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Integrating Oil Spill Science Into Fisheries Management
Monica Wilson, Florida Sea GrantSteve Sempier, Emily Maung-Douglass, Christine Hale, and Larissa Graham
Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission meetingNovember 4, 2015
Oil Spill Science – Outreach Team
Chris Hale
Larissa Graham
Monica Wilson
Emily Maung-Douglass
Steve Sempier
&
Oil Spill Science – Outreach products
Sharing peer-reviewed, published science
– Science outreach publications • Focused on science topics identified
by our audiences
– Science seminars & input sessions• Presentations by experts• Continue to identify needs of
coastal audiences
Ecosystem Impact
Ecosystem Impact: 3 level approach
How do oil spills impact a group of living things of the same species?
How do oil spills impact many different kinds of living things in an area or habitat?
How do oil spills impact individual organisms?
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
How do oil spills impact individual organisms?
OIL
1. Wave action and dispersants break up oil
2. Oil-based toxins (PAHs) more available to aquatic life.
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
OIL
1. Wave action and dispersants break up oil
2. Oil-based toxins (PAHs) more available to aquatic life.
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
OIL
1. Wave action and dispersants break up oil
2. Oil-based toxins (PAHs) more available to aquatic life.
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
3. IMPACTS ?
Oil metabolizing gene (CYP1A) triggers production of proteins that will breakdown PAHs in fish
Animals without CYP1A bioaccumulate toxins
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
Some animals use microbes to ‘fight back’
Oil metabolizing gene (CYP1A) triggers production of proteins that will breakdown PAHs in fish
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
CYP1A is a biomarker for oil exposure in some fish
Oil metabolizing gene (CYP1A) triggers production of proteins that will breakdown PAHs in fish
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
Clean Oil Oil+Dis Dis Clean Oil Oil+Dis Dis
Brewton et al. 2013
Chemicals in oil can cause: • Sensitivity and impact which varies by life stage
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
Clean Oil Oil+Dis Dis C O O+D D C O O+D D
Larval spotted sea trout Juvenile spotted sea trout
3 days 4 weeks
Growth post-exposure
Brewton et al. 2013
96 hours
Chemicals in oil can cause: • Decreased size
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
Swimming speed Mahi mahi
PAH exposure levels (ppb)
Mager et al. (2014)
Hatched from exposed eggs
Chemicals in oil can cause: • Decreased swimming speed
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
Incardona et al. (2014)
Chemicals in oil can cause: • Deformities
Ecosystem Impact: Individual
Ecosystem Impact: Population
How do oil spills impact a group of living things of the same species?
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
160,000,000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Poun
ds la
nded
Year
Shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico: Commercial Landings (pounds), 1991-2013
Brown Pink White
Hurricane Andrew
Hurricanes Rita & Katrina
Hurricanes Gustav & Ike
Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Fishery closure?
Other factors? - Environmental changes- Climatic changes
Populations: Fishery-dependent vs. -independent
Blue crab pop. modeling study• larval dispersal & settlement• blue crab larvae virtually exposed to DWH oil• species specific & location specific results
Jones et al 2015
Ecosystem Impact: Population
How do oil spills impact many different kinds of living things in an area or habitat?
Ecosystem Impact: Communities
• Pre-spill normal– Shrimp, crabs, squid but
also a 15 – 20% zooplankton
Tarnecki & Patterson 2015
Ecosystem Impact: Communities
• Post-spill diet shift– More fish & crustaceans
and less zooplankton
Fodrie & Heck 2011
Ecosystem Impact: Communities
Three deep-sea fish species that live in different areas and exhibit different behaviors:
- Red snapper- King snake eel- Golden tilefish
Golden tilefish had significantly high amounts of PAH, which increased over time
Red snapper and king snake eel displayed episodic PAH exposure
Snyder et al. 2015
Ecosystem Impact: Communities
Fish habitat and fish behavior play a key role in PAH exposure.
Adapted from Fodrie et al. 2014
1. Physiological & developmental consequences
2. Potential mortality, especially during larval & juvenile stages
3. Habitat loss, degradation, or alteration
4. Changes in base of food chain
5. Fishery closures
Established negativeeffects of oil
Effects of oil are unclear
Indicates directeffects of oil
Indicates indirecteffects effects of oil
Long term studies are needed to look at population & community impacts
Ecosystem Impact: Communities
Related outreach products
Take home messages:
• Landings data are an important tool to help people monitor change in the health of fish and shellfish populations over time.
• Landings alone can not determine the cause of disaster impacts to fishery populations, as many factors such as ocean currents, weather, and management actions, must also be considered.
• It will take a long time for scientists to understand the impact that the oil spill had on the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem, but science is beginning to reveal some pieces of the puzzle.
Related outreach productsFisheries management teasers
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Take home messages:
• Federal and state agencies closed waters to fishing during the oil spill and developed a plan to collect seafood samples and test them for chemicals found in oil and dispersant before reopening these areas.
• Of the 22,000 seafood samples that these agencies tested during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, no sample were over the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s level of concern.
• Scientists are still studying groups of people that may eat more seafood than average to ensure that seafood is safe for these communities.
Related outreach productsHealthy Gulf seafood teasers
