Integrating a Gender Perspective into

Statistics

Selected topic: Poverty StatisticsS. Nunhuck

Statistics Mauritius

2

Mauritian Population Composition

1851

1861

1871

1881

1891

1901

1911

1921

1931

1944

1952

1962

1972

1983

1990

2000

2009

2010

2011

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700 Population by sex, 1851 - 2011

MaleFemale

Year

Popu

latio

n ('0

00)

• Prior to 1950’s, women were fewer than men in number• Female population grew at a faster rate• Balance in the population for some 40 years• As from 1990, there has been a larger number of women in Mauritius

3

Population , July 2012

• At July 2012, there were 19,600 more women than men

• For every 100 women, there are 97 men

• Total population of 1,291,200, of whom655,400 women 635,800 men

4

Life expectancy

Women live 7 years longer then men

The gap in life expectancy between women and men more than doubled in 50 years, from 3 years in 1962 to 7 years in 2011

5

Marital status

1990 1995 2000 2005 20110

4

8

12

16

20

24

Marriage and Divorce Rates, 1990 - 2011

per

1,00

0 pe

rson

s

• Marriage rate on the decline• While divorce rate is on the rise

Women are more likely than men to initiate divorce (60% of petitioners)

• Women are largely over-represented in the widowed, divorced and separated population , indicating that they are less likely to remarry

Marriage rate

Divorce rate

6

Performance at examinations

CPE SC HSC0

102030405060708090

62.7

71.8 75.374.981.2 82.3

12.2 9.4 7.0

Male Femaledifference

Pass rate,%

• Girls perform better than boys in examinations at both primary and secondary levels• The difference in performance is highest at primary level

7

Activity status

• Women are becoming more economically active , i.e , employed or unemployed; their activity rate increased from 35% in 1990 to 44% in 2011

• However, women remain less active than men

8

Employment structure

• The employment structure for women has undergone significant changes

• In 1990, 5 out of every 10 women worked in the industrial sector (mainly textile manufacturing)

• In 2011, 7 out of every 10 women worked in the services sector

• Less marked changes are observed among men

Occupational distributionOccupational group 2001 2011

Male Female Male Female Legislators, senior officials and managers;professionals; technicians and associate professionals

13.3 14.9 17.0 21.2

Clerks 5.6 14.2 6.4 17.8Service workers and shop and market sales workers

16.3 13.5 18.4 22.0

Skilled agricultural workers; craft and related trade workers; plant and machine operators and assemblers

42.9 30.1 41.7 16.3

Elementary occupations 21.9 27.3 16.5 22.7100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

9

Movement from the lower occupational groups to the higher occupational groups is much more noticeable among women than men

Unemployment• Women are much more

likely then men to be unemployed- In 2011, female unemployment rate at 12.5% is more than twice the rate for men

• Unemployment rate for women has been rising, with a peak of 16% in 2005

• While unemployment rate for men remained in the range 4% to 6%

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

Unemployment rate, 2000 to 2011

Year

Une

mpl

oym

ent

rate

(%) Female

Male

11

Gap in employment income• Employed women earn

lower income from work than men – Men earn Rs 16,400 – Women earn Rs 11,000– Income gap of Rs

5,400

• The gap in employment income between women and men has been increasing over the years– From Rs 2,900 in 2001

to Rs 5,400 in 2011

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20112

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Monthly employment income, 2001 to 2011

Inco

me,

Rs

('00

0)

Male

FemaleRs 2,900

Rs 5,400

12

Poverty

• Women are more likely than men to live in poverty

• In 2006/07, 8.9% of women live below the poverty line against 8.1% for men

Male Female7.57.77.98.18.38.58.78.99.1

8.1

8.9

Poverty rate, 2006/2007Pe

rcen

t

13

Domestic violence

Women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence with 90% of reported casesReported cases of domestic violence against men increased five fold in the last ten years

14

Senior Positions in Government Services

2001 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

297273

89

161

Senior positions in government services, 2011

Male Female

Num

ber

• Women are increasingly occupying senior positions in government services• Share of women among senior government officers increased from 23% in 2001 to 37% in 2011

15

Representation among parliamentarians and ministers

Parliamentarians Ministers0

102030405060708090

100

81% 92%

19% 8%Parliamentarians and ministers, 2012

Female Male

Perc

ent

• Women are under-represented among parliamentarians and ministers • Among every 10 parliamentarians, there are 2 women and 8 men• There is only one woman among every 10 ministers

16

Gender Inequality - International comparison

Sweden Australia Mauritius South Africa

Yemen0

0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

0.050.14

0.350.49

0.77

Gender Inequality Index by selected countries, 2011G

II Va

lue

• According to the UN Gender Inequality Index, Mauritius ranks 63rd among 146 countries, with a value of 0.35. An index value of zero indicates that women and men fare equally.

• The index reflects inequality in achievement between women and men in reproductive health, empowerment and labour market

Rank : 1 18 63 94 146

Definition of the poor

• A HH is considered poor if its income resources fall below a certain minimum threshold called the poverty line

• A relative poverty line, defined as half the median of HH income adjusted for HH size, age composition and economies of scale, is used in poverty analysis.

Poverty analysis in Mauritius

• We do not have a national poverty line• Poverty indicators & analysis derived

from the Survey of HH survey• The Household & Budget Survey

conducted every 5 years, last in 2006/07

• Absolute poverty line used (basic needs of a HH in terms of food, housing, clothing & other essentials for living – minimum vital)

Half median monthly household income  1996/97 2001/02 2006/07

Half median monthly household income (Rs)

3,935 5,575 7,320

% households below the half median household income

14.2 13.1 14.3

1996/97 2001/02 2006/07

Half median monthly household income  per adult equivalent (Rs)

2,004 2,804 3,821

% households below the half median household income per adult equivalent

8.7 7.7 7.9

MAURITIUS STILL MAINTAINS ITS POSITION AMONG THE HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES

• Based on the latest United Nations Human Development Report (HDR) 2010, Mauritius ranks 72 out of 169 countries with an HDI value of 0.701 in 2010

• The UN measures the average achievements in a country on the basis of 3 basic dimensions of human development, namely:-

(i) A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth;(ii) Knowledge, as measured by ‘mean years of schooling’ and ‘expected years of schooling’ and(iii) A decent standard of living, as measured by GNI per capita.

Mauritius Poverty map• A Poverty Map is a spatial representation of poverty

indicators at disaggregated geographical regions. It gives an overview of the disparities that exist in poverty level within a country.

• Statistics Mauritius (SM) has produced, with technical support from World Bank, two Poverty Maps one for 2001/02 and another one for 2006/07. The maps which depict the poverty rate in each of the 145 administrative regions (20 Municipal Wards - MWs, 124 Village Council Areas - VCAs and Island of Rodrigues) of the country are given in Charts 1 and 2 respectively

Mauritius Poverty map CHART 1 – 2001/02 CHART 2 - 2006/07

View maps:-

Chart 1 – Poverty Map 2001/02 Chart 2 – Poverty Map 2006/07

Island of Mauritius Island of Mauritius

Island of Rodrigues Island of Rodrigues

Methodology for Poverty analysis

• Use of income or expenditure data (relative poverty based on income)

• Definition of income for poverty measurement (disposable income)

• Level of median HH income (based on half median income)

• Definition of the poverty line used (used the half median monthly HH income per adult equivalent)

Methodology for Poverty analysis (ctd)

• Equivalised HH income (Size of HH & age of members; intra-HH differentials..)

• Use of Equivalence Scale (recommendation of World Bank to use the Bank & Johnson’s non-linear equivalence scale). Thus allows comparison of income levels between HHs of differing size and composition.

• Determining poor HHs

Methodology for Poverty analysis (ctd)

• Poverty line for selected HH compositions (equivalence scale for selected HH compositions)

• Decile group of HH income per adult equivalent (obtained by dividing the no. of HHs into 10 equal groups having the lowest to highest income)

• Poverty indicator ( headcount ratio, income gap ratio, poverty gap ratio,)

• Classifications (UN international Standard Classification of Occupation, UN classification of Consumption Expenditure according to Purpose – COICOP)

Thank you!