integration of renewable energy sources in sustainable energy solutions
DESCRIPTION
CAES. Exploratory Workshop on: “Scientifically Challenges of Tomorrow’s Energy” September 22 nd – 23 rd , 2010 “Politehnica” University of Bucharest. Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in Sustainable Energy Solutions. Prof. Eden Mamut “Ovidius” University of Constantza, Romania. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Exploratory Workshop on:Scientifically Challenges of Tomorrows Energy September 22nd 23rd, 2010Politehnica University of BucharestIntegration of Renewable Energy Sources in Sustainable Energy Solutions Prof. Eden MamutOvidius University of Constantza, Romania
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CENTER FOR ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCESAim: To develop a resource of excellence for the Black Sea Region specialized in advanced engineeringFunctions: Research & Engineering, Graduate Programs, Technology transfer, Consultancy, Training & Networking Structure: Industry Consortium, International Steering Committee, President, Director, Full-time Research Staff, Project Based Teams, Graduate StudentsResearch Area: Applied Thermodynamics, Advanced Energy Systems, CFD, CAD/CAM/CAE & Remote EngineeringPrograms:Multi-Scale EngineeringAdvanced Energy SystemsHighly Engineered MaterialsSustainable Transport Systems
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President: Prof. Adrian BEJAN, Pioneered numerous original methods in thermal sciences, such as entropy generation minimization, scale analysis of fluid flow and convection, and the constructal law of design in nature Adrian Bejan is ranked among the 100 most-cited authors in all of engineering (all fields, all countries, living or deceased) by the Institute of Scientific Information CAES Team
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Rationale
Sustainable Development
Black Sea Universities Network
Multiscale & Multicriteria approach on sustainability
Effective projects
CAES ContributionOUTLINE
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1. Pre Industrial Phase [c. 3 000 000 BC to 1765] A - Tool making (c. 3 000 000 BC); B - Fire used (c. 1 000 000 BC); C - Neolithic agricultural revolution (c. 8 000 BC); D - Watts steam engine of 1765 starting the Industrial Phase (1930-2025) 2. Industrial Phase [1930 to 2025, estimated]E - Per capita energy-use 37% of peak value; F - Peak energy-use; G - Present energy-use; H - Per capita energy-use 37% of peak value3. Post Industrial Phase [c. 2100 and beyond]J, K, and L = Recurring future attempts at industrialization fail. 2008 AssessmentDuncan, R. C. (1989). Evolution, technology, and the natural environment: A unified theory of human history. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of Engineering Educators: Science, Technology, & Society, 14B1-11 to 14B1-20The Olduvai Theory of Industrial CivilizationThe transient-pulse theory
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My father rode a camel. I drive a car. My son flies a jet-plane. His son shall ride a camel!
AND A SAUDI SAYING
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CLIMATE CHANGE I
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CLIMATE CHANGE II
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CLIMATE CHANGE III
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CLIMATE CHANGE IV
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CLIMATE CHANGE V
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CLIMATE CHANGE VII
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Sustainable Development: to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs
Strategy Mix:
efficiency enhanced productivity / resourceconsistency enhanced economies embedded in the natural cyclessufficiency new concept of prosperity / satisfaction / material wealth
Management rules:
the use of renewable natural resources must not exceed their regeneration ratesthe use of non-renewable natural resources must not exceed the rate of substituting their respective functionsthe emissions of pollutants must not exceed natures capability to adaptSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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The concept of noosphere (nous mind, sphere the Earths cover) V. Vernadsky, Sorbonne, 1922
Noosphere - the modern stage of the biosphere development (environment) connected with the active role of the Homo sapiens Edward Le Roy, 1927 .
The theory connecting natural sciences (biospherology) with social science. Pierre de Chardin, 1928
Transition from One-Dimensional Development to its Harmonization with Respect to Three (Four) constituents: {Economic; Ecological; Social} The beginning of the process - 1970s.{Economic; Ecological; Social; Institutional} 1996, Commission on Sust. Dev.,United Nations.THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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System coordination of economic, ecological and human development in such a way that from one generation to the other the quality and safety of life should not decrease, the environmental conditions should not worsen and the social progress should meet the needs of every person
Vladimir Vernadsky, 1947THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Multidimensions:
Economical;Ecological;Social & Institutional.
Multicriteria:
Economical: Growth competitiveness index, Economic freedom index;Ecological: Environmental sustainability index;Social & Institutional: Quality of life index, Human development index, Knowledge society index.
DIMENSIONS & SCALES
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Multiscales:
Energy system;
Local cluster of end-users
Urban / Rural agglomeration;
Sub-region;
Country;
Region.DIMENSIONS & SCALES
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CLASSICAL APPROACH IN MODELLINGGeneral Laws of Thermodynamics & Particular ConditionsProcess DecompositionGlobal (lumped) & Local (distributed) Process Parameters
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MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELINGMulti-dimensional models or multi-scale as well as the integrated multi-phenomenological models or multi- physics have been developed in time, covering today a large number of applications including the materials science, the nano/microelectronics, the ecological reconstruction, the deactivation of the atomic armament and biotechnologies.
The multi-dimensional modeling approaches (MMD) can be grouped in the following generic categories:-MMD with the transfer of the parameters which integrates two or more models associated to different dimensional and/or temporal scales and the resulted parameters based on a model are used as input data for the other models; -MMD with simultaneously solved multi-dimensional models (in the way used in Concurrent Engineering) which integrates more mutual influenced models which leads to the necessity of simultaneous simulations with mutual data exchange protocols; -MMD unitary integrated consisting of the use of a mathematical device that includes terms associated to different dimensional and/or temporal scales in a unitary configuration.
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PARADIGM SHIFT
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PARADIGM SHIFT
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BLACK SEA REGION
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BSR GROWTH
Albania
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)3.13.13.13.13.13.063.073.083.093.113.133.153.173.18
2Avg Exch. Rate (Lek/ US$)92.7104.5148.9150.6137.7143.7143.5140.2121.9102.899.998.191.991.5
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)7.8%12.7%33.2%20.6%0.4%0.1%3.1%5.2%2.2%3.0%2.4%2.4%2.5%2.5%
4Average monthly wages (US$)69.182.764.276.492.3104.1120.0140.3175.0237.3268.4320.1
5GDP (Lek million)229,793346,403346,198409,209471,578523,043583,369622,711694,098751,024817,374899,727984,1251,063,068
6GDP US$ million2,479.03,314.92,324.52,716.63,424.93,639.64,065.74,443.05,695.77,307.18,184.49,171.210,708.511,618.1
7GDP per capita (US$)791.21,068.0754.1885.01,118.11,188.71,325.91,443.61,841.12,348.32,615.12,911.53,378.13,653.5
8Real GDP growth, %8.9%9.1%-10.8%9.0%13.5%6.7%7.9%4.2%5.8%5.7%5.8%5.0%6.0%6.0%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %13.1%12.4%14.9%17.8%18.4%16.8%16.4%15.8%15.0%14.4%14.1%13.9%
10Industrial Production Growth, %2.8%13.6%-5.6%4.1%6.4%5.0%6.5%7.0%5.0%5.0%4.5%4.0%5.0%5.0%
11Agricultural Production Growth %13.0%10.0%1.0%5.0%5.0%4.0%3.2%2.1%3.0%3.0%2.0%2.5%3.0%3.0%
12Domestic Credit Growth %-9.6%46.6%42.2%20.2%9.8%8.6%7.5%7.0%8.8%8.9%16.7%16.5%15.0%6.5%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP37.2%36.2%51.5%52.4%49.9%48.8%47.1%47.2%46.1%46.4%49.7%52.6%55.3%54.6%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million70.090.147.545.041.2143.0207.3135.0178.0341.3262.5325.26400.00400.00
15FDI/ GDP2.8%2.7%2.0%1.7%1.2%3.9%5.1%3.0%3.1%4.7%3.2%3.5%3.7%3.4%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-10.2%-10.4%-12.7%-11.8%-9.0%-7.6%-6.9%-6.1%-4.9%-5.1%-3.4%-3.2%-3.9%-4.0%
17787.0845.0877.01,007.01,109.01,173.01,199.01,183.01,389.81,644.11,702.3
18Public External Debt/GDP31.7%25.5%37.7%37.1%32.4%32.2%29.5%26.6%24.4%22.5%20.8%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)204.9243.7158.6208.0275.0255.7304.5330.2447.2603.3656.3792.9971.71,131.8
20Imports- $US million (Goods)679.7922.0693.6811.7938.01,070.01,331.61,485.41,783.52,194.92,477.62,915.63,323.73,584.4
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-474.8-678.3-535.0-603.6-663.0-814.3-1,027.1-1,155.2-1,336.3-1,591.6-1,821.3-2,122.7-2,352.0-2,452.6
22Trade Balance/ GDP-19.2%-20.5%-23.0%-22.2%-19.4%-22.4%-25.3%-26.0%-23.5%-21.8%-22.3%-23.1%-22.0%-21.1%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-11.5-107.3-272.2-65.1-155.4-156.3-217.3-407.5-406.8-357.9-571.5-670.9-796.7-811.4
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-0.5%-3.2%-11.7%-2.4%-4.5%-4.3%-5.3%-9.2%-7.1%-4.9%-7.0%-7.3%-7.4%-7.0%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m241.1280.9308.9384.2488.3615.7739.9838.81,009.41,357.61,404.91,768.81,945.22,045.7
Domestic Credit/ GDP37.2%36.2%51.5%52.4%49.9%48.8%47.1%47.2%46.1%46.4%49.7%52.6%55.3%54.6%
Domestic Credit Growth46.6%42.2%20.2%9.8%8.6%7.5%7.0%8.8%8.9%16.7%16.5%15.0%6.5%
Domestic Credit Lek Billion85.5125.3178.2214.3235.3255.4274.6293.9319.8348.2406.5473.5544.7580.3
199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004
10.09.0%100.072.067.072.582.289.597.690.898.0105.2113.3121.0126.7134.3142.4
20.09.0%-28.0%-7.0%8.3%13.3%8.9%9.1%-7.0%8.0%7.3%7.7%6.8%4.7%6.0%6.0%
30.09.0%
40.09.0%
50.09.0%19.80.6229508197
60.09.0%12.2
70.09.0%
80.09.0%
90.09.0%
EXPORTS OF ALBANIA TO THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current Lek million)
1995199619971998199920002001Proj. 2002
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bulgaria0.00.00.10.00.10.10.0
Georgia0.50.0
Greece26.929.141.239.730.939.818.3
Moldova0.0
Romania0.10.10.30.10.00.00.1
Russia0.10.00.30.40.40.00.0
Turkey6.51.31.11.11.73.11.9
Ukraine0.10.00.00.0
Total33.730.543.641.333.243.120.3
IMPORTS OF ALBANIA FROM THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current Lek million)
1995199619971998199920002001Proj. 2002
Armenia0.2
Azerbaijan0.00.8
Bulgaria35.418.222.126.726.828.616.7
Georgia0.00.00.20.20.0
Greece187.9170.4236.7264.9304.8382.6177.5
Moldova0.40.30.70.50.00.50.2
Romania22.51.93.46.36.212.84.1
Russia2.10.46.33.517.116.114.1
Turkey39.428.928.052.059.481.941.3
Ukraine3.52.65.36.32.713.36.9
Total291.1222.7302.5360.4417.4536.7260.9
TRADE BALANCE OF ALBANIA WITH THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current Lek million)
1995199619971998199920002001Proj. 2002
Armenia0.00.00.00.0-0.20.00.0
Azerbaijan0.00.00.00.0-0.0-0.80.0
Bulgaria-35.4-18.2-22.0-26.7-26.7-28.5-16.7
Georgia-0.0-0.00.5-0.2-0.2-0.00.0
Greece-161.0-141.3-195.6-225.2-273.8-342.8-159.2
Moldova-0.4-0.3-0.7-0.5-0.0-0.5-0.2
Romania-22.3-1.8-3.1-6.2-6.2-12.8-4.1
Russia-2.0-0.4-6.0-3.1-16.7-16.0-14.1
Turkey-32.9-27.6-26.8-50.8-57.7-78.8-39.4
Ukraine-3.5-2.6-5.2-6.3-2.7-13.3-6.9
Total-257.4-192.3-258.9-319.0-384.2-493.6-240.6
&C&A
Albania
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Albania GDP Growth 1995-2003
Armenia
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)3.33.23.23.23.23.23.23.23.23.23.23.23.23.0
2Avg Exch. Rate (Dram/ US$)405.9414.0490.8504.9535.1539.5555.1573.4578.8533.5457.7416.0352.0327.6
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)176.0%18.7%14.0%8.7%0.6%-0.8%3.1%1.1%4.7%7.0%0.6%2.9%4.0%3.6%
4Average monthly wages (US$)14.620.827.735.637.742.144.147.760.181.4113.7153.8
5GDP (Dram billion)522.3661.2804.3955.4987.41,031.31,175.91,362.51,624.61,907.92,242.92,657.13,118.23,492.5
6GDP US$ million1,286.61,597.01,638.71,892.21,845.51,911.62,118.42,376.32,807.13,576.64,900.56,386.78,858.210,659.9
7GDP per capita (US$)394.6491.6504.8584.3571.0592.4659.3739.6874.41,113.41,523.91,983.92,748.73,565.2
8Real GDP growth, %6.9%5.9%3.3%7.3%3.3%5.9%9.6%13.2%14.0%10.5%13.9%13.3%10.0%7.5%75.2%8.5%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %6.7%9.3%10.8%9.4%11.2%11.7%10.4%10.8%10.1%9.6%8.1%7.4%
10Industrial Production Growth, %1.5%1.4%1.0%-2.1%5.3%6.4%5.3%14.6%15.6%2.4%7.5%-0.9%193.2%
11Agricultural Production Growth %4.7%1.8%-5.9%13.1%1.3%-2.5%11.6%4.4%4.3%14.5%11.2%0.4%4.5%4.5%
12Domestic Credit Growth %68.0%26.0%6.9%59.9%3.5%12.2%-7.8%-8.4%-10.1%41.2%54.6%8.7%38.5%13.7%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP3.7%3.8%3.9%5.4%5.8%6.2%5.2%4.2%3.2%3.6%4.0%3.4%3.3%3.2%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million25.317.651.9220.8122.0104.269.9110.7120.9218.8258.2290.8
15FDI/ GDP2.0%1.1%3.2%11.7%6.6%5.5%3.3%4.7%4.3%6.1%5.3%4.6%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-9.0%-8.5%-5.8%-4.9%-7.2%-4.8%-4.2%-2.5%-1.3%-1.5%-1.7%-1.5%-2.3%-2.5%25%0.46055684450.2030162413
17298.0403.0484.0569.0651.0715.0817.0875.01,097.71,109.01,229.01,280.01,367.022%
18Public External Debt/GDP23.2%25.2%29.5%30.1%35.3%37.4%38.6%36.8%39.1%31.0%25.1%20.0%15.4%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)270.9290.4233.6228.9247.3309.9353.1513.8696.1738.31004.91037.51042.81105.63.9544041451
20Imports- $US million (Goods)673.9759.6793.1806.3721.4773.4773.3882.61130.21196.31592.81916.01948.22151.80.0%
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-403.0-469.2-559.5-577.4-474.0-463.5-420.2-368.8-434.1-458.0-587.9-878.6-905.4-1046.20.0%
22Trade Balance/ GDP-31.3%-29.4%-34.1%-30.5%-25.7%-24.2%-19.8%-15.5%-15.5%-12.8%-12.0%-13.8%-10.2%-9.8%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-218.4-290.7-306.5-418.0-307.1-278.3-199.6-147.9-189.4-161.6-193.3-254.0-507.9-549.3
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-17.0%-18.2%-18.7%-22.1%-16.6%-14.6%-9.4%-6.2%-6.7%-4.5%-3.9%-4.0%-5.7%-5.2%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m99.6155.7228.8280.7290.9302.0317.2415.6502.0547.8669.51,071.91,208.71,429.2
Domestic Credit/ GDP3.7%3.8%3.9%5.4%5.8%6.2%5.2%4.2%3.2%3.6%4.0%3.4%3.3%3.2%
Domestic Credit Growth68.0%26.0%6.9%59.9%3.5%12.2%-7.8%-8.4%-10.1%41.2%54.6%8.7%38.5%13.7%
Domestic Credit Dram Million47,610.059,975.564,121.1102,516.0106,150.0119,094.0109,767.0100,523.090,321.7127,531.0197,126.0214,196.0296,731.0337,431.0
Table 2: Trade Data for Armenia With Other BSEC Members
EXPORTS OF ARMENIA TO THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US million)
19931994199519961997199819992000200120022003
Albania0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Azerbaijan0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Bulgaria1.00.00.10.20.51.00.90.70.31.61.5
Georgia3.22.92.76.910.79.611.116.012.416.618.7
Greece0.00.00.10.50.20.20.23.02.01.25.2
Moldova0.10.00.00.10.20.00.20.10.20.10.1
Romania0.00.00.00.10.00.00.00.40.00.10.0
Russia58.583.990.896.162.940.033.944.660.564.694.4
Turkey0.30.22.66.07.23.01.11.51.11.41.2
Ukraine4.13.74.54.93.54.02.13.311.08.17.0
Total67.290.7100.8114.885.257.849.569.687.593.7128.1
IMPORTS OF ARMENIA FROM THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US millions)
19931994199519961997199819992000200120022003
Albania0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Azerbaijan0.00.00.00.00.10.00.00.00.00.00.0
Bulgaria0.20.94.614.325.416.212.17.26.449.513.2
Georgia19.517.861.851.238.226.826.919.818.531.533.0
Greece0.00.05.65.310.29.113.054.013.612.230.4
Moldova0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.90.51.32.7
Romania0.00.01.44.81.41.00.50.30.27.20.3
Russia77.9112.2135.1125.5215.9191.4149.9137.2173.6192.9203.4
Turkey0.00.52.36.338.456.840.240.533.838.236.7
Ukraine4.05.35.412.011.68.97.912.322.145.734.6
Total101.7136.8216.3219.5341.3310.3250.6272.2268.7378.5354.3
TRADE BALANCE OF ARMENIA WITH THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US millions)
19931994199519961997199819992000200120022003
Albania0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Azerbaijan0.00.00.00.0-0.10.00.00.00.00.00.0
Bulgaria0.8-0.9-4.5-14.1-24.9-15.2-11.2-6.5-6.1-47.9-11.7
Georgia-16.3-14.9-59.1-44.3-27.5-17.2-15.8-3.8-6.1-14.9-14.3
Greece0.00.0-5.5-4.8-10.0-8.9-12.8-51.0-11.6-11.0-25.2
Moldova0.0-0.1-0.10.00.1-0.10.1-0.8-0.3-1.2-2.6
Romania0.00.0-1.4-4.7-1.4-1.0-0.50.1-0.2-7.1-0.3
Russia-19.4-28.3-44.3-29.4-153.0-151.4-116.0-92.6-113.1-128.3-109.0
Turkey0.3-0.30.3-0.3-31.2-53.8-39.1-39.0-32.7-36.8-35.5
Ukraine0.1-1.6-0.9-7.1-8.1-4.9-5.8-9.0-11.1-37.6-27.6
Total-34.5-46.1-115.5-104.7-256.1-252.5-201.1-202.6-181.2-284.8-226.2
USSR Recovery Collapse Analysis
Size of Maximum Output Decline (1989= 100)34.9in 1993
Lowest Point:1999
1994199436.785.4%7.5%
1995199539.326.9%
1996199641.645.9%
1997199743.023.3%
1998199846.167.3%
1999199947.683.3%
2000200050.495.9%
2001200155.349.6%
2002200262.6513.2%
2003200371.4214.0%
2004200478.9210.5%
1200589.8813.9%12.2%
22006101.8413.3%
32007112.0210.0%
42008123.2310.0%
52009135.5510.0%
62010149.1010.0%
72011164.0110.0%
82012180.4110.0%
EGPRSP Export & Import Projections
20022003200420052006200920122015
Exports6997688409201007131317042210
Imports10821170125613541460181422162751
Export Growth9.9%9.4%9.5%9.5%9.2%9.1%9.1%
Import Growth8.1%7.4%7.8%7.8%7.5%6.9%7.5%
GOODS
Exports519583639701767100512931662
Imports872945101210911176145217812225
Export Growth12.3%9.6%9.7%9.4%9.4%8.8%8.7%
Import Growth8.4%7.1%7.8%7.8%7.3%7.0%7.7%
2002200320042005
Actual Export Growth45.5%35.5%6.1%36.1%
Actual Import Growth14.1%28.1%5.8%33.1%
&C&A
Armenia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Armenia GDP Growth 1995-2003
Azerbaijan
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)7.67.77.87.98.08.08.18.18.28.38.38.48.58.7
2Avg Exch. Rate (Manat/ US$)0.8830.8600.7970.7740.8240.8950.9310.9720.9820.9830.9450.8930.8570.824
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)411.8%19.9%3.7%-0.8%-8.5%1.8%1.5%2.8%2.2%6.7%9.6%8.3%15.5%10.5%
4Average monthly wages (US$)14.220.835.543.544.749.555.864.478.098.4124.7158.2
5GDP (Manat million)2,133.82,732.63,158.33,440.63,775.14,718.15,315.66,062.57,146.58,530.211,875.617,735.826,276.933,697.8
6GDP US$ million2,417.33,176.63,962.34,446.44,581.25,272.65,707.66,236.17,276.48,680.412,561.219,851.030,647.040,897.1
7GDP per capita (US$)316.3411.1508.0564.5576.0657.7706.3766.0887.11,050.21,504.82,353.03,591.84,701.9
8Real GDP growth, %-11.8%1.3%5.8%10.0%7.4%11.1%9.9%10.6%11.2%7.0%26.4%34.5%28.3%16.0%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %0.8%0.9%1.0%1.1%1.2%1.2%1.3%1.4%1.4%1.5%1.4%1.3%1.0%1.0%
10Industrial Production Growth, %-21.4%-6.7%0.3%2.2%3.6%6.9%5.1%3.6%6.1%5.7%33.5%36.6%33.0%18.0%
11Agricultural Production Growth %-7.0%3.0%-6.1%6.2%7.1%12.1%11.1%6.4%5.6%4.6%7.5%
12Domestic Credit Growth %61.3%33.0%15.0%8.8%-10.4%13.5%14.6%2.1%26.1%39.4%50.0%75.4%71.9%43.8%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP12.5%13.0%13.0%12.9%10.6%9.6%9.8%8.7%9.4%10.9%11.8%13.8%16.0%18.0%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million330.1627.31,114.81,023.0510.3129.9226.51,392.43,285.03,556.11,679.91,500.01,500.01,600.0
15FDI/ GDP13.7%19.7%28.1%23.0%11.1%2.5%4.0%22.3%45.1%41.0%13.4%7.6%4.9%3.9%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-4.9%-2.8%-1.6%-4.1%-5.1%0.4%0.0%-0.4%-1.7%0.8%-2.5%-4.8%-5.3%-2.6%
17206.1247.9237.3314.2528.4761.3805.61,065.21,307.21,405.51,344.21,484.01,810.62,228.8
18Public External Debt/GDP8.5%7.8%6.0%7.1%11.5%14.4%14.1%17.1%18.0%16.2%10.7%7.5%5.9%5.4%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)612.3643.7808.3677.81,025.21,858.32,078.92,304.92,624.63,743.07,649.013,014.619,976.525,685.3
20Imports- $US million (Goods)985.41,337.61,375.21,723.91,433.41,539.01,465.11,823.32,723.13,581.74,349.95,269.36,375.97,332.2
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-373.1-693.9-566.9-1,046.2-408.2319.3613.8481.6-98.5161.33,299.17,745.313,600.618,353.1
22Trade Balance/ GDP-15.4%-21.8%-14.3%-23.5%-8.9%6.1%10.8%7.7%-1.4%1.9%26.3%39.0%44.4%44.9%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-400.7-931.2-915.8-1,364.5-599.7-167.8-51.8-768.4-2,020.9-2,589.2167.33,707.68,275.012,329.0
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-16.6%-29.3%-23.1%-30.7%-13.1%-3.2%-0.9%-12.3%-27.8%-29.8%1.3%18.7%27.0%30.1%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m120.9211.3466.1447.3672.6679.6725.0720.5802.81,075.11,177.72,500.43,500.05,500.0
Domestic Credit/ GDP12.5%13.0%13.0%12.9%10.6%9.6%9.8%8.7%9.4%10.9%11.8%13.8%16.0%18.0%
Domestic Credit Growth33.0%15.0%8.8%-10.4%13.5%14.6%2.1%26.1%39.4%50.0%75.4%71.9%43.8%
Domestic Credit Manat Million267.73356.01409.24445.39399.16453.08519.43530.22668.85932.161,398.282,452.574,216.696,064.71
USSR Recovery Collapse Analysis
Size of Maximum Output Decline (1989= 100)36.9in 1995
Lowest Point:1999
1996199632.55-11.8%
1997199732.971.3%
1998199834.885.8%
1999199938.3710.0%
2000200041.217.4%
2001200145.7811.1%
2002200250.329.9%
2003200355.6510.6%
2004200461.8811.2%
2005200566.217.0%
1200683.6926.4%
22007112.5734.5%
32008144.4228.3%
42009154.537.0%
52010165.357.0%
62011176.937.0%
72012189.317.0%
82013202.567.0%
92014216.747.0%
102015231.917.0%
112016248.157.0%
122017265.527.0%
132018284.107.0%
142019303.997.0%
152020325.277.0%
162021348.047.0%
&C&A
Azerbaijan
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Azerbaijan GDP Growth 1995-2007
Bulgaria
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)8.38.28.28.18.18.07.97.97.87.87.77.67.67.5
2Avg Exch. Rate (Leva/ US$)0.10.21.71.81.82.12.22.11.71.61.61.61.41.4
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)62.1%121.6%1058.4%18.7%2.6%10.3%7.4%5.8%2.3%6.1%5.0%7.3%5.6%3.3%
4Average monthly wages (US$)108.976.480.6110.7108.0107.4116.8124.2157.6185.4205.8
5GDP (Leva billion)880.31,761.217,432.622,421.123,790.426,752.829,709.232,401.634,627.538,822.642,797.449,090.654,385.958,726.8
6GDP US$ million13,105.79,900.410,364.912,736.712,955.112,599.813,598.715,600.319,984.724,647.627,188.031,483.137,821.841,511.7
7GDP per capita (US$)1,579.61,203.61,269.81,571.41,609.11,575.61,712.21,977.72,551.03,168.03,519.04,131.64,989.75,512.8
8Real GDP growth, %2.9%-9.4%-5.6%4.0%2.3%5.4%4.1%4.5%5.0%6.6%6.2%6.1%5.8%5.7%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %11.1%12.5%13.7%12.2%16.0%16.9%19.8%17.8%13.7%12.0%10.1%9.0%8.5%7.6%
10Industrial Production Growth, %5.0%3.1%-9.6%-7.4%-12.9%2.3%2.1%0.6%8.3%18.3%6.7%5.9%5.5%5.1%
11Agricultural Production Growth %16.0%-11.5%13.7%-1.5%2.7%-9.1%-0.1%5.5%-1.0%3.0%-8.6%-1.9%1.0%1.2%
12Domestic Credit Growth %11.4%215.9%89.5%-3.4%3.9%31.0%26.0%27.4%33.9%34.2%33.0%15.3%20.2%9.1%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP68.8%108.7%20.8%15.6%15.3%17.8%20.2%23.6%29.6%35.4%42.8%43.0%46.6%47.1%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million90.4109.0504.8537.2818.81,001.5812.9904.72,096.72,662.24,252.15,171.73,500.02,250.0
15FDI/ GDP0.7%1.1%4.9%4.2%6.3%7.9%6.0%5.8%10.5%10.8%15.6%16.4%9.3%5.4%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-5.2%-18.9%2.0%1.3%0.2%-0.6%-0.6%-0.6%0.0%1.7%3.2%3.6%2.0%1.4%
179,006.09,396.89,573.79,991.29,454.49,310.78,626.88,330.88,949.58,536.66,684.087,182.50
18Public External Debt/GDP68.7%94.9%92.4%78.4%73.0%73.9%63.4%53.4%44.8%34.6%24.6%22.8%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)5,345.04,890.24,939.64,193.54,006.44,824.65,112.95,354.17,081.49,931.211,754.115,064.119,000.723,009.4
20Imports- $US million (Goods)5,224.04,702.64,559.34,574.25,087.46,000.26,693.47,012.69,657.313,619.117,204.421,873.527,025.432,630.6
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)121.0187.6380.3-380.7-1,081.0-1,175.6-1,580.5-1,658.5-2,575.9-3,687.9-5,450.3-6,809.4-8,024.7-9,621.3
22Trade Balance/ GDP0.9%1.9%3.7%-3.0%-8.3%-9.3%-11.6%-10.6%-12.9%-15.0%-20.0%-21.6%-21.2%-23.2%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-25.815.7426.9-61.9-652.1-703.1-804.6-319.0-1,022.2-1,671.1-3,244.2-5,009.8-6,365.5-7,537.7
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-0.2%0.2%4.1%-0.5%-5.0%-5.6%-5.9%-2.0%-5.1%-6.8%-11.9%-15.9%-16.8%-18.2%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m1,236.5483.62,111.52,684.72,892.13,154.93,290.84,407.16,291.08,776.38,040.510,943.012,114.314,462.5
Domestic Credit/ GDP68.8%108.7%20.8%15.6%15.3%17.8%20.2%23.6%29.6%35.4%42.8%43.0%46.6%47.1%
Domestic Credit Growth215.9%89.5%-3.4%3.9%31.0%26.0%27.4%33.9%34.2%33.0%15.3%20.2%9.1%
Domestic Credit Lev Million605.941,914.253,627.303,502.613,640.354,770.176,008.567,656.3510,251.4013,757.4018,299.8021,091.4025,356.5927,664.39
199419951996199719981999200020012002
Inflation calculation61.71100221.612567.043046.373124.753447.113700.853915.87
62.0%121.6%1058.4%18.7%2.6%10.3%7.4%5.8%
GDP Growth Calculation97.1810089.983.7
2.9%-10.1%-6.9%
&C&A
Bulgaria
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Bulgaria GDP Growth 1995-2003
Georgia
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)5.05.04.94.84.84.74.74.64.64.54.54.54.54.5
2Avg Exch. Rate (Lari/ US$)1.241.261.301.392.021.982.072.202.151.921.811.781.721.742.15
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)162.7%39.4%7.1%3.6%19.2%4.0%4.7%5.6%4.8%5.7%8.2%9.2%7.1%5.9%
4Average monthly wages (US$)11.023.032.839.933.336.645.651.758.781.8112.7
5GDP (Lari million)2,432.03,868.54,554.95,022.15,668.76,043.16,674.07,456.08,564.19,824.311,621.013,783.914,900.016,200.0
6GDP US$ million1,961.93,070.23,503.83,613.02,806.33,058.13,219.53,395.83,991.45,125.86,410.97,741.98,662.89,310.3
7GDP per capita (US$)390.0620.3716.5748.0588.3647.9689.4736.6874.41,134.51,432.81,735.91,946.72,092.2
8Real GDP growth, %2.4%11.2%10.5%3.1%2.9%1.8%4.8%5.5%11.1%5.9%9.6%9.4%8.0%8.5%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %3.1%2.8%7.6%14.5%13.8%10.3%11.1%12.6%11.5%12.6%13.8%13.6%
10Industrial Production Growth, %-13.5%6.8%8.2%-1.8%7.4%10.8%-5.0%7.0%14.8%8.6%16.4%
11Agricultural Production Growth %13.4%6.0%3.9%-3.0%3.7%-12.0%8.2%-1.0%10.8%-5.9%12.2%
12Domestic Credit Growth %n.a.59.9%86.6%33.8%41.0%17.5%2.9%14.1%13.3%8.3%34.4%30.8%23.7%18.6%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP8.1%8.1%12.9%15.6%19.5%21.5%20.0%20.5%20.2%19.1%21.7%23.9%27.3%29.8%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million33.368.5242.5265.382.3131.1109.8167.4340.1499.1449.81,025.91,350.01,700.0
15FDI/ GDP1.7%2.2%6.9%7.3%2.9%4.3%3.4%4.9%8.5%9.7%7.0%13.3%15.6%18.3%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-8.1%-6.5%-3.9%-4.9%-5.5%-3.4%0.5%-3.3%-2.3%-1.3%-0.2%-0.2%-2.3%-2.1%
171,216.71,357.21,512.41,629.41,676.11,590.21,654.71,776.81,855.71,860.51,737.21,840.01,841.0
18Public External Debt/GDP62.0%44.2%43.2%45.1%59.7%52.0%51.4%52.3%46.5%36.3%27.1%23.8%21.3%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)362.6198.8376.5299.9329.5459.0496.1603.3830.61,092.11,472.41,666.52,013.82,348.8
20Imports- $US million (Goods)700.1686.81,162.9994.5863.4970.51,045.61,092.31,468.62,007.72,686.33,685.84,710.65,142.7
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-337.5-488.0-786.4-694.6-533.9-511.5-549.5-489.0-638.0-915.5-1,213.9-2,019.3-2,696.9-2,793.8
22Trade Balance/ GDP-17.2%-15.9%-22.4%-19.2%-19.0%-16.7%-17.1%-14.4%-16.0%-17.9%-18.9%-26.1%-31.1%-30.0%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-404.8-415.4-514.2-275.7-198.4-269.0-211.7-234.2-382.6-423.0-751.9-1,243.4-1,229.0-1,027.2
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-20.6%-13.5%-14.7%-7.6%-7.1%-8.8%-6.6%-6.9%-9.6%-8.3%-11.7%-16.1%-14.2%-11.0%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m198.5191.4201.7132.9144.4116.0161.9202.2196.2386.7478.6930.8938.51,066.62.211
2.221
Domestic Credit/ GDP8.1%8.1%12.9%15.6%19.5%21.5%20.0%20.5%20.2%19.1%21.7%23.9%27.3%29.8%
Domestic Credit Growth59.9%86.6%33.8%41.0%17.5%2.9%14.1%13.3%8.3%34.4%30.8%23.7%18.6%
Lari Million196.4314.2586.1784.21,106.01,299.71,337.81,526.11,729.61,873.12,516.63,292.44,074.04,832.0
Lari Billion0.20.30.60.81.11.31.31.51.71.92.53.34.14.82.188
USSR Recovery Collapse Analysis
Size of Maximum Output Decline (1989= 100)23.4in 1994
Lowest Point:1999
1995199523.962.4%
1996199626.6511.2%
1997199729.4410.5%
1998199830.363.1%
1999199931.242.9%
2000200031.801.8%
2001200133.324.8%
2002200235.165.5%
2003200339.0611.1%
2004200441.365.9%
1200545.349.6%
2200648.066.0%
3200750.946.0%
4200854.006.0%
5200957.246.0%
6201060.676.0%
7201164.316.0%
8201268.176.0%
9201372.266.0%
10201476.596.0%
11201581.196.0%
12201686.066.0%
13201791.226.0%
14201896.706.0%
152019102.506.0%
162020108.656.0%
EXPORTS OF GEORGIA TO BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US million)
19951996199719981999200020012002200319931994
Albania0.30.00.00.00.10.00.20.00.0
Armenia17.721.018.917.815.013.712.421.030.819.517.8
Azerbaijan12.724.425.118.519.221.310.629.216.7
Bulgaria5.712.28.83.10.42.40.60.10.22.83.8
Greece0.40.41.20.43.06.03.02.90.20.16.5
Moldova0.10.10.30.10.10.20.10.10.2
Romania0.01.80.10.10.30.10.40.11.0
Russia46.956.768.755.244.669.673.561.083.9
Turkey34.125.939.420.337.774.868.753.758.4
Ukraine5.75.48.48.410.911.011.712.730.2
Total123.6147.9170.9123.9131.3199.1181.2180.8221.622.428.1
IMPORTS OF GEORGIA FROM BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US millions)
19951996199719981999200020012002200319931994
Albania0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Armenia11.517.221.810.111.813.510.48.611.23.22.9
Azerbaijan47.778.7115.873.541.555.473.279.993.8
Bulgaria28.343.347.227.611.515.510.613.819.310.55.5
Greece10.717.614.415.810.38.64.78.59.41.75.2
Moldova0.20.10.40.30.20.20.20.31.0
Romania30.540.915.219.012.513.316.95.210.5
Russia48.5127.1124.5127.2115.791.991.3121.6161.1
Turkey84.876.6116.898.473.3104.0105.089.7112.1
Ukraine7.638.855.731.227.135.449.559.080.3
Total269.8440.3511.8403.1303.9337.8361.8386.6498.715.413.6
TRADE BALANCE OF GEORGIA WITH BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US millions)
19951996199719981999200020012002200319931994
Albania0.30.00.00.00.10.00.20.00.00.00.0
Armenia6.23.8-2.97.73.20.22.012.419.616.314.9
Azerbaijan-35.0-54.3-90.7-55.0-22.3-34.1-62.6-50.7-77.10.00.0
Bulgaria-22.6-31.1-38.4-24.5-11.1-13.1-10.0-13.7-19.1-7.7-1.7
Greece-10.3-17.2-13.2-15.4-7.3-2.6-1.7-5.6-9.2-1.61.3
Moldova-0.10.0-0.1-0.2-0.10.0-0.1-0.2-0.80.00.0
Romania-30.5-39.1-15.1-18.9-12.2-13.2-16.5-5.1-9.50.00.0
Russia-1.6-70.4-55.8-72.0-71.1-22.3-17.8-60.6-77.20.00.0
Turkey-50.7-50.7-77.4-78.1-35.6-29.2-36.3-36.0-53.70.00.0
Ukraine-1.9-33.4-47.3-22.8-16.2-24.4-37.8-46.3-50.10.00.0
Total-146.2-292.4-340.9-279.2-172.6-138.7-180.6-205.8-277.17.014.5
&C&A
Georgia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Georgia GDP Growth 1995-2003
Greece
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)10.710.710.810.910.910.511.011.011.111.111.111.011.011.0
2Avg Exch. Rate (Euro/ US$)0.770.800.890.890.941.081.121.060.890.810.800.800.740.72
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)8.9%8.2%5.5%4.8%2.6%3.2%3.4%3.6%3.5%2.9%3.5%3.2%2.6%2.6%
4Average monthly wages (US$)
5GDP (Euro million)90,923.499,293.8107,396.8108,724.0117,844.4156,514167,994.0181,003.0196,602.0212,734.0228,156.0245,865.0253,444.0268,980.0
6GDP US$ million117,565.4124,361.7121,339.6121,957.2125,366.4144,618.9150,328.9170,347.7221,890.9264,144.4283,733.8308,433.5344,405.1371,864.8
7GDP per capita (US$)11,028.611,579.311,224.811,219.611,469.913,773.213,647.515,419.020,035.723,800.425,515.928,090.531,338.033,836.7
8Real GDP growth, %2.1%2.4%3.6%3.4%3.4%4.5%4.5%3.9%4.9%4.7%3.7%4.3%3.7%3.2%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %10.0%10.3%10.3%11.2%12.1%11.4%10.8%10.3%9.7%10.5%9.9%8.9%8.5%8.3%
10Industrial Production Growth, %2.4%1.3%1.9%9.0%1.9%7.2%-1.8%0.8%0.3%1.2%-0.9%0.5%1.9%1.7%
11Agricultural Production Growth %0.5%0.4%-3.0%-0.2%-4.0%0.6%-2.5%0.4%0.4%0.4%
12Domestic Credit Growth %7.7%0.4%-6.8%5.0%1.5%4.5%26.2%6.9%3.7%9.2%14.6%12.3%6.8%8.3%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP120.8%111.1%95.7%99.3%93.0%73.2%86.1%85.4%81.6%82.3%88.0%91.7%95.0%96.9%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million1,053.01,058.0984.0700.0567.31,083.41,585.053.11,331.72,105.0657.75,401.36,200.07,500.00
15FDI/ GDP0.9%0.9%0.8%0.6%0.5%0.7%1.1%0.0%0.6%0.8%0.2%1.8%1.8%2.0%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-11.4%-8.3%-7.3%-4.4%-3.6%-3.3%-3.9%-4.2%-4.8%-6.1%-4.0%-2.4%-2.4%-1.8%
1727,279.028,265.028,514.830,001.531,592.330,119.032,521.04,697.03,817.03,107.93,408.73,321.93,000.03,000.0
18Public External Debt/GDP23.2%22.7%23.5%24.6%25.2%20.8%21.6%2.6%1.9%1.5%1.5%1.4%1.2%1.1%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)5,918.05,890.05,576.06,672.08,544.710,201.510,615.09,865.412,577.815,739.017,631.220,300.424,879.924,091.7
20Imports- $US million (Goods)20,343.021,395.020,951.023,305.026,495.630,440.429,702.031,320.638,183.647,360.051,883.864,585.371,445.070,953.5
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-14,425.0-15,505.0-15,375.0-16,633.0-17,950.9-20,238.9-19,087.0-21,455.2-25,605.8-31,621.0-34,252.6-44,284.9-46,565.0-46,861.8
22Trade Balance/ GDP-12.3%-12.5%-12.7%-13.6%-14.3%-14.0%-12.7%-12.6%-11.5%-12.0%-12.1%-14.4%-13.5%-12.6%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-2,864.0-4,554.0-4,860.0-3,647.0-7,294.9-9,819.7-9,399.9-9,581.6-12,803.5-13,476.1-18,233.2-29,656.3-28,958.7-27,414.0
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-2.4%-3.7%-4.0%-3.0%-5.8%-6.8%-6.3%-5.6%-5.8%-5.1%-6.4%-9.6%-8.4%-7.4%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m14,780.017,501.412,594.817,458.418,122.313,424.35,154.28,082.84,361.51,191.0506.4565.881,400.01,200.00
Domestic Credit/ GDP120.8%111.1%95.7%99.3%93.0%73.2%86.1%85.4%81.6%82.3%88.0%91.7%95.0%96.9%
Domestic Credit Growth0.4%-6.8%5.0%1.5%4.5%26.2%6.9%3.7%9.2%14.6%12.3%6.8%8.3%
Euro billion109.9110.3102.8108.0109.6114.6144.58154.54160.33175.15200.81225.51240.87260.74
Non-Euro debt in Euros million3,382.02,503.02,741.02,648.0
Non-Euro debt in US$ million3,817.03,107.93,408.73,321.9
Avg GDr/ $US Rate for 1991-1994
1995199619971998 (f/cast)1999 (planned)1991199219931994
Avg Exch. Rate (GDr/ US$)231.7240.7273.1295.5302182.27190.62229.25242.60
Avg GDr/ $US Rate for 1991-1994
182.27190.62229.25242.6
EXPORTS OF GREECE TO THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current US$ million)
19951996199719981999200020012002200319931994
Albania261.2324.9250.9193.5224.6251.8378.1360.8351.6126.3213.2
Armenia8.74.57.09.511.045.113.214.324.20.13.2
Azerbaijan2.32.417.110.73.53.913.67.611.60.21.5
Bulgaria447.3314.0318.6441.1417.2452.0610.9620.5822.0303.3413.1
Georgia15.218.924.823.610.17.311.317.512.01.75.2
Moldova7.99.89.48.112.914.09.414.69.62.41.7
Romania180.4174.7176.0200.2214.2380.1394.3315.0344.889.393.4
Russia270.0361.4418.3267.9246.0247.8310.5328.4335.9198.7243.1
Turkey221.1354.6435.5343.4337.3543.8377.2389.7528.2148.4138.1
Ukraine103.2138.7130.282.946.141.948.582.658.231.781.4
Total1,517.31,703.91,787.81,580.91,522.91,987.82,167.02,151.02,498.2902.11,193.90
IMPORTS OF GREECE FROM THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current US$ million)
19951996199719981999200020012002200319931994
Albania37.536.936.136.840.140.861.110.819.115.435.3
Armenia0.10.40.20.50.21.01.71.21.100
Azerbaijan1.10.11.90.112.57.012.66.138.80.10
Bulgaria483.7372.7416.1394.0358.5394.6455.8348.1417.3197.6296.2
Georgia5.47.42.56.812.320.412.057.4113.50.16.5
Moldova5.17.07.03.62.42.88.117.515.70.22.9
Romania133.1144.4203.9196.6211.6303.1378.0361.4443.253.593.1
Russia703.0695.3634.4488.4525.01,092.61,764.52,567.32,688.6475.3544.1
Turkey209.1232.9296.6369.2375.6388.0528.8667.2869.1138.3170.1
Ukraine87.5105.058.666.577.5116.0169.6344.0254.13487.8
Total1,665.61,602.11,657.31,562.51,615.72,366.33,392.14,381.14,860.5914.51,236.00
TRADE BALANCE OF GREECE WITH THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current US$ million)
19951996199719981999200020012002200319931994
Albania223.7288.0214.8156.7184.5211.1317.1350.0332.5110.9177.9
Armenia8.64.16.89.010.844.111.513.223.20.13.2
Azerbaijan1.22.315.210.6-9.0-3.11.01.5-27.20.11.4
Bulgaria-36.4-58.7-97.547.158.757.4155.1272.4404.7105.7117
Georgia9.811.522.316.8-2.2-13.1-0.7-39.9-101.51.6-1.3
Moldova2.82.82.44.510.511.21.3-2.9-6.02.1-1.2
Romania47.330.3-27.93.62.677.016.2-46.5-98.335.80.2
Russia-433.0-333.9-216.1-220.5-279.0-844.8-1,454.0-2,239.0-2,352.7-276.6-301
Turkey12.0121.7138.9-25.8-38.3155.8-151.5-277.6-340.910.2-32
Ukraine15.733.771.616.4-31.4-74.1-121.1-261.4-196.0-2.3-6.4
Total-148.3101.8130.518.4-92.8-378.5-1,225.1-2,230.1-2,362.4-12.5-42.1
BSEC Trade Turnover Calculation:3,182.93,306.03,445.13,143.43,138.64,354.15,559.16,532.07,358.71,816.62,429.9
Annual Overall BSEC Trade Growth Rate:31.0%3.9%4.2%-8.8%-0.2%38.7%27.7%17.5%12.7%33.8%
1993-20031995-20031999-2003
BSEC Trade Growth Rate:15.0%11.0%23.7%
check7,358.77,358.77,358.7
134.5%
&C&A
Greece
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Greece GDP Growth 1995-2003
Moldova
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)4.44.33.73.73.73.63.63.63.63.63.63.43.43.4
2Avg Exch. Rate (Lei/ US$)4.54.64.65.410.512.412.913.613.912.312.613.112.512.7
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)30.0%24.0%11.9%7.8%39.4%31.2%9.6%5.2%11.6%12.4%11.9%12.7%10.5%9.5%
4Average monthly wages (US$)31.940.647.546.629.032.842.351.063.989.5104.7129.2
5GDP (Lei million)6,479.77,797.68,917.09,122.112,321.616,019.619,051.522,555.927,618.932,031.837,651.944,068.851,584.460,017.9
6GDP US$ million1,441.31,693.51,928.61,698.51,171.71,288.31,480.31,662.11,981.32,597.92,988.33,356.14,118.24,725.8
7GDP per capita (US$)331.3391.4527.3464.6321.0353.9407.2458.2547.6720.1830.0988.41,199.71,401.5
8Real GDP growth, %-1.4%-5.9%1.6%-6.5%-3.4%2.1%6.1%7.8%6.6%7.4%7.5%4.0%6.0%6.2%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %1.4%1.5%1.5%9.2%11.1%8.5%7.3%6.8%7.9%8.1%7.3%
10Industrial Production Growth, %-4.0%-6.5%0.0%-15.0%-11.6%7.7%13.7%10.8%15.6%8.2%7.0%-6.9%8.0%9.0%
11Agricultural Production Growth %1.9%-11.9%11.4%-11.6%-8.4%-3.3%6.4%3.4%-13.6%20.8%0.8%-4.6%1.8%2.0%
12Domestic Credit Growth %64.7%18.8%26.8%29.2%18.1%14.4%29.6%25.2%24.3%25.8%15.8%30.1%23.2%19.0%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP23.7%23.4%26.0%32.8%28.7%25.2%27.5%29.1%29.5%32.0%31.5%35.0%36.9%37.7%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million25.923.778.775.537.9127.554.584.173.885.6198.7222.3230.0260.0
15FDI/ GDP1.8%1.4%4.1%4.4%3.2%9.9%3.7%5.1%3.7%3.3%6.6%6.6%5.6%5.5%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-5.8%-9.7%-7.5%-3.3%-3.2%-1.0%-0.0%-0.5%1.6%0.4%1.5%-0.3%-0.2%-0.4%
17683.0846.81,018.71,009.3888.2970.2897.5927.1951.3825.7753.4859.6992.71,278.5
18Public External Debt/GDP47.4%50.0%52.8%59.4%75.8%75.3%60.6%55.8%48.0%31.8%25.2%25.6%24.1%27.1%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)739.0822.9889.6643.6474.3476.8564.6659.7805.9994.11,104.61,053.51,180.01,260.0
20Imports- $US million (Goods)809.21,082.51,237.61,031.7611.5770.3879.71,037.51,428.11,748.22,296.12,644.43,100.03,450.0
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-70.2-259.7-348.0-388.1-137.2-293.6-315.1-377.8-622.2-754.2-1,191.5-1,590.9-1,920.0-2,190.0
22Trade Balance/ GDP-4.9%-15.3%-18.0%-22.8%-11.7%-22.8%-21.3%-22.7%-31.4%-29.0%-39.9%-47.4%-46.6%-46.3%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-87.8-194.8-274.9-334.7-78.6-108.2-37.0-25.5-134.9-58.5-263.3-403.7-251.8-274.6
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-6.1%-11.5%-14.3%-19.7%-6.7%-8.4%-2.5%-1.5%-6.8%-2.3%-8.8%-12.0%-6.1%-5.8%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m257.0312.0366.0143.6185.7222.5228.5268.9302.3470.3597.4775.5900.01,000.0
Domestic Credit/ GDP23.7%23.4%26.0%32.8%28.7%25.2%27.5%29.1%29.5%32.0%31.5%35.0%36.9%37.7%
Domestic Credit Growth18.8%26.8%29.2%18.1%14.4%29.6%25.2%24.3%25.8%15.8%30.1%23.2%19.0%
Domestic Credit Lei Billion1.5361.8252.3142.9913.5334.0405.2366.5578.14810.25211.86915.44419.02822.643
USSR Recovery Collapse Analysis
Size of Maximum Output Decline (1989= 100)30.8in 1999
Lowest Point:1999
200031.452.1%
200133.376.1%
200235.977.8%
200338.346.6%
1200441.187.4%
2200544.277.5%
3200647.597.5%
4200751.167.5%
5200854.997.5%
6200959.127.5%19.80.6229508197
7201063.557.5%12.2
8201168.327.5%
9201273.447.5%
10201378.957.5%
11201484.877.5%
12201591.247.5%
13201698.087.5%
142017105.437.5%
152018113.347.5%
EXPORTS OF MOLDOVA TO THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US million)
199519961997199819992000200120022003
Albania0.70.60.80.50.50.00.30.20.5
Armenia2.64.70.20.00.10.20.31.11.0
Azerbaijan5.46.41.50.60.60.40.40.82.2
Bulgaria21.412.410.02.85.33.63.73.46.2
Georgia0.22.73.90.30.00.20.70.41.1
Greece2.74.34.84.65.82.42.73.13.7
Romania103.772.258.860.841.237.837.956.790.2
Russia360.1428.9508.8336.8191.5210.0248.4238.9308.5
Turkey11.59.45.54.72.92.02.34.17.2
Ukraine58.946.549.448.732.635.557.261.456.1
Total567.1588.3643.7459.8280.5292.1353.8370.2476.8
IMPORTS OF MOLDOVA FROM THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US million)
199519961997199819992000200120022003
Albania0.00.00.00.00.00.40.0
Armenia0.10.10.10.00.10.10.00.10.1
Azerbaijan5.54.93.51.50.10.00.10.10.2
Bulgaria31.932.161.629.39.513.620.510.730.1
Georgia0.10.20.30.10.10.10.10.10.1
Greece5.03.48.96.78.415.05.213.311.5
Romania56.065.9101.3112.981.5119.593.690.698.2
Russia278.0321.4333.2233.0138.7119.4144.0153.5183.0
Turkey6.811.313.510.611.818.219.732.748.3
Ukraine228.5261.9211.3151.579.1104.6152.6203.6309.3
Total611.8701.1733.7545.8329.4391.0435.8504.7680.6
TRADE BALANCE OF MOLDOVA WITH THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US million)
199519961997199819992000200120022003
Albania0.70.50.80.50.5-0.30.30.20.5
Armenia2.64.60.1-0.0-0.10.00.31.01.0
Azerbaijan-0.21.5-2.1-1.00.50.40.40.72.0
Bulgaria-10.5-19.6-51.6-26.5-4.2-10.0-16.8-7.3-24.0
Georgia0.12.63.60.1-0.10.10.60.31.0
Greece-2.30.9-4.1-2.1-2.6-12.6-2.5-10.2-7.7
Romania47.76.3-42.5-52.1-40.3-81.7-55.7-33.9-8.0
Russia82.1107.5175.6103.852.890.5104.485.5125.5
Turkey4.7-1.8-8.0-6.0-8.9-16.2-17.4-28.6-41.0
Ukraine-169.6-215.4-161.8-102.8-46.5-69.1-95.4-142.3-253.1
Total-44.8-112.8-90.0-86.0-48.9-98.9-81.9-134.5-203.9
Debt Servicing377421.2866.91,020.60797.2486.3702.5
4.625.3710.5212.4312.8713.5713.94
81.5478.4382.4482.0861.9435.8450.39
&C&A
Moldova
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Moldova GDP Growth 1995-2003
Romania
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)22.722.622.422.322.222.122.021.921.921.821.721.621.621.6
2Avg Exch. Rate (Lei/ US$)0.20.30.70.91.52.72.93.33.33.32.92.82.52.4
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)32.2%38.8%154.8%59.1%45.8%45.7%34.5%22.5%15.3%11.9%9.0%6.6%4.4%4.6%
4Average monthly wages (US$)104.0104.188.2117.499.398.5103.9114.6145.8182.8253.3306.9
5GDP (Lei million)7,213.610,892.025,292.637,379.854,573.080,377.3116,769151,475197,565246,469288,047.8342,418.0394,977.0445,989.0
6GDP US$ million35,477.435,315.135,285.742,115.435,592.329,673.840,180.745,824.659,507.375,519.298,861.5121,901.2161,215.1188,181.0
7GDP per capita (US$)1,564.31,566.11,572.41,886.91,601.81,341.51,823.92,088.62,721.03,465.84,553.45,631.87,453.38,708.1
8Real GDP growth, %7.1%3.9%-6.1%-4.8%-1.2%2.1%5.7%5.1%5.2%8.5%4.1%7.7%6.5%5.5%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %8.0%6.7%6.0%6.3%6.8%7.1%6.6%8.4%7.0%8.0%7.2%7.4%
10Industrial Production Growth, %9.4%6.3%-7.2%-13.8%-2.4%7.1%8.3%4.3%3.1%5.3%2.0%7.1%8.7%4.6%
11Agricultural Production Growth %4.5%1.3%3.1%-7.6%4.0%-14.8%22.7%-3.5%7.5%22.2%-13.9%3.3%3.0%2.0%
12Domestic Credit Growth %90.9%84.9%50.6%71.3%20.0%15.6%34.9%38.6%49.0%33.0%43.7%53.0%43.3%31.5%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP23.6%28.8%18.7%21.7%17.8%14.0%13.0%13.9%15.8%16.9%20.8%26.7%33.2%38.7%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million419.0263.01,215.02,031.01,041.01,037.01,157.01,144.01,844.06,443.06,482.211,440.09,800.07,200.0
15FDI/ GDP1.2%0.7%3.4%4.8%2.9%3.5%2.9%2.5%3.1%8.5%6.6%9.4%6.1%3.8%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-3.4%-4.8%-3.5%-3.6%-1.8%-4.0%-3.2%-2.6%-2.2%-1.5%-0.8%-1.7%-3.1%-3.0%
174,948.56,174.46,853.76,966.96,219.36,957.07,719.49,503.112,190.013,910.015,060.016,130.0
18Public External Debt/GDP13.9%17.5%19.4%16.5%17.5%23.4%19.2%20.7%20.5%18.4%15.2%13.2%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)7,910.08,085.08,431.08,302.08,503.010,366.011,385.013,876.017,618.023,845.027,729.732,571.040,252.746,482.1
20Imports- $US million (Goods)9,487.010,555.010,411.010,927.09,595.012,050.014,354.016,487.022,155.330,150.037,348.147,387.062,281.376,938.4
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-1,577.0-2,470.0-1,980.0-2,625.0-1,092.0-1,684.0-2,969.0-2,611.0-4,537.3-6,305.0-9,618.4-14,816.0-22,028.6-30,456.3
22Trade Balance/ GDP-4.4%-7.0%-5.6%-6.2%-3.1%-5.7%-7.4%-5.7%-7.6%-8.3%-9.7%-12.2%-13.7%-16.2%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-1,780.0-2,579.0-2,104.0-2,917.0-1,297.0-1,355.0-2,229.0-1,525.0-3,311.0-6,382.0-8,620.9-12,510.1-18,329.3-24,628.9
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-5.0%-7.3%-6.0%-6.9%-3.6%-4.6%-5.5%-3.3%-5.6%-8.5%-8.7%-10.3%-11.4%-13.1%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m1,579.02,102.83,803.32,867.41,526.32,469.73,922.56,125.38,040.014,616.419,872.128,066.238,187.748,431.7
Domestic Credit/ GDP23.6%28.8%18.7%21.7%17.8%14.0%13.0%13.9%15.8%16.9%20.8%26.7%33.2%38.7%
Domestic Credit Growth84.9%50.6%71.3%20.0%15.6%34.9%38.6%49.0%33.0%43.7%53.0%43.3%31.5%
Domestic Credit Lei Million1,6993,1424,7328,1059,72911,24415,16321,01831,31341,65259,84091,580131,218172,529
199419951996199719981999200020012002
Inflation calculation75.62100138.83353.69562.7820.441195.111607.041969.22
32.2%38.8%154.8%59.1%45.8%45.7%34.5%22.5%
GDP Growth Calculation93.34100103.9597.6692.9591.8893.5198.42
7.1%4.0%-6.1%-4.8%-1.2%1.8%5.3%
-2132.93-4377.35-9755651110976
-29.6%-40.2%-38.6%17.4%20.1%
&C&A
Romania
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Romania GDP Growth 1995-2003
Russia
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)147.9148.3147.1146.7146.3145.6146.3145.6145.0144.2143.5142.8142.2141.8143.65
2Avg Exch. Rate (Rubles/ US$)4.65.15.89.724.628.129.231.430.728.828.327.226.025.9
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)197.3%47.9%14.7%27.8%85.7%20.8%21.5%15.8%13.7%10.7%12.7%9.7%7.8%7.6%
4Average monthly wages (US$)103.6154.3164.4108.361.879.0111.1139.1179.2233.9302.5394.5
5GDP (Rubles million)1,428,5202,007,8302,342,5102,629,6204,823,2307,305,6508,943,58010,830,50013,243,20017,048,10021,620,10026,781,10030,757,08835,089,145
6GDP US$ million313,271.9392,154.3405,278.5270,815.7195,907.0259,710.3306,602.0345,470.5431,655.8591,666.5764,382.5984,916.11,182,964.91,354,793.2
7GDP per capita (US$)2,118.12,644.32,755.11,846.11,339.11,783.72,095.72,372.72,976.94,104.55,326.76,897.28,319.09,552.9
8Real GDP growth, %-4.1%-3.6%1.4%-5.3%6.4%10.0%5.1%4.7%7.3%7.2%6.4%6.7%6.7%6.2%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %9.5%9.7%11.8%13.2%12.6%9.8%8.8%8.5%7.8%7.9%7.1%6.7%7.0%6.7%
10Industrial Production Growth, %-3.3%-4.5%2.0%-5.2%11.0%11.9%4.9%3.7%7.0%8.3%4.0%3.9%4.8%4.4%
11Agricultural Production Growth %-8.0%-5.1%1.5%-13.2%4.1%7.7%7.5%1.5%1.3%3.0%2.4%2.8%
12Domestic Credit Growth %87.8%53.7%23.6%71.0%36.1%12.1%27.0%26.5%26.5%18.7%2.6%28.4%39.7%28.9%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP25.5%27.8%29.5%44.9%33.3%24.7%25.6%26.7%27.7%25.5%20.6%21.4%26.0%29.4%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million2,066.02,579.04,865.02,761.03,309.02,714.02,748.33,461.17,958.015,444.012,88630,82735,00029,000
15FDI/ GDP0.7%0.7%1.2%1.0%1.7%1.0%0.9%1.0%1.8%2.6%1.7%3.1%3.0%2.1%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-3.4%-4.7%-5.1%-3.6%-0.9%1.9%3.0%1.0%1.3%4.5%8.1%8.4%3.2%0.8%
17128,000.0129,100.0146,300.0155,400.0132,800.0116,700.0103,000.096,800.098,200.297,200.071,100.044,700.047,800.097.9
18Public External Debt/GDP40.9%32.9%36.1%57.4%67.8%44.9%33.6%28.0%22.7%16.4%9.3%4.5%4.0%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)82,419.089,685.086,895.074,444.075,551.0105,033.0101,884.0107,301.0135,929.3183,207.0243,798.0303,926.0330,151.6346,219.6
20Imports- $US million (Goods)62,603.068,092.071,983.058,015.039,537.044,862.053,763.760,965.876,070.097,382.0125,434.0164,692.0212,798.6249,572.0
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)19,816.021,593.014,912.016,429.036,014.060,171.048,120.346,335.259,859.385,825.0118,364.0139,234.0117,353.096,647.5
22Trade Balance/ GDP6.3%5.5%3.7%6.1%18.4%23.2%15.7%13.4%13.9%14.5%15.5%14.1%9.9%7.1%
23Current Account Balance $US mn6,963.010,847.0-80.0219.024,616.046,839.033,935.029,115.935,410.059,51484,44395,32380,33561,924
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP2.2%2.8%-0.0%0.1%12.6%18.0%11.1%8.4%8.2%10.1%11.0%9.7%6.8%4.6%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m14,382.811,187.012,894.77,801.48,458.024,264.332,542.444,053.673,174.9120,809.0175,891.0295,568399,520434,499
Domestic Credit/ GDP25.5%27.8%29.5%44.9%33.3%24.7%25.6%26.7%27.7%25.5%20.6%21.4%26.0%29.4%
Domestic Credit Growth53.7%23.6%71.0%36.1%12.1%27.0%26.5%26.5%18.7%2.6%28.4%39.7%28.9%
Domestic Credit Rubles Billion363.7559.0690.81,181.41,607.61,802.02,288.22,895.03,662.24,345.64,460.85,727.658,002.2110,317.24
USSR Recovery Collapse Analysis
Size of Maximum Output Decline (1989= 100)53.5in 1998
Lowest Point:1998
199956.926.4%
200062.6210.0%
200165.815.1%
200268.904.7%
200373.937.3%
1200479.267.2%
2200584.336.4%
3200690.657.5%
4200797.457.5%
52008104.767.5%
62009112.627.5%
72010121.067.5%
82011130.147.5%
92012139.907.5%
102013150.407.5%
112014161.687.5%
122015173.807.5%
132016186.847.5%
142017200.857.5%
25.5. FOREIGN TRADE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH NON-CIS COUNTRIES
(in actual prices; mln. USD)
199519961997199819992000200120022003
Exports
Albania
Armenia127.0103.095.7128.056.927.575.594.5126.0
Azerbaijan85.6172.0219.0149.0115.0136.0133.0277.0410.0
Bulgaria652.0930.0914.0595.0479.0585.0512.0533.0619.0
Georgia48.9101.0148.0106.057.742.358.291.4153.0
Greece147.0141.0202.0365.0614.01,273.01,041.0957.0948.0
Moldova413.0390.0381.0325.0241.0210.0240.0269.0306.0
Romania654.0809.0740.0566.0404.0921.0796.0988.01,293.0
Turkey1,644.01,686.01,983.01,935.01,631.03,098.03,246.03,358.04,811.0
Ukraine7,149.07,547.07,240.05,560.04,792.05,024.05,282.05,885.07,595.0
Total10,920.511,879.011,922.79,729.08,390.611,316.811,383.712,452.916,261.0
199519961997199819992000200120022003
Imports
Albania
Armenia75.184.859.739.227.544.051.856.678.7
Azerbaijan107.0151.0260.0173.099.7135.081.186.893.0
Bulgaria471.0245.0261.0165.0108.0116.0139.0136.0162.0
Georgia57.968.0150.065.050.076.683.469.084.2
Greece257.0205.0184.0126.0122.0125.0144.0171.0142.0
Moldova636.0829.0841.0512.0267.0325.0347.0281.0403.0
Romania132.0135.0202.091.648.679.491.061.868.6
Turkey542.0578.0795.0517.0313.0349.0521.0729.0928.0
Ukraine6,617.06,294.03,982.03,267.02,528.03,651.03,845.03,230.04,437.0
Total8,895.08,589.86,734.74,955.83,563.84,901.05,303.34,821.26,396.5
199519961997199819992000200120022003
Trade Balance
Albania0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Armenia51.918.236.088.829.4-16.523.737.947.3
Azerbaijan-21.421.0-41.0-24.015.31.051.9190.2317.0
Bulgaria181.0685.0653.0430.0371.0469.0373.0397.0457.0
Georgia-9.033.0-2.041.07.7-34.3-25.222.468.8
Greece-110.0-64.018.0239.0492.01,148.0897.0786.0806.0
Moldova-223.0-439.0-460.0-187.0-26.0-115.0-107.0-12.0-97.0
Romania522.0674.0538.0474.4355.4841.6705.0926.21,224.4
Turkey1,102.01,108.01,188.01,418.01,318.02,749.02,725.02,629.03,883.0
Ukraine532.01,253.03,258.02,293.02,264.01,373.01,437.02,655.03,158.0
Total2,025.53,289.25,188.04,773.24,826.86,415.86,080.47,631.79,864.5
&C&A
Russia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Russia GDP Growth 1998-2007
Serbia
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)7.807.807.787.807.777.667.747.507.487.467.447.47.47.4
2Avg Exch. Rate (RSD/ US$)4.744.965.9110.0311.6663.1766.9164.2057.4058.7067.2066.9060.762.5
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)74.1%93.1%18.5%29.8%42.4%71.8%94.9%21.4%11.7%9.8%17.3%12.7%5.7%5.5%
4Average monthly wages (US$)60.7105.3135.0104.9108.137.880.3152.6206.8240.9240.8364.0
5GDP (Dinars billion)44.079.4126.4169.5210.2397.7783.91,020.11,171.61,431.31,750.02,085.02,347.82,625.6
6GDP US$ million9,274.616,007.321,381.016,899.618,027.96,295.411,715.015,889.720,410.524,383.526,041.731,165.938,678.742,009.6
7GDP per capita (US$)1,188.32,053.02,747.82,166.62,319.4821.71,514.32,118.62,728.53,267.23,499.94,211.65,226.95,677.0
8Real GDP growth, %6.1%7.8%10.1%1.9%-15.7%4.5%5.1%4.2%2.5%8.4%6.2%5.7%6.5%6.0%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %24.6%25.8%25.8%25.1%26.5%27.3%12.2%13.3%14.6%18.5%20.8%20.9%18.8%17.5%
10Industrial Production Growth, %3.8%7.6%9.5%3.6%-25.6%11.4%0.1%1.8%-3.0%7.1%0.8%4.7%5.0%5.0%
11Agricultural Production Growth %4.0%1.3%7.2%-5.9%-0.2%-12.8%18.6%-3.4%-7.2%19.5%-5.0%-0.3%3.0%2.0%
12Domestic Credit Growth %56.1%52.0%210.1%12.5%-37.8%35.6%52.6%40.7%3.9%23.0%17.0%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP0.0%0.0%25.9%30.1%36.9%60.6%34.6%16.5%19.5%24.4%28.0%24.4%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million0.00.0740.0113.0112.050.0165.0475.01,365.0966.001,550.004,387.003,200.004,500.00
15FDI/ GDP0.0%0.0%3.5%0.7%0.6%0.8%1.4%3.0%6.7%4.0%6.0%14.1%8.3%10.7%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-3.0%-6.1%-3.8%-2.9%-0.9%0.6%2.0%2.8%-1.0%
1713,800.013,400.09,770.010,539.010,744.011,136.69,758.68,628.110,266.59,972.910,156.3
18Public External Debt/GDP148.8%83.7%45.7%62.4%59.6%176.9%83.3%54.3%50.3%40.9%39.0%0.0%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)1,531.01,846.02,610.02,898.01,548.01,645.01,821.02,212.03,319.04,082.04,970.26,486.07,914.09,260.0
20Imports- $US million (Goods)2,665.04,113.04,363.04,336.02,792.03,227.04,129.05,440.07,340.010,551.010,259.812,716.015,258.017,089.0
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-1,134.0-2,267.0-1,753.0-1,438.0-1,244.0-1,582.0-2,308.0-3,228.0-4,021.0-6,469.0-5,289.6-6,230.0-7,344.0-7,829.0
22Trade Balance/ GDP-12.2%-14.2%-8.2%-8.5%-6.9%-25.1%-19.7%-20.3%-19.7%-26.5%-20.3%-20.0%-19.0%-18.6%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-1,037.0-1,317.0-1,135.0-469.0-455.0-153.0-285.0-1,247.0-1,420.0-2,869.0-2,224.4-3,656.0-4,738.0-4,900.0
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-11.2%-8.2%-5.3%-2.8%-2.5%-2.4%-2.4%-7.8%-7.0%-11.8%-8.5%-11.7%-12.2%-11.7%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m300.0154.4391.51,004.72,166.03,410.84,095.95,627.911,647.7
Domestic Credit/ GDP0.0%0.0%25.9%30.1%36.9%60.6%34.6%16.5%19.5%24.4%28.0%24.4%0.0%0.0%
Domestic Credit Growth56.1%52.0%210.1%12.5%-37.8%35.6%52.6%40.7%3.9%23.0%17.0%
Domestic Credit Dinar Billion32.751.177.6240.8270.9168.5228.4348.6490.5509.8
USSR Recovery Collapse Analysis
Size of Maximum Output Decline (1989= 100)40.6in 1993
Lowest Point:GDP GrowthUN/ECE Growth Rates
19891989100.01.2%100.01.2%
1990199092.1-7.9%92.1-7.9%
1991199181.4-11.6%81.4-11.6%
1992199258.7-27.9%58.7-27.9%
1993199340.6-30.8%40.6-30.8%
1994199441.72.7%41.72.7%
1995199544.26.1%44.26.0%
1996199647.77.8%46.85.9%
1997199752.510.1%50.37.5%
1998199853.51.9%51.62.6%
1999199945.1-15.7%42.4-17.8%
2000200047.14.5%45.16.4%
2001200149.55.1%47.65.5%
2002200251.64.2%49.43.8%
2003200352.92.5%49.91.0%
2004200457.48.4%
2005200560.96.2%
2006200664.45.7%
2007200768.66.5%
1200872.76.0%
2200977.06.0%
3201081.76.0%
4201186.66.0%
5201291.86.0%
6201397.36.0%
72014103.16.0%
82015109.36.0%
92016115.96.0%
102017122.86.0%
112018130.26.0%
122019138.06.0%
132020146.36.0%
199519961997199819992000
General Index of Retail Prices174.1193.1118.5129.8142.4
Inflation Rate:74.1%93.1%18.5%29.8%42.4%
5.175688509
4.6853745781
Population
Serbia5,810,6055,807,5455,799,2445,788,8655,775,1525,756,471
Vojvodina1,994,1321,989,4321,981,9001,973,9121,964,5321,953,931
Sub-total7,804,7377,796,9777,781,1447,762,7777,739,6847,710,402
Kosovo and Metohija2,097,5482,133,6672,171,356
Sub-total (2)9,902,2859,930,6449,952,5007,762,7777,739,6847,710,402
Montenegro633,307637,868641,975645,565649,452652,883
Federal Yugoslavia Total10,535,59210,568,51210,594,4758,408,3428,389,1368,363,285
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN017772.pdf
2.4 Access to Finance
Access to finance is a critical determinant of private sector development in all
economies, as it affects both market entry and subsequent growth. After more than a
decade of transition in SEE it is clear that domestic sources of finance are inadequate;
the banking sector has generally failed to meet private sector demand for new loans.
There are a number of ways of seeing this. One rather crude measure of the level of
banking sector intermediation to the domestic economy is the ratio of domestic credit
(both to the whole economy and to the private sector) to GDP.
&C&A
Serbia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Serbia GDP Growth 1995-2003
Turkey
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)62.663.764.966.067.268.269.370.371.372.273.274.375.276.2
2Avg Exch. Rate (Lira/ US$)0.050.080.150.260.420.631.231.511.501.431.341.431.401.47
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)93.6%80.4%85.7%84.6%64.9%54.9%54.4%45.0%25.3%10.6%8.2%9.6%9.4%5.5%
4Average monthly wages (US$)598.2636.9639.6758.0773.8512.8558.5701.6815.8976.51,031.9
5GDP (Lira million)7,762.514,772.128,835.952,224.977,415.3124,583.5178,412.4277,574.1359,762.9430,511.5487,202.4576,322.23658,395.21719,860.18
6GDP US$ million169,319.3181,464.6189,878.4200,307.4184,857.7199,264.1145,572.7184,161.7239,699.7301,998.9362,615.1403,459.9471,857.6489,584.0
7GDP per capita (US$)2,703.92,847.02,926.63,033.62,752.92,920.52,101.22,620.43,364.24,181.74,954.25,433.86,273.96,428.4
8Real GDP growth, %7.2%7.0%7.5%3.1%-4.7%7.4%-7.5%7.9%5.8%8.9%7.4%6.1%6.0%5.2%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %7.5%6.5%6.7%6.8%7.6%6.6%8.5%10.6%10.5%10.3%10.3%9.9%9.7%8.7%
10Industrial Production Growth, %12.7%7.7%11.2%1.8%-3.9%6.1%-8.6%9.4%8.5%9.8%5.4%6.0%5.0%7.0%
11Agricultural Production Growth %
12Domestic Credit Growth %114.9%133.7%95.9%93.4%99.4%64.3%101.2%45.4%15.0%17.4%15.7%16.9%14.0%11.7%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP28.0%34.4%34.6%36.9%49.7%50.7%71.3%66.6%59.1%58.0%59.3%58.6%58.5%59.7%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million885.0722.0805.0940.0783.0982.03,352.01,137.01,752.02,883.09,805.020,120.019,000.020,000.0
15FDI/ GDP0.5%0.4%0.4%0.5%0.4%0.5%2.3%0.6%0.7%1.0%2.7%5.0%4.0%4.1%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-4.1%-8.3%-7.8%-7.3%-11.8%-10.6%-16.3%-14.4%-11.2%-7.0%-1.7%-1.0%-2.8%-2.6%
1739,472.040,192.338,917.639,736.742,525.848,620.646,110.263,618.969,506.573,813.768,241.969,792.2
18Public External Debt/GDP23.3%22.1%20.5%19.8%23.0%24.4%31.7%34.5%29.0%24.4%18.8%17.3%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)21,975.032,067.032,110.030,662.028,842.030,721.034,373.040,124.051,206.067,047.076,949.091,910.9108,449.9117,833.7
20Imports- $US million (Goods)35,089.042,331.047,158.044,714.039,027.052,680.038,106.047,407.065,216.090,925.0109,875.0132,088.9149,165.9160,701.3
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-13,114.0-10,264.0-15,048.0-14,052.0-10,185.0-21,959.0-3,733.0-7,283.0-14,010.0-23,878.0-32,926.0-40,178.0-40,716.0-42,867.7
22Trade Balance/ GDP-7.7%-5.7%-7.9%-7.0%-5.5%-11.0%-2.6%-4.0%-5.8%-7.9%-9.1%-10.0%-8.6%-8.8%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-2,338.0-2,437.0-2,638.01,985.0-1,341.0-9,822.03,392.0-1,524.0-8,036.0-15,604.0-23,155.0-31,657.5-29,529.1-30,151.3
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-1.4%-1.3%-1.4%1.0%-0.7%-4.9%2.3%-0.8%-3.4%-5.2%-6.4%-7.8%-6.3%-6.2%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m12,441.816,435.818,658.319,488.823,345.922,488.418,879.227,068.633,991.035,669.150,579.061,073.867,287.965,571.8
Domestic Credit/ GDP28.0%34.4%34.6%36.9%49.7%50.7%71.3%66.6%59.1%58.0%59.3%58.6%58.5%59.7%
Domestic Credit Growth114.9%133.7%95.9%93.4%99.4%64.3%101.2%45.4%15.0%17.4%15.7%16.9%14.0%11.7%
Domestic Credit TL Billion2,176.95,087.79,967.019,279.138,446.263,175.5127,130.0184,852.0212,491.0249,513.0288,800.0337,711.0385,093.9430,012.4
199419951996199719981999200020012002
Inflation calculation53.16100180.35334.96618.481019.681579.642438.963535.62
88.1%80.4%85.7%84.6%64.9%54.9%54.4%45.0%
GDP Growth Calculation93.29100107.01115.06118.62113.03121.12112.25120.99
7.2%7.0%7.5%3.1%-4.7%7.2%-7.3%
EXPORTS OF TURKEY TO THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current US$ million)
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Albania56.953.941.144.865.761.373.279.8114.4160.9
Armenia------------------------------
Azerbaijan161.3239.9319.7327.2248.1230.4225.2231.4315.5401.2
Bulgaria183.2156.9175.9213.3233.6252.9299.4380.3621.7891.0
Georgia68.1110.3173.5164.1114.2131.8144.0103.2155.1198.7
Greece210.0236.5298.2370.0406.8437.7476.1590.4920.41,162.8
Moldova7.314.421.327.720.626.227.840.046.865.7
Romania302.0314.0358.8468.2268.2325.8392.0566.5873.31,229.1
Russian Federation1,238.21,511.62,056.41,348.0588.7643.9924.11,172.01,367.61,851.6
Ukraine198.5267.5337.0274.3225.8258.1289.2313.3445.0564.4
Total2,425.52,905.13,782.03,237.62,171.62,368.22,851.13,476.94,859.86,525.4
IMPORTS OF TURKEY FROM THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current US$ million)
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Albania1.39.23.42.81.42.83.64.04.615.5
Armenia------------------------------
Azerbaijan21.839.258.350.344.095.678.164.6122.6135.4
Bulgaria402.0362.8408.9367.4295.6465.4393.5508.4689.5952.5
Georgia50.232.565.991.093.3155.3127.2137.9273.9300.2
Greece200.7285.0430.8319.8287.6430.8266.3312.5427.7586.4
Moldova15.614.515.111.810.97.02.64.610.626.6
Romania367.9441.3394.1344.7401.2673.9481.1661.8956.01,683.5
Russian Federation2,082.41,921.12,174.32,155.02,374.13,886.63,435.73,891.75,451.39,008.5
Ukraine856.3761.7917.8988.8773.7981.6757.6991.11,331.52,467.0
Total3,998.13,867.14,468.44,331.64,281.66,699.15,545.76,576.69,267.715,175.7
TRADE BALANCE OF TURKEY WITH THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current US$ million)
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Albania55.744.737.742.064.358.569.675.8109.8145.3
Armenia------------------------------
Azerbaijan139.6200.7261.4276.8204.1134.8147.1166.8192.9265.8
Bulgaria-218.9-205.9-233.0-154.1-62.0-212.5-94.1-128.1-67.8-61.5
Georgia18.077.8107.673.120.9-23.516.8-34.7-118.8-101.5
Greece9.3-48.5-132.550.3119.26.9209.8277.9492.7576.4
Moldova-8.3-0.16.315.99.819.225.235.336.239.1
Romania-65.9-127.2-35.3123.5-133.0-348.1-89.1-95.3-82.6-454.4
Russian Federation-844.1-409.5-117.9-807.0-1,785.5-3,242.7-2,511.6-2,719.7-4,083.7-7,156.9
Ukraine-657.8-494.1-580.7-714.5-547.9-723.4-468.4-677.8-886.5-1,902.5
Total-1,572.6-962.1-686.4-1,094.0-2,110.0-4,330.9-2,694.6-3,099.7-4,407.9-8,650.3
BSEC Trade Turnover Calculation:6,423.66,772.28,250.47,569.36,453.39,067.28,396.810,053.514,127.521,701.0
Annual Overall BSEC Trade Growth Rate:5.4%21.8%-8.3%-14.7%40.5%-7.4%19.7%40.5%53.6%
1995-20041999-2004
BSEC Trade Growth Rate:14.5%27.5%
check21,701.021,701.0
236.3%
EXPORTS OF TURKEY TO THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current US$)
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Albania56,942,09053,870,77241,102,27044,811,58665,666,93661,304,53673,204,95979,760,797114,426,136160,854,347
Armenia---------------------------
Azerbaijan161,341,579239,902,636319,701,923327,166,377248,055,693230,375,207225,214,059231,431,390315,488,303401,205,042
Bulgaria183,176,005156,906,143175,887,259213,316,149233,595,045252,933,912299,414,827380,332,334621,684,637890,985,133
Georgia68,125,853110,318,657173,510,015164,145,964114,200,489131,770,519144,049,362103,220,771155,069,890198,738,895
Greece209,952,932236,463,911298,236,607370,038,895406,794,147437,725,190476,095,465590,381,620920,400,9131,162,811,264
Moldova7,269,87514,397,48521,334,10627,662,62620,645,67526,231,72427,815,71839,990,77246,793,50765,652,526
Romania301,960,262314,045,157358,782,804468,178,139268,184,803325,818,464392,028,001566,497,254873,346,5351,229,092,320
Russian Federation1,238,225,6011,511,633,7602,056,400,3391,348,002,243588,663,804643,902,938924,106,7271,172,038,5901,367,590,9081,851,608,355
Serbia and Montenegro52,600,45360,656,19798,682,92181,362,099122,050,967184,676,117
Ukraine198,534,236267,538,503337,045,004274,317,064225,821,187258,121,194289,179,616313,265,002444,967,281564,442,150
BSEC COUNTRIES3,290,239,4962,232,283,9762,466,866,6052,932,470,8333,598,969,4975,044,444,2275,044,444,227
IMPORTS OF TURKEY FROM THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current US$)
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Albania1,273,8089,191,8363,378,6522,844,9171,383,7442,794,7153,614,9853,972,8874,578,23315,528,509
Armenia---------------------------
Azerbaijan21,777,09939,165,00158,269,27450,343,95844,003,42995,615,00978,075,38164,625,463122,607,277135,405,414
Bulgaria402,028,833362,771,203408,852,229367,420,214295,572,911465,408,286393,516,184508,448,711689,462,333952,506,720
Georgia50,156,79432,494,62865,934,40691,007,33293,289,243155,315,361127,231,396137,872,534273,916,537300,237,490
Greece200,673,522284,958,914430,780,094319,751,386287,555,576430,812,980266,253,783312,462,301427,743,333586,395,427
Moldova15,615,92014,467,94715,076,61611,798,80910,863,0627,047,1262,591,8124,645,79510,606,22826,570,789
Romania367,870,367441,289,614394,086,802344,672,402401,155,729673,927,760481,139,647661,764,557955,971,1351,683,514,455
Russian Federation2,082,352,3541,921,139,1182,174,258,1172,155,006,1162,374,132,8173,886,583,2763,435,672,6193,891,721,4015,451,315,4389,008,513,989
Serbia and Montenegro25,940,32225,966,72347,406,6037,484,38511,146,42229,987,915
Ukraine856,340,137761,658,428917,760,125988,781,322773,686,388981,559,775757,625,630991,097,2801,331,505,4722,466,984,072
BSEC COUNTRIES4,357,566,7784,307,609,6226,746,470,8915,553,205,8226,587,757,3519,297,693,9019,297,693,901
&C&A
Turkey
Year
GDP Growth
Turkey GDP Growth 1995-2003
Ukraine
Basic Macroeconomic Indicators at a Glance
199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Proj. 2007Proj. 2008
1Population (Million)51.751.350.850.449.949.448.948.548.047.647.346.946.646.0
2Avg Exch. Rate (Hryvna/ US$)1.471.831.862.454.135.445.375.335.335.325.125.055.055.11
3Inflation (CPI Avg.)377.0%80.0%15.9%10.6%22.7%28.2%12.0%0.8%5.2%9.1%13.5%9.1%10.4%8.4%
4Average monthly wages (US$)49.868.876.962.743.042.357.970.786.7110.9157.3206.2
5GDP (Hryvna million)54,516.481,519.093,365.0102,593.0130,442.0170,070.0204,190.0225,810.0267,344.0345,113.0441,452.0537,667.0687,621.0755,649.0
6GDP US$ million37,086.044,545.950,196.241,874.731,584.031,262.938,009.342,392.950,133.064,880.686,141.5106,468.7136,162.6147,804.2
7GDP per capita (US$)716.9868.4987.8831.3632.7632.5776.9874.91,044.41,362.41,821.92,268.72,919.13,212.4
8Real GDP growth, %-12.2%-10.0%-3.0%-1.9%-0.2%5.9%9.2%5.2%9.6%12.1%2.7%7.1%6.8%5.6%
9Official Unemployment (end of period) %5.6%7.7%8.7%11.3%11.9%11.7%11.1%10.1%9.1%8.6%7.2%6.8%
10Industrial Production Growth, %-12.0%-5.1%-0.3%-1.0%4.0%12.4%14.2%7.0%15.8%12.5%3.1%6.2%6.0%6.5%
11Agricultural Production Growth %-3.6%-9.5%-1.9%-9.8%-6.9%9.8%10.2%1.2%-11.0%19.7%-0.1%2.5%
12Domestic Credit Growth %190.9%42.3%32.5%58.0%30.5%23.1%21.9%28.3%39.7%23.4%34.3%69.4%62.7%37.7%
13Domestic Credit/ GDP15.5%14.8%17.1%24.6%25.2%23.8%24.2%28.1%33.1%31.7%33.2%46.2%58.8%73.7%
14Foreign Direct Investment - $US million267.0521.0623.0743.0496.0595.0792.0693.01,424.01,715.07,808.05,604.05,200.04,800.0
15FDI/ GDP0.7%1.2%1.2%1.8%1.6%1.9%2.1%1.6%2.8%2.6%9.1%5.3%3.8%3.2%
16Consolidated Budget Balance/ GDP, %-6.6%-4.9%-6.6%-2.2%-1.5%0.6%-0.3%0.7%-0.2%-3.1%-1.7%-0.6%-2.6%-2.2%
178,013.08,839.09,634.011,091.012,482.010,348.910,118.010,194.610,692.812,146.611,674.612,661.1
18Public External Debt/GDP21.6%19.8%19.2%26.5%39.5%33.1%26.6%24.0%21.3%18.7%13.6%11.9%
19Exports- $US million (Goods)14,244.015,547.015,418.013,699.013,189.015,722.017,091.018,669.023,739.033,432.035,024.038,949.045,342.047,132.0
20Imports- $US million (Goods)16,946.019,843.019,623.016,283.012,945.014,943.016,893.017,959.023,221.029,691.036,159.044,143.052,137.058,512.0
21Trade Balance $US mn (Goods)-2,702.0-4,296.0-4,205.0-2,584.0244.0779.0198.0710.0518.03,741.0-1,135.0-5,194.0-6,795.0-11,380.0
22Trade Balance/ GDP-7.3%-9.6%-8.4%-6.2%0.8%2.5%0.5%1.7%1.0%5.8%-1.3%-4.9%-5.0%-7.7%
23Current Account Balance $US mn-1,152.0-1,184.0-1,335.0-1,296.01,658.01,481.01,402.03,173.02,891.06,909.02,531.0-1,617.0-3,466.6-8,177.1
24Current Acct. Bal./ GDP-3.1%-2.7%-2.7%-3.1%5.2%4.7%3.7%7.5%5.8%10.6%2.9%-1.5%-2.5%-5.5%
25Forex Reserves (end period- exc gold) US$ m1,050.61,960.02,341.1761.31,046.41,352.72,955.34,205.36,683.29,490.718,988.021,844.624,930.025,570.0
Domestic Credit/ GDP15.5%14.8%17.1%24.6%25.2%23.8%24.2%28.1%33.1%31.7%33.2%46.2%58.8%73.7%
Domestic Credit Growth42.3%32.5%58.0%30.5%23.1%21.9%28.3%39.7%23.4%34.3%69.4%62.7%37.7%
Domestic Credit Hryvna Million8,46012,04115,95025,20432,90240,51549,40563,39788,548109,255146,752248,631404,483557,050
USSR Recovery Collapse Analysis
Size of Maximum Output Decline (1989= 100)35.5in 1999
Lowest Point:1999
200037.595.9%
200141.059.2%
200243.195.2%
200347.339.6%
1200453.0612.1%
2200554.492.7%45.0%
3200658.367.1%64.4%
4200762.336.8%
5200866.576.8%
6200971.106.8%
7201075.936.8%
8201181.106.8%
9201286.616.8%
10201392.506.8%
11201498.796.8%
122015105.516.8%
132016112.686.8%
142017120.346.8%
EXPORTS OF UKRAINE TO THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US million)
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Albania0.10.91.51.04.412.316.235.0
Armenia25.310.78.411.612.122.133.453.4
Azerbaijan88.687.689.929.440.845.6104.7142.6
Bulgaria138.6154.7205.4294.5418.3298.5274.2325.5
Georgia185.049.431.542.137.836.557.3102.4
Greece96.980.459.975.048.1138.4103.2152.2
Moldova236.4294.4180.4122.8176.3274.4302.1486.0
Romania156.7149.0160.975.6174.2266.0337.7497.5
Russia5527.73723.02905.52396.43515.63679.53189.14311.4
Turkey410.8670.9696.3673.4907.51009.41235.4901.9
Total6,866.15,221.04,339.73,721.85,335.15,782.75,653.37,007.90.0
IMPORTS OF UKRAINE FROM THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US million)
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Albania0.11.70.10.00.10.51.21.0
Armenia4.08.14.51.83.410.77.46.2
Azerbaijan30.747.027.733.823.88.25.38.4
Bulgaria124.8142.9100.567.566.765.258.459.6
Georgia3.87.77.86.010.311.215.840.1
Greece59.964.834.154.538.638.938.647.0
Moldova71.773.851.124.835.364.356.256.8
Romania80.486.947.852.353.328.129.046.0
Russia8686.17837.97064.35592.25824.95813.56317.18645.7
Turkey109.5162.0135.7142.7174.9138.2195.5312.3
Total9,171.08,432.87,473.65,975.66,231.36,178.86,724.59,223.10.0
TRADE BALANCE OF UKRAINE WITH THE BLACK SEA COUNTRIES
(current $US million)
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
Albania0.0-0.81.41.04.311.815.034.0
Armenia21.32.63.99.88.711.426.047.2
Azerbaijan57.940.662.2-4.417.037.499.4134.2
Bulgaria13.811.8104.9227.0351.6233.3215.8265.9
Georgia181.241.723.736.127.525.341.562.3
Greece37.015.625.820.59.599.564.6105.2
Moldova164.7220.6129.398.0141.0210.1245.9429.2
Romania76.362.1113.123.3120.9237.9308.7451.5
Russia-3,158.4-4,114.9-4,158.8-3,195.8-2,309.3-2,134.0-3,128.0-4,334.3
Turkey301.3508.9560.6530.7732.6871.21,039.9589.6
Total-2,304.9-3,211.8-3,133.9-2,253.8-896.2-396.1-1,071.2-2,215.20.0
&C&A
Ukraine
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
GDP Growth
Ukraine GDP Growth 1995-2003
PPP
GDP, PPP (current international $) (mill)199419951996199719981999200020012002 est2003 est
Albania7,4618,2129,0498,4259,0229,91810,95411,63613,280
Armenia6,2986,9577,4197,6448,0468,5569,20010,11211,302
Azerbaijan15,71014,35514,90015,67016,88818,66822,74925,08827,356
Bulgaria48,94452,61548,49445,38446,32047,99553,00455,26664,695
Georgia9,0329,64410,55610,99911,29611,77412,89013,51614,261
Greece130,262137,266142,451147,183151,139160,932174,590184,708210,247
Moldova9,7419,9509,0779,2788,6298,5178,7739,18810,072
Romania113,031125,308131,841123,546116,167117,446123,355130,675154,410
Russian Federation858,088851,203831,466840,331809,364889,969983,8641,027,8491,149,118
Turkey290,341319,105344,247367,132373,680368,870411,418390,309483,963
Ukraine221,730203,054183,914177,896174,436179,298197,005213,347234,871
Belarus54,73850,58352,45058,40662,78266,26372,59075,954
Croatia27,02629,51631,63933,61034,42635,41838,13640,152
Macedonia, FYR10,37610,54010,80310,95711,22111,95312,95912,484
Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro)................
Cyprus10,87711,91912,32512,54913,11814,08815,39016,120
Czech Republic114,227125,696134,507132,739130,931135,212144,929150,534184,259
Estonia8,7259,2669,73011,00211,24211,46412,98813,87516,101
Hungary89,70894,61296,061100,042105,070111,203121,086125,693159,378
Latvia12,37412,64813,15214,21914,67415,40516,86418,23020,233
Lithuania20,50621,95723,44625,31426,49326,03727,79029,51033,889
Malta3,5563,9304,1624,3454,5724,7195,4625,199-
Poland242,709266,718283,114301,593313,594333,390360,114365,290376,573
Slovak Republic44,10748,13651,54054,48756,30158,76862,40164,62374,811
Slovenia23,06724,84526,04227,29228,13930,34032,87434,12839,908
GDP (current US$) (mill)199419951996199719981999200020012002 est2003 est
Albania1,9862,4242,6892,2953,0583,6763,7524,1144,695
Armenia2,3592,8871,5971,6391,8941,8451,9122,1182,367
Azerbaijan1,1932,4173,1773,9624,4464,5815,2735,5856,090
Bulgaria9,78113,1069,90010,37112,73712,95512,60713,55315,865
Georgia1,6901,9003,0773,5763,6202,8043,0213,1383,311
Greece100,147117,564124,361121,339121,958120,027111,955117,169133,370
Moldova2,7223,0931,6951,9301,6991,1711,2891,4791,621
Romania28,24231,90333,24134,70034,64535,89938,19338,71845,750
Russian Federation325,918337,709418,617428,464282,440193,617259,596309,951346,520
Turkey129,734169,319181,051189,165199,580183,823199,267147,683183,119
Ukraine52,45149,08744,55850,15041,88331,58131,26237,58841,380
Belarus20,47510,53114,75714,10915,26412,10412,69012,219
Croatia14,58318,81119,87220,29421,62820,06319,03120,260
Macedonia, FYR3,3814,4494,4223,7353,5713,6733,5873,426
Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro)..........9,8418,07110,861
Cyprus7,4368,8618,9228,5069,0849,2398,8279,131
Czech Republic41,08752,03657,92252,99856,97255,02951,43356,78469,505
Estonia3,9744,8114,3574,6145,2285,1945,1375,5256,412
Hungary41,50644,66945,16345,72447,04948,04446,60451,92665,842
Latvia5,4614,9045,1355,6386,0846,6627,1557,5498,378
Lithuania5,8296,4457,8929,58510,74710,66411,28711,99213,771
Malta2,7243,2463,3333,3403,5093,6463,5703,623-
Poland101,134110,677130,649148,862158,445155,039157,598176,256181,700
Slovak Republic15,16919,14720,50621,07921,99620,20419,74220,45923,684
Slovenia14,38618,74318,87818,20619,58620,07218,12918,81021,996
COEFFICIENTS PPP-GDP/ CURRENT GDP
GDP (current US$) (mill)19941995199619971998199920002001200220032001-199494-01 AVG
Albania3.763.393.373.672.952.702.922.83-0.933.20
Armenia2.672.414.654.664.254.644.814.772.104.11
Azerbaijan13.175.944.693.963.804.084.314.49-8.685.55
Bulgaria5.004.014.904.383.643.704.204.08-0.934.24
Georgia5.345.083.433.083.124.204.274.31-1.044.10
Greece1.301.171.151.211.241.341.561.580.281.32
Moldova3.583.225.364.815.087.276.816.212.635.29
Romania4.003.933.973.563.353.273.233.38-0.633.59
Russian Federation2.632.521.991.962.874.603.793.320.682.96
Turkey2.241.881.901.941.872.012.062.640.402.07
Ukraine4.234.144.133.554.165.686.305.681.454.73
Belarus2.674.803.554.144.115.475.726.223.544.59
Croatia1.851.571.591.661.591.772.001.980.131.75
Macedonia, FYR3.072.372.442.933.143.253.613.640.573.06
Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro)n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a
Cyprus1.461.351.381.481.441.521.741.770.301.52
Czech Republic2.782.422.322.502.302.462.822.65-0.132.53
Estonia2.201.932.232.382.152.212.532.510.322.27
Hungary2.162.122.132.192.232.312.602.420.262.27
Latvia2.272.582.562.522.412.312.362.410.152.43
Lithuania3.523.412.972.642.472.442.462.46-1.062.80
Malta1.311.211.251.301.301.291.531.430.131.33
Poland2.402.412.172.031.982.152.292.07-0.332.19
Slovak Republic2.912.512.512.582.562.913.163.160.252.79
Slovenia1.601.331.381.501.441.511.811.810.211.55
Sum Tables
2000 Actual2001 Actual2002 Actual
InflationTD/GDPCAD/GDPInflationTD/GDPCAD/GDPInflationTD/GDPCAD/GDP
Albania6.7%0.1%-22.4%-4.3%Albania7.9%3.1%-25.3%-5.3%Albania4.2%5.2%-26.0%-9.2%
Armenia5.9%-0.8%-24.2%-14.6%Armenia9.6%3.1%-19.8%-9.4%Armenia13.2%1.1%-15.5%-6.2%
Azerbaijan11.1%1.8%11.1%-3.2%Azerbaijan9.9%1.5%9.9%-0.9%Azerbaijan10.6%2.8%10.6%-12.3%
Bulgaria5.4%10.3%-9.3%-5.6%Bulgaria4.1%7.4%-11.6%-5.9%Bulgaria4.5%5.8%-10.6%-2.0%
Georgia1.8%4.0%-16.7%-8.8%Georgia4.8%4.7%-17.1%-6.6%Georgia5.5%5.6%-14.4%-6.9%
Greece4.5%3.2%-14.0%-6.8%Greece4.5%3.4%-12.7%-6.3%Greece3.9%3.6%-12.6%-5.6%
Moldova2.1%31.2%-22.8%-8.4%Moldova6.1%9.6%-21.3%-2.5%Moldova7.8%5.2%-22.7%-1.5%
Romania2.1%45.7%-5.7%-4.6%Romania5.7%34.5%-7.4%-5.5%Romania5.1%22.5%-5.7%-3.3%
Russia10.0%20.8%23.2%18.0%Russia5.1%21.5%15.7%11.1%Russia4.7%15.8%13.4%8.4%
Serbia4.5%71.8%-25.1%-2.4%Serbia5.1%94.9%-19.7%-2.4%Serbia4.2%21.4%-20.3%-7.8%
Turkey7.4%54.9%-11.0%-4.9%Turkey-7.5%54.4%-2.6%2.3%Turkey7.9%45.0%-4.0%-0.8%
Ukraine5.9%28.2%2.5%4.7%Ukraine9.2%12.0%0.5%3.7%Ukraine5.2%0.8%1.7%7.5%
2003 Actual2004 Actual2005 Actual
InflationTD/GDPCAD/GDPInflationTD/GDPCAD/GDPInflationTD/GDPCAD/GDP
Albania5.8%2.2%-23.5%-7.1%Albania5.7%3.0%-21.8%-4.9%Albania5.8%2.4%-22.3%-7.0%
Armenia14.0%4.7%-15.5%-6.7%Armenia10.5%7.0%-12.8%-4.5%Armenia13.9%0.6%-12.0%-3.9%
Azerbaijan11.2%2.2%11.2%-27.8%Azerbaijan7.0%6.7%7.0%-29.8%Azerbaijan26.4%9.6%26.4%1.3%
Bulgaria5.0%2.3%-12.9%-5.1%Bulgaria6.6%6.1%-15.0%-6.8%Bulgaria6.2%5.0%-20.0%-11.9%
Georgia11.1%4.8%-16.0%-9.6%Georgia5.9%5.7%-17.9%-8.3%Georgia9.6%8.2%-18.9%-11.7%
Greece4.9%3.5%-11.5%-5.8%Greece4.7%2.9%-12.0%-5.1%Greece3.7%3.5%-12.1%-6.4%
Moldova6.6%11.6%-31.4%-6.8%Moldova7.4%12.4%-29.0%-2.3%Moldova7.5%11.9%-39.9%-8.8%
Romania5.2%15.3%-7.6%-5.6%Romania8.5%11.9%-8.3%-8.5%Romania4.1%9.0%-9.7%-8.7%
Russia7.3%13.7%13.9%8.2%Russia7.2%10.7%14.5%10.1%Russia6.4%12.7%15.5%11.0%
Serbia2.5%11.7%-19.7%-7.0%Serbia8.4%9.8%-26.5%-11.8%Serbia6.2%17.3%-20.3%-8.5%
Turkey5.8%25.3%-5.8%-3.4%Turkey8.9%10.6%-7.9%-5.2%Turkey7.4%8.2%-9.1%-6.4%
Ukraine9.6%5.2%1.0%5.8%Ukraine12.1%9.1%5.8%10.6%Ukraine2.7%13.5%-1.3%2.9%
200620072008
InflationTD/GDPCAD/GDPInflationTD/GDPCAD/GDPInflationTD/GDPCAD/GDP
Albania5.0%2.4%-23.1%-7.3%Albania6.0%2.5%-22.0%-7.4%Albania6.0%2.5%-22.0%-7.4%
Armenia13.3%2.9%-13.8%-4.0%Armenia10.0%4.0%-10.2%-5.7%Armenia10.0%4.0%-10.2%-5.7%
Azerbaijan34.5%8.3%34.5%18.7%Azerbaijan28.3%15.5%28.3%27.0%Azerbaijan28.3%15.5%28.3%27.0%
Bulgaria6.1%7.3%-21.6%-15.9%Bulgaria5.8%5.6%-21.2%-16.8%Bulgaria5.8%5.6%-21.2%-16.8%
Georgia9.4%9.2%-26.1%-16.1%Georgia8.0%7.1%-31.1%-14.2%Georgia8.0%7.1%-31.1%-14.2%
Greece4.3%3.2%-14.4%-9.6%Greece3.7%2.6%-13.5%-8.4%Greece3.7%2.6%-13.5%-8.4%
Moldova4.0%12.7%-47.4%-12.0%Moldova6.0%10.5%-46.6%-6.1%Moldova6.0%10.5%-46.6%-6.1%
Romania7.7%6.6%-12.2%-10.3%Romania6.5%4.4%-13.7%-11.4%Romania6.5%4.4%-13.7%-11.4%
Russia6.7%9.7%14.1%9.7%Russia6.7%7.8%9.9%6.8%Russia6.7%7.8%9.9%6.8%
Serbia5.7%12.7%-20.0%-11.7%Serbia6.5%5.7%-19.0%-12.2%Serbia6.5%5.7%-19.0%-12.2%
Turkey6.1%9.6%-10.0%-7.8%Turkey6.0%9.4%-8.6%-6.3%Turkey6.0%9.4%-8.6%-6.3%
Ukraine7.1%9.1%-4.9%-1.5%Ukraine6.8%10.4%-5.0%-2.5%Ukraine6.8%10.4%-5.0%-2.5%
Proj.Proj.Proj.AverageAverage
1994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082000-20052002-2006
Serbia
Avg Ex Rate Per $5.56.810.518.944.466.864.257.458.767.268.364.968.8
GDP Local Billion79.0112.4146.3192.9381.7771.8919.21,095.41,310.31,624.51,932.52,189.12,472.2
GDP $ Million14,455.016,556.013,889.010,214.08,603.011,547.014,320.019,070.322,325.824,174.128,294.333,730.435,933.1
GDP Growth7.8%10.1%1.9%-18.0%5.0%5.5%4.5%2.4%9.3%6.8%6.3%5.5%5.3%5.6%5.9%
Proj.Proj.Proj.
199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Czech Republic
Avg Ex Rate Per $26.527.131.732.334.638.638.032.728.225.724.022.419.819.4
GDP Local Billion1,381.11,567.01,679.91,839.11,902.32,150.12,315.32,464.42,577.12,781.12,978.23,124.73,300.93,471.6
GDP $ Million52,036.557,736.652,994.356,973.055,027.255,702.160,864.975,271.891,354.1108,214.0124,298.8139,495.5166,543.9178,580.2
GDP Growth5.9%4.3%-0.8%-1.0%0.5%3.9%2.6%1.9%3.6%4.2%6.1%6.2%5.0%3.9%
94.4100104.29103.5102.42102.9106.25109.53111.67
Estonia
Avg Ex Rate Per $11.4612.0313.8814.0714.6816.9717.4816.6113.8512.5912.5812.5211.4811.70
GDP Local Million40,89752,42364,04573,53876,32787,379104,500121,372132,904146,694173,062201,543229,222253,922
GDP $ Million3,568.74,357.74,614.25,226.65,199.45,149.05,978.37,307.29,593.211,651.613,756.916,097.719,967.121,702.7
GDP Growth4.3%3.9%9.8%4.6%-0.6%7.3%6.5%8.0%7.1%8.1%10.5%10.7%8.9%7.2%
95.91100103.93114.1119.35118.6127.05133.46141.13
Hungary
Avg Ex Rate Per $125.68152.65186.79214.4237.15282.18286.49257.89224.3202.7199.6216194.5190.7
GDP Local Billion5,614.06,893.98,540.710,087.411,393.513,172.014,850.016,915.018,651.020,429.021,802.023,390.024,487.025,544.0
GDP $ Million44,669.045,161.745,723.447,049.448,043.446,679.451,834.365,590.083,152.0100,784.4109,228.5108,287.0125,897.2133,948.6
GDP Growth1.5%1.3%4.6%4.9%4.2%5.2%4.3%3.8%3.4%5.2%4.1%3.9%2.6%3.0%
98.53100101.34105.97111.12115.76121.77126.41
Latvia199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Avg Ex Rate Per $0.530.550.580.590.590.610.630.620.570.540.560.560.520.53
GDP Local Million2,329.42,807.33,269.53,592.23,889.74,348.35,200.05,758.06,393.07,421.08,937.010,544.011,939.013,237.0
GDP $ Million4,395.15,104.15,637.16,088.46,592.67,128.48,254.09,287.111,215.813,742.615,958.918,828.622,959.624,975.5
GDP Growth-0.8%3.7%8.4%4.8%2.8%6.8%8.0%6.5%7.2%8.6%10.3%10.8%8.0%7.0%
100.82100103.68112.37117.71121.05129.34139.6148.07
Lithuania
Avg Ex Rate Per $4.004.004.004.004.004.004.003.653.052.782.772.762.532.58
GDP Local Million24,781.031,529.438,519.843,554.542,608.344,697.848,600.051,971.056,804.062,587.071,200.079,192.088,052.097,757.0
GDP $ Million6,195.37,882.49,630.010,888.610,652.111,174.512,150.014,238.618,624.322,513.325,704.028,692.834,803.237,890.3
GDP Growth3.3%4.7%7.0%7.3%-1.8%4.0%6.4%6.9%10.3%7.3%7.6%7.3%6.5%6.4%
104.71112.33118.07113.47117.78124.78133.15
Poland199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Avg Ex Rate Per $2.422.703.283.483.974.354.104.083.893.663.233.132.902.96
GDP Local Million308,104387,827472,350553,560652,500723,900779,200807,900842,100923,200980,7001,040,6001,116,7001,193,000
GDP $ Million127,315.7143,639.6144,009.1159,069.0164,357.7166,413.8190,048.8198,014.7216,478.1252,240.4303,622.3332,460.1385,069.0403,040.5
GDP Growth7.0%6.0%6.8%4.8%4.1%4.0%1.1%1.4%3.8%5.3%3.5%5.2%4.8%4.4%
93.44100106.03113.27118.75123.56128.48129.9
Slovakia
Avg Ex Rate Per $29.7130.6533.6235.2341.3646.0448.3545.3336.7032.3031.0030.1027.2027.30
GDP Local Million568,920628,590708,620775,000844,100934,1001,009,8001,111,5001,212,7001,355,3001,471,1001,633,8001,785,3001,962,700
GDP $ Million19,149.120,508.621,077.321,998.320,408.620,288.920,885.224,520.233,043.641,959.847,454.854,279.165,636.071,893.8
GDP Growth6.5%6.1%4.6%4.2%1.5%2.0%3.8%4.1%4.2%5.4%6.0%6.5%5.9%5.4%
93.92100105.84111.81116.24117.77120.36124.33129.8
Slovenia
Avg Ex Rate Per $118.52135.36159.69166.13181.77222.66242.75240.25207.12192.38193.58191.68175.88179.17
GDP Local Billion2,221.52,555.42,907.33,253.83,648.44,222.44,762.05,355.45,813.66,251.36,547.57,076.87,514.18,016.1
GDP $ Million18,743.318,878.318,205.819,585.620,071.518,963.419,616.922,290.928,068.832,494.533,823.236,919.942,722.944,740.2
GDP Growth4.1%3.8%4.4%3.7%5.9%4.1%2.7%3.5%2.7%4.4%4.0%4.5%4.0%3.8%
96.05100103.53108.25112.36118.21123.66127.19131.24
199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Total GDP $ Million276,072.7303,269.0301,891.1326,878.9330,352.5331,499.5369,632.3416,520.5491,529.9583,600.7673,847.5735,060.6863,598.8916,771.9
Czech Republic
GDP Weighting0.1880.1900.1760.1740.1670.1680.1650.1810.1860.1850.1840.1900.1930.195
1.12%0.82%-0.13%-0.18%0.08%0.66%0.43%0.34%0.67%0.78%1.13%1.18%0.96%0.76%
Estonia
GDP Weighting0.0130.0140.0150.0160.0160.0160.0160.0180.0200.0200.0200.0220.0230.024
0.06%0.06%0.15%0.07%-0.01%0.11%0.11%0.14%0.14%0.16%0.21%0.23%0.21%0.17%
Hungary
GDP Weighting0.1620.1490.1510.1440.1450.1410.1400.1570.1690.1730.1620.1470.1460.146
0.24%0.20%0.69%0.70%0.61%0.73%0.60%0.60%0.58%0.90%0.66%0.57%0.38%0.44%