integration of renewable and green energy sources …people.qatar.tamu.edu/shehab.ahmed/nsf...
TRANSCRIPT
Integration of Renewable and Green Energy Sources in
Electric Power Systems
Ali Keyhani, Professor,
The Ohio State [email protected]
The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy
Laboratory
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
2
Outline of the Talk
Historical Perspective –
Problem Statement
Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid Systems of the Future
Education
Research
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy
Laboratory [email protected]
Source of Data: BP (2000). Statistical review of world energy. BP, London.
Available at http://www.bp.com/Statisticalreview
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
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Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S Department of Energy (DOE), U.S Data History, Available at
http:// www.eia.doe.gov/
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
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Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S Department of Energy (DOE), U.S Data History, Available at http://
www.eia.doe.gov/
Energy Sustainability Discussion
Primary Energy : All We Use Comes from the Sun. Energy sustainability requires use of resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without externalities.”
Source : BMW Group, 2000
12/20/2009 [email protected]
Energy Sustainability Discussion
Proven Energy Resources around the world
Petroleum Natural Gas Coal
Region 2002 preserved Resources (10^9 bbls)
R/P (years)
2002 proved Reserves (10^12 SCF)
R/P years 2002 preserved Reserves (10^9 tonnes)
R/P
(years)
North America 49.9 10.3 252.4 9.4 257.8 240
S. & Cent.America 98.6 42 250.2 68.8 21.8 404
Europe & Eurasia 97.5 17 2155.8 58.9 355.4 306
Middle East 685.6 92 1979.7 >100 ???? >500
Africa 77.4 27.3 418.1 88.9 55.3 247
Asia Pacific 38.7 13.7 445.3 41.8 292.5 126
World 1047.7 40.6 5501.5 60.7 984.5 204
Reserves-to-production (R/P) : R/P ratios represent the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at the previous year's rate. It is calculated by dividing remaining reserves at the end of the year by the production in that year.
BP website – www.bp.com12/20/2009 [email protected]
Speculate for Possible Solution• We need to stop and control the exponential
growth CO2 , level it and then reduce it .
• We need to develop a sustainable modern industrial society. How?
• Efficiency. Every Energy user---an energy producer
• Everyone must have a skin in the game.
• Smart Grid: “Real Time Pricing”
• Distributed Generation Systems (DG)
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
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This map represents smart meter deployments, planned deployments, and proposals by investor-owned utilities and some public power
utilities. http://www.edisonfoundation.net/IEE.As of this writing, approximately over sixty million customers have
been equipped with a smart meter.
12/20/2009 12The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
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Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid Systems of the
Future
12/20/2009
The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory
RFC
Transmission
System
Sub Transmission
MRG
MRG
MRG
MRG
MRG
MRG
MRGMRG
CFP
CFP
CFP
CFP
CFP
CFP
CFP
CFP
CFP: Cyber Fusion Point
MRG: Micro-grid Renewable Green Energy System
n 2
3
4
j
Sub Transmission
1
5k
A Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid of the Future with High
Renewable and Green Energy
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
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Power Market
MRG
MRG
Cyber System
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
RouterRouter
Router
MRG MRG
MRGMRG
EMS
Internet
The Cyber System.
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory
LAN/
WAN
Database
Database
0
0
0 Smart
Meter
Air Condition (A/C)
Space Heater
Washer
Electric Stove
Refregirator
HTTP
User ApplicationCSV-XML
SNMPSNMP Maneger
SCADA
Modbus TCP
Ethernet
TCP / IP
Web
Browser
Tra
ns
du
ce
r
RME
+ infoThermocouple
PT100
4-20 mA
0-10 V
Flow
Pressure
HumidityLevel
Temperature
Cyber-Controlled Smart Metering Systems
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory
Smart Microgrid Systems
DC Architecture
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory
Local
Utility
1
DG
2 3
DG
Local
Loads
DG
PV
array
DC Bus
DC/AC
AC Bus
Net
Metering
PV Roof Top DC
BUS
Asyn.
Gen.
Storage
DFIG
DC/AC
DC/DC
DC/
AC
AC/
DC
Step up Trans.
Step up Trans.
Step up Trans.
LV HV
HVLV
PV
Gen.
Station
PV
Gen.
Station
PV
Gen.
Station
Wind
Gen.
Station
Wind
Gen.
Station
DG
EMS
Infinite
Bus
Utility
EMS
Smart Micro Grid Systems
AC Architecture
Smart Grid with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources
Transmission Netwrork
220, 380 kV
L1L2L3
HV/MV Transformer
25-63 MVA
Wind
Park
110 kV (L_L)
Large
Industrial
Consumer
MV/LV Transformer
100-630 kVA
L1L2L3
10-35 kV (L_L)
Biogas
Plant
Wind
Turbine Industrial
Consumer
L1L2L3
400 V (L_L)
N
PV Plant
P>100 kVA
~=
~=
Consumer
Consumer with
PV (<5 kVA)
~=
Consumer
Consumer with
PV (5-100 kVA)
Consumer
12/20/2009 21The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
The Weekly Load Variation Sampled Hourly
12/20/2009 22The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
The Twenty Four Hour Load Variation Sampled
Every Five Minutes
12/20/2009 23The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
Peak
Clipping
Smart Grid Load Management Techniques
74
• Peak Clipping: Peak clipping method seeks to reduce
the peak load demand and match it
with the power companies’ available
power generation
Valley
Filling
Smart Grid Load Management Techniques
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• Valley Filling: This method is based on scheduling
certain load during the time of the day
when the load demand is low due
to consumer life style
High
Power
High
Energy
Electricity Storage
Spectrum
Load Following
Inertia Inertia
(seconds or less)
Stored Energy
(seconds to minutes)
Energy Management
Applications
EDC, AGC
(minutes to hours)
Figure 4. The Energy Management Time Scale of Power System Control
12/20/2009 26The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
27
Power
System
Speed Load
Control
(Primary)
Shaft
Power
Load
Tie Powers
Prime mover
&
Energy Supply
System
Valve
or
Gate
Supplementary
Controls
(AGC)
Tie Powers (metered)
Energy Control Center
Computers
Speed (frequency)
Governor
123
+
-
-
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
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GeneratorTurbine
Prime
Mover
Energy
Source
Control
Loop
Governor
AVREXC.
Reset
Control
--
-
+
Power
System
Network
ω
+
ΔPc
Ʃ
+-
Freq.
Bias
-
+
+
+
ω
Freq. Ref
Interchange
Error
Economic
Dispatch
Pactual
Scheduled Area
InterchangeTie Line
Loads
Xr
-
Energy Control
Center
Data Links
Generating Plant
|Vt|
Vo
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
29
Control of Steam Generators
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
30
AC
Output
MeasuredV ac and I ac
MeasuredV dc and I dc
DSPController
Switching
Signals
DCInput
+,
-
P, Q Ref.
P, Q Measured
V Measured
V
Ref
+
-
The Operation of an Inverter as a Steam Generator
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
31
Undergraduate education : Modeling of microgrid systems consisting:
Sizing of Green energy microgrids
Power converters
PV farm and wind farm
Load models- Nonlinear loads ( power switching loads)
Storage-batteries and fuel cell based flow batteries
Combined heat hydrogen and power (CHHP) and micro turbines. Control of Converters – Active and Reactive power control
Distributed Generation (DG)
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
32
Graduate Education-Research Issues.
Predictive modeling and monitoring
for self‐healing (adaptive systems)
diagnostics control technology.
Development of interactive smart
metering to improve load model
profiles.
Development of control technology for
future cyber-interconnected smart
microgrids, in which every node in the
system will be adaptive, controllable,
price-smart, operable as a microgrid,
and functioning as an island or a
synchronized system.
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
33
Graduate Education-Research Issues:
Development of control technology for operation of
renewable sources as steam units
Cyber Controlled of Smart Grid
Development of control technology for voltage,
current, P and Q operation of inverter.
Single phase DC/AC converters
Three phase DC/AC Converters
Development of control technology for efficient
operation of storage systems, such as flow batteries,
battery system, flywheels, and supper-charging
capacitors.
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
34
Graduate Education-Research Issues:
Voltage and Current Control DC/AC converters Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) problem:
PID controller works very well for linear loads and achieves
acceptable level of THD harmonic reduction. However, with
nonlinear load PID controller cannot achieve satisfactory level of
harmonic suppression.
Specifically, reduction of 3rd harmonic component in the output of
single-phase inverter can seriously affect the system performance.
The PID controller can not suppress harmonic frequencies even if
PID controller gains are increased.
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
35
Graduate Education –Research Issues:
Voltage and Current Control
DC/AC PWM Inverter THD Reduction:
1. PID Controllers can not achieve THD, specifically the
third harmonics.
2. It is desirable to reduce THD due to 3rd, 5th, , 7th, 9th
harmonics
3. The control design should achieve the tracking of
reference output voltage and fast transient response
without steady state error.
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
36
OSU Mechatronics-Green Energy laboratory Research Contribution
1. Keyhani Ali, Mohammad Marwali, Min Dai “Integration of Green and Renewable
Energy in Electric Power Systems”, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-18776-0, December
2009
2. M. N. Marwali and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part
I: Voltage and Current Control," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume
19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1541-1550
3. M. N. Marwali, J. W. Jung, and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation
Systems Part II: Load Sharing," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume
19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1551-1561
4. Min Dai, M.N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "Power Flow Control of a Single
Distributed Generation Unit", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue
1, Jan. 2008. pp. 343 - 352
5. Min Dai, M.N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "A Three-Phase Four-Wire
Inverter Control Technique for a Single Distributed Generation Unit in Island
Mode", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 322 -
331
12/20/2009The Ohio State University Mechatronics –
Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]
37
5. Jin-Woo Jung and Ali Keyhani, "Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-
Source Converter", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume
22, No. 2, June 2007, pp. 467-476
6. Mohammad N. Marwali, Min Dai, and Ali Keyhani, "Robust Stability
Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for Distributed Generation
Systems," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 21, No. 2,
June 2006, pp. 516-526
7. A. Keyhani, "Leader-follower framework for control of energy
services," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Volume 18, No. 2, May
2003, pp. 837-841
http://www.ece.osu.edu/~keyhani/
http://www.ece.osu.edu/ems/