the need for precautionary behaviors in relation to volcanic eruptions.describe positive and negative consequences of volcanic eruptions.

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NOTE: For some activities, you will be asked to type your responses in boxes. To do so, you must be in Slide Show View. You can enter and delete text in the box in Slide Show View.
















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1: THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH

To understand volcanoes and why they erupt, let’s first take a look at the structure of the earth in which volcanoes are formed.1.Click and listen carefully to the song from > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9j1xGaxYzY Isn’t it catchy? AND informative too!OK! OK-A-Y! So, Play it again! And, YE-E-S ….. you can ‘Throw your hands up’ ….. and dance if you want to!! BUT ….. Remember the facts!)2.Then, look at the diagram on the next slide and try to use the words of the song, to identify the parts of the earth you’re hearing about. 3.This video can also help. Watch > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iUfi8XqEos

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1: THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH - CRUSTAL PLATES

In the top left graphic on the previous slide, did you observe the oceanic crustal plate and the continental crustal plate? Those are the earth’s crustal plates on which are our aquatic and our terrestrial environment, respectively.

We live and work and perform various activities on those outer-most layers of crustal plates.

Click, watch and listen starting from 0.51 – 2.45 at > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcPghqnnTVk

These crustal plates are in slow - but constant -movement over earth’s surface.

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The presence of crustal plates is one reason why we have certain types of volcanoes.

Now, think about this…. Are volcanoes found in every part of the world? Are they found on land all over the earth? Are there any volcanoes in the oceans & seas? Is there a pattern to where they are located?

At the website below, Click ‘Plate Boundary’ then click ‘Volcanoes’ below the map and decide if plate boundaries and volcanoes are in similar locations. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/tectonic_plates_rev2.shtml

Now click ‘Show all features’; note the relationships.

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2: PLATE TECTONICS

We now know that volcanoes and earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the Earth's surface. Worldwide, the plate boundaries are the sites where many volcanoes are concentrated

In studying volcanoes, scientists have noticed that there is “a series of 452 giant volcanoes encircling the basin of the Pacific Ocean”. They call it the Pacific Ring of Fire and it is home to over 50% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes.

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Does the Caribbean have its own ‘Ring of

Fire’?

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2: PLATE TECTONICS

Does this map of the Caribbean Plate help to answer the question? Look at the red dots; at left – volcanoes in the ‘Ring of Fire’. At right the locations of volcanoes of the EC.

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Feedback to Question : Does the Caribbean have its own Ring of fire?

THINK & TELLLocate Jamaica. Do you think Jamaica or an Eastern Caribbean (EC) island is more likely to have a volcanic eruption? Why?
















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2: PLATE TECTONICS

The crustal plates continuously move slowly around the earth, and have been doing so for millions of years. Where were the continents millions of years ago? Will the continents always be in these same locations as they are today? What future movements are likely?

Watch the video to find out! It’s about Plate Tectonics Theory > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYVS_Yh6dTk&feature=fvwp&NR=1

On the next slide, type 2 – 3 points on what you understand about the Plate Tectonics Theory. Click the check button for feedback.

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2: PLATE TECTONICS

Type 2 – 3 points on what you understand about the Plate Tectonics Theory.

Click the check button for feedback.

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1. The main idea of Tectonic Plates theory is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct crustal tectonic plates or ‘slabs’ on which are the continents and oceans.

2. These plates slide on the fluid-like asthenosphere. 3. The plates are in constant but small, slow movement above the

hot mantle and move around the earth, causing the continents to shift and change positions over time.

4. The movements of these plates is due to convection currents in the mantle.

5. At the boundaries where the plates meet/move, both volcanoes and earthquakes can occur.
















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2: PLATE TECTONICS - PLATE BOUNDARIES AND MOVEMENTS

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The crustal plates which meet together at boundaries, move in various ways.

Some plates move apart from each other; this creates a divergent boundary.

Some plates move towards each other; this creates a convergent boundary.

Some plates slide past each other; this creates the transform boundary.

The crustal plates which meet together at boundaries, move in various ways.

Some plates move apart from each other; this creates a divergent boundary.

Some plates move towards each other; this creates a convergent boundary.

Some plates slide past each other; this creates the transform boundary.

1. Open this url for ‘Plates & Boundaries’, read/scroll down to see the animated movements at each boundary > http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/plate.html

Look also at the lower map.2. Then, at this next web site, scroll down to ‘How are Volcanoes a result of Plate

tectonics?’ and read > http://www.buzzle.com/articles/volcanic-eruptions-what-causes-volcanoes-to-erupt.html

3. In the diagram at the website below, look at where various types of volcanoes are formed > http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BWJVgH5RPGM/UinVCe16MTI/AAAAAAAACJ8/SlwQp46Mn8I/s1600/litosfer.jpeg
















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3: WHAT IS A VOLCANO?

By now, you’re obviously thinking to yourself:

So… What exactly is a volcano? To find out, watch > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgktM2luLokA volcano is really one type of explosive landform, and each can be thought of as a giant ‘safety valve’ that releases the pressure that builds up inside the earth.Volcanoes are found on land or under the sea.

Click http://news.discovery.com/games/volcano-explorer.htm then click ‘Enter’ and go to the ‘Menu’ and click ‘Inside a Volcano’. Examine the diagram and read about the structure of a volcano.Then also examine the diagram on the next slide and note the words in red.

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3. WHAT IS A VOLCANO?

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https://gcps.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/15538/7372/PH%20volcano%20diagram.JPG
















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3: WHAT IS A VOLCANO? - MAJOR TYPES OF VOLCANOES

When you think of a volcano, typically, you picture something that looks like that upside-down cone shown at the previous website or in the previous diagram. Right? But not all volcanoes look like that. Again Click http://news.discovery.com/games/volcano-explorer.htm then click ‘Enter’ and go to the ‘Menu’ on the left and click ‘Volcano types”. Click on each of the three commonest types of volcanoes.Read the related text for each diagram. Note the difference in shape, parts, how each erupts and lava flow.You should realize, however, that the boundaries between the various types of volcanoes are not sharp --- different sorts of volcanoes grade into each other.(1)

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(1) Source > http://ncealevel3science.wikispaces.com/Geology
















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3: WHAT IS A VOLCANO? - MAJOR TYPES OF VOLCANOES

These simple line diagrams show the essential difference in height and shape between the major types of volcanoes.

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Strato volcano or Composite volcano

Cinder cone volcano Shield volcano

Lava cone (Dome) volcano

Practice how to draw a volcano like the diagram at>http://www.weatherwizkids.com/volcano_diagram.jpg
















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3: WHAT IS A VOLCANO? - VOLCANOES IN THE CARIBBEAN

Grenada in the Eastern Caribbean has the region’s only submarine (under-water) volcano called Kick-’em-Jenny. When it erupts, it usually causes water to shoot into the air and onshore, you can hear a deep rumbling sound.

“Sitting on a subduction zone, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate is being pushed beneath the Caribbean plate, Kick- ‘em Jenny sits in a highly active seismic area..”

Source > http://iceagenow.info/2012/07/underwater-volcano-looming-tsunami-disaster-caribbean

Click and read more about it at > http://repeatingislands.com/2011/11/26/largest-underwater-volcanoes-kick-em-jenny-caribbean-sea/

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4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

The cover slide shows Mount Rinjani erupting in 1994, in Thailand. Are all eruptions exactly like that? Watch these video clips > http://vimeo.com/96688332 (Volcanic eruption Tenerife)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OowFvnlWI90 (Volcanic eruption)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWB0TrrjtAU&feature=related (Iceland volcano eruption 2010…) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwBVG0Si7rs&feature=related (Hawaii volcano)

Check the Eruption in Montserrat at >https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbzBN-o8E-I

Check the discussion in section 2) d. in your SIM.

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4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS - WHAT CAUSES THEM?

Volcanic eruptions are characteristic of different types of volcanoes. Several factors cause the type of eruption a volcano has.

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The buoyancy of the magma.

The pressure of gas that is dissolved in it.

The flow of new magma into an already-filled magma chamber can singly or together force the magma upwards through the pipe to the surface, or it can burst through weak spots (fissures) in the crust. Lava, hot gases, steam and ash will then come out in varying amounts and force depending on the different types of volcanoes.

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The viscosity of materials/substances is their thickness and their resistance to flow.

Materials with a low viscosity (e.g. water) will flow easily, but those with high viscosity (e.g. porridge) flows slowly.

Gas can move through materials of various viscosities, such as magma, at different speeds, making it more/less buoyant. If the substance is very viscous, the gas will accumulate until pressure builds right up, then the gas will burst through, spilling some of the substance in the process.

This happens with volcanoes! The type of explosive or non-explosive eruptions is related to the viscosity of the magma and lava and the amount of gases present. When gas builds up under pressure in very viscous magma, the volcano will erupt explosively!

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Click and read > http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5003801_what-causes-volcanoes-erupt.html

Some volcanoes are explosive when they erupt, with materials coming out with force and great speed. Montserrat’s volcano is an example.

Other volcanoes are not explosive; materials come out slowly e.g. St. Lucia’s steam vents and Hawaii’s lava fountains.

Open the url below, Click ‘Enter’ and under ‘Virtual Volcano’ use the settings for magma viscosity and gas to do simulations to determine how magma and lava viscosity and amount of gas cause different types of volcanoes to erupt in different ways >. http://news.discovery.com/games/volcano-explorer.htm

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4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Volcanic eruptions get their names from well-known places, people or volcanoes that have had similar types of eruption.

At the website below, scroll down to look at images/text in ‘What are the Types of Volcanic Eruptions?’ Open >

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/volcanic-eruptions-what-causes-volcanoes-to-erupt.html Then also Click and scroll down to ‘Types of Eruption’ at

> http://www.3dgeography.co.uk/#!volcano-diagrams/c8aq

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5: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS - IN THE CARIBBEAN

Click and read through the two Case Studies on the volcanic eruptions on Montserrat at > http://smageog.blogspot.com/p/volcano-case-study-montserrat.html The eruption was preceded by earthquakes about three years before eruption!

In the third graphic, look at the destructive plate boundaries undergoing subduction.

Also read >http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/volcanoes_rev6.shtml Click to this website and read about the sites of volcanoes in the

Caribbean >http://www.uwiseismic.com/General.aspx?id=46

DID YOU KNOW? Volcanoes have erupted on Martinique, St Vincent and

Montserrat. The Caribbean island of Dominica has the most active volcanoes per square kilometre in the world!

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6: TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Many volcanoes will have a mix of different eruption types. Mt. St Helen is a stratovolcano. In 1980, it showed volcanian and also plininan eruptions.

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After eruption

Ash plume during an explosionBefore eruption
















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CAREER FOCUS

Volcanologists are scientists who specialize in the study of volcanoes and their activities. Most have a background as a geologist.

Their work involves practical field activities around volcanoes, a lot of laboratory analyses of samples from volcanoes, as well as monitoring remote sensing equipment from which, for example, they can prepare hazard assessment maps which show the ‘areas of greatest danger and highest risks around volcanoes’.

Sounds interesting?? You wouldn’t mind the risks?? Why not start out with a Degree in Geography-Geology

from The University of the West Indies (UWI)? Then, perhaps, you might find that you are sufficiently interested in volcanoes to devote your life to studying them in all parts of the world!

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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOLCANOES ERUPTINGACTIVITY 7.1

Decide on and type three effects or consequences of volcanoes erupting. Discuss your answers with your teacher. (You have to be in Slide Show view to type and delete text.)

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Land destroyed e.g. by mudslides, lava, earthquakes, tsunamis.Property loss e.g. vehicles, house - burned up by lava and fires or collapsed from all the ash pilling up onto it or from mudslide; ash getting into machinery or aircraft engines.Deaths of living organisms - burned by lava, pyroclastic flows or fire; choked by ash, gas and smoke; killed by mudslides.
















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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES – Air Pollution From: Aerosols, Gases, Ash, Lava & Pyroclastic Flows From A Volcanic Eruption

27http://volcanosbyevelynhannaandaaliyah.yolasite.com/resources/volcanichazards.jpg

SO2, CO2, ash, HF,

H2SO4

HCl

Dust, gases and ash are blown far away by the force of the eruption, and carried by prevailing winds/breezes.
















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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES – Air Pollution From: Aerosols, Gases, Ash, Lava & Pyroclastic Flows From A Volcanic Eruption

Dust, gases and ash are blown far away by the force of the eruption, and carried by prevailing winds/breezes.

28http://volcanosbyevelynhannaandaaliyah.yolasite.com/resources/volcanichazards.jpg

SO2, CO2, ash, HF,

H2SO4

HCl
















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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOLCANOES - NEGATIVES

Gas clouds cause sunlight to be reduced/blocked sometimes for days and can clog aircraft engines.

Dust causes health problems to persons and animals; coats the leaves of plants; also covers buildings, cars.

Mud flows/landslides kill people, destroy built structures and alter the topography of the land.

Hot lava kills plants and animals in its way; burns up buildings.

Acid rain damages buildings and living things. Earthquakes can result and present additional hazards. Volcanic eruptions occurring close to the coast can

result in tsunamis as fast-moving debris crashes into the sea and causes the water to be disturbed.

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Cont’d
















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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOLCANOES – A MAJOR NEGATIVE!

Underwater volcanic eruptions emit large volumes of volcanic material which can displace the ocean and generate tsunami waves in the immediate area.

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Read about some Positive and Negative impacts at > http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/naturalhazards/volcanoes_rev5.shtml
















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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOLCANOES - POSITIVES

Click and watch, and listen carefully to the narrator! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hec9yK-QQ4o (Volcanoes erupting on the Big Island)Creates new land; additional land developed when lava runs into sea and hardensVolcanic soil is rich in nutrients; good for farmlandHot steam from nearby hot springs useful for heating homes, offices, factories and is good for tourism.Produces large deposits of sulphur and other mineralsGeothermal power from heat underground can run generators for electricity.Gems and precious minerals are brought to the surface.

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8: PRECAUTIONS AND BEHAVIOURS! - BEFORE A VOLCANIC ERUPTION …..

Make a ‘Family Emergency Evacuation Plan’ which you can put into action during the eruption. Why? Your family may not be together when disaster strikes, so it is important to know what each of you will do in the emergency.

For example:

1.Clearly define how you will contact each member (e.g. cell ‘phones are an asset!);

2.Determine your safe route and who will provide transport;

3.Decide how you will get back together e.g. where you will meet at a site away from the disaster area.

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8: PRECAUTIONS AND BEHAVIOURS! – BEFORE A VOLCANIC ERUPTION ….

Here are other suggestions for your ‘Family Emergency Evacuation Plan’:

Build an ‘Emergency Kit’ which includes items such as: non-perishable food; enough water for all family members to last at least three days; a battery-powered radio; flashlights; correct batteries and a pair of goggles and disposable breathing masks for each member of the family.

Do the simulation activity at > http://www.ready.gov/kids/games/data/bak-english/index.html and at > http://odpem.org.jm/Kids/EmergencyKit/tabid/209/Default.aspx

A good idea is to keep the Kit in your car, or somewhere accessible, in case you are told to evacuate quickly.

Find out how to prepare for other natural disasters such as earthquakes, mudslides, tsunamis that may follow a volcanic eruption.

Ref. > http://www.ready.gov/volcanoes

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8: PRECAUTIONS AND BEHAVIOURS!

We cannot prevent volcanic eruptions but by careful pre-planning and preparation, we can drastically reduce the loss of lives, damage to some types of property e.g. motor vehicles, and the emotional trauma that necessarily accompanies these natural disasters.Click and read ‘Safety Tips’ from > http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/volcano-safety-tips/ Then click and scroll down to ‘Volcano Safety Tips’ and read carefully, at > http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-volcano.htm

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QUICK QUIZ & REVIEW

Are you ready to test yourself? There are three questions in the QUICK QUIZ section,

two multiple choice (M.C.) items and two REVIEW QUESTIONS that you are required to answer.

For each M.C. item, click on the letter of the correct response, click the ‘FEEDBACK’ button and read the feedback provided. Click the button ‘NEXT QUESTION’ to continue.

You can start by clicking the ‘BEGIN QUIZ’ button.

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QUICK QUIZ: QUESTION 1

1. Identify the type of volcano that Mt Fuji below is.

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Answer: Composite volcano

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2. Which volcano, A or B, is showing:

(1) a lava fountain? (2) an ash cloud?

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Answer: (1) = B; (2) = A

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A = Soufriere Hills volcano in Montserrat

B = Hawaiian volcano
















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3. Use the appropriate word from the list on the left to label the parts 1-6.

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crustal plates

inner core

inner mantle

lithosphere

outer core

upper mantle

lithosphere - 5 inner core - 1 inner mantle - 3 crustal plates - 6outer core - 2 upper mantle - 4


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M.C. QUESTION 1

Click on the letter of the correct option.

Molten rock flowing out of a volcano is called ---------- .

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A. sediment A. sediment

D. pyroclastic flowD. pyroclastic flow

C. magma C. magma

B. lavaB. lava

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FEEDBACK TO M.C. QUESTION 1

Molten rock flowing out of a volcano is called lava .

A – sediments are materials such as rocks, sand, mud which settle in an area.

B – lava is the name for molten rock flowing out of the volcano.

C – magma is the name for molten rock INSIDE the earth or inside the volcano.

D – this name refers to gaseous materials and water vapour exploding out of a volcano.

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M.C. QUESTION 2

Cinder cone volcanoes have______________.

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A. runny, flowing lava. A. runny, flowing lava.

D. no gases erupting from them.D. no gases erupting from them.

B. gentle slopes B. gentle slopes

C. pyroclastic flows.C. pyroclastic flows.

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FEEDBACK TO M.C. QUESTION 2

Cinder cone volcanoes have pyroclastic flows.

A – flowing lava is characteristics of shield volcanoes.B - Cinder cone volcanoes have steep slopes, in the shape of a cone.C - pyroclastic flows are found in both cinder cone and in composite volcanoes. These are both explosive volcanoes.D – only shield volcanoes with flowing lava have no pyroclastic flows.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS

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BaseSill

Flank Branch pipe

1. Label the diagram below. Go to the next slide for feedback.
















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REVIEW QUESTIONS (CONT.)

Feedback to Question 1. Take turns telling a partner the labels for the volcano.

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Check labels at > http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/volcano/gifs/volcanodiagram.GIF

2. You learned that the upper mantle moves. What causes it? Explain it to a partner.

The mantle “flows” because of convection currents that are caused by very hot material in the mantle rising, cooling, and then sinking, in a circular pattern of motion.

Click here to check your answer to Review Question 1.

Click here to check your answer to Review Question 2.
















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END OF ACTIVITY

You have reached the end of the PowerPoint slide set. If you wish to review any of the concepts in this lesson,

go to the first slide or check the menu on the left. If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the Close

(X) button.

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CREDITS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0dWF_3PYh4 http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/visualgeology/naturaldisasters

/Chapters/Chapter2Volcanoes.pdf http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/plate.html http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/plan

ets/earth/Continents.shtml http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/erupting-

volcano.html http://www.largeigneousprovinces.org/04jun http://www.youtube.com/watch?

feature=endscreen&v=EXQ8825GaLg&NR=1 http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate5.htm http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2010/01/world/

gallery.large.haiti-1/index.4.html http://tinyurl.com/7vx9nzm https://gcps.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/

viewFile.d2lfile/15538/7372/PH%20volcano%20diagram.JPG

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CREDITS

http://worldlywise.pbworks.com/w/page/25833576/Unit%202%20Section%20B%20-%20Causes%20and%20effects%20of%20volcanoes%20and%20responses%20to%20them

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/hotspots.html http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html http://w4.nkcsd.k12.mo.us/~amerenbl/volcanoes.html http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs002-97/ http://tms-science.wikispaces.com/6.+Volcanoes http://www.ussartf.org/volcanoes.htm http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-volcano.htm http://www.hmsg.co.uk/en/h_geogcw2

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integrated science m4 volcanoes

Education

causes of volcanic eruptions

volcanic eruptions4

different types of eruptions

ecological consequences

major types of volcanoes

plate tectonics2

caribbean island https

formation of volcanoes