integration of substance use and primary care...feb 04, 2016 · acute pancreatitis . minor...
TRANSCRIPT
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Integration of Substance Use and Primary
Care
STEVEN KIPNIS, MD, FACP, FASAM
CLINICAL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, ALBANY
MEDICAL COLLEGE
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Substance Use Disorder
• The abuse of and dependence on a
drug represents a maladaptive
pattern of drug use characterized by
loss of control and/or preoccupation
with activities involved in obtaining
the drug which significantly interferes
with the normal daily functioning of
the individual.
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DOPAMINE AND REWARD
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NAc VTA
FCX AMYG
VP
ABN
Raphé
LC
GLU
GABA
ENK OPIOI
D GABA GABA
GABA
DYN
5HT
5HT
5HT
NE
HIPP
PAG
RETIC
To
dorsal
horn
END
DA
GLU
Amphetamine Cocaine Opioids Cannabinoids Phencyclidine
Opioids
Ethanol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Nicotine
OPIOI
D
HYPOTHA
L LAT-TEG
BNST
NE
CRF
OFT
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Substance Use Disorder
In the elderly, it is important to note that
biopsychosocial consequences of drug
dependence can be confused with
frequent problems associated with
aging, such as falls or impaired
cognitive function.
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Substance Misuse And Older
Adults:Issues And Concerns
• Many physiological changes occur as
people age, which influence:
• absorption
• metabolizing,
• Retention
• elimination of alcohol and other drugs.
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Substance Use And Older Adults:
Issues And Concerns
• These changes increase the likelihood of
older adults having adverse reactions to
alcohol and other drugs when combined, or
of having adverse drug reactions even when
they are prescribed at recommended doses.
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Substance Use And Older Adults:
Issues And Concerns
• Tolerance for alcohol
and other medications
decreases with age.
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Substance Use And Older Adults:
Issues And Concerns
• The majority of
people over the age of
60 who have been
hospitalized, were
admitted due to
alcohol related
illnesses and trauma.
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Most Commonly Prescribed
Inappropriate Medications
• “Inappropriate Prescribing for Elderly Americans in a Large Outpatient Population” Curtis et al, Arch Intern Med Vol 164, August 2004 – 162370 subjects
– 21% filled a prescription for 1 or more medications of concern as defined by the Beers revised list of drugs to be avoided
– 15% filled prescriptions for 2 drugs of concern
– 4% filled prescriptions for 3 or more drugs of concern
– Amitriptyline and doxepin accounted for 23% of all claims of concern
– 51% of claim concerns had the potential for severe adverse effects
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Recognizing and Treating SUD
• A bleak picture
– Lack of addiction knowledge
– Lack of resource knowledge or availability for
treatment
– Lack of time
• Numerous screens a primary care physician is
suggested to carry out
– Stigma
– Insurance barriers
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• Alcohol and other drug using patients often
present with other medical problems.
• These medical conditions are
consequences
– Of both their current and their past high risk
behaviors
– Injection or route of drug use
– Direct toxic effects of illicit drugs or caustic
agents 12
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Drugs have global adverse
health effects and body changes:
• Dramatic changes in appetite
• Increased body temperature
• Mood swings
• Fatigue
• Insomnia
• Withdrawal aches and pains
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ALCOHOL
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3 Types of Senior Alcohol Users
• “Survivors” or early onset drinkers.
– These individuals are defined as having had
long-term problems with alcohol misuse and
abuse, and thus often experience significant
health problems and are estimated to have a
lifespan abbreviated by between 5 and 15
years due to the negative impact and damaging
health effects of chronic alcohol
overconsumption.
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3 Types of Senior Alcohol Users
• “Reactors” or late-onset drinkers. – These individuals are thought to begin problematic
drinking later in life, in response to specific traumatic
events such as a death of a loved one, illness, or
loneliness—sometimes secondary to retirement. The
loss of professional identity as one moves into one’s
retirement years may very well be an emotional
trauma that, once again, makes a person who took
pride in their emotional identity—and who mourns its
loss—take refuge in alcohol.
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3 Types of Senior Alcohol Users
• “Binge Drinkers” or intermittent users.
– These individuals may use alcohol only
occasionally but to excess, which can cause
health problems including falls,
gastrointestinal problems, and negative
interactions with prescribed medications. For
these individuals who over-drink infrequently,
the increased impact of alcohol as the body
ages may come as an unwelcome and
unexpected surprise 17
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ALCOHOL METABOLISM
1 BEER = BAC OF .015
3 BEERS = BAC OF .05
21ST BIRTHDAY – 21 SHOTS = ~0.350
*ZERO ORDER METABOLISM
** URINE IS 1.3 X’S CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD
ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION
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DOSING AND OVERDOSING
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION (BAC)
20 - 99 mg%: LOSS OF MUSCULAR COORDINATION
100 - 199 mg%: NEUROLOGIC IMPAIRMENT,ATAXIA,
PROLONGED REACTION, MENTAL IMPAIRMENT,
INCOORDINATION
200 - 299 mg%: NAUSEA, VOMITING, ATAXIA
300 - 399 mg%: HYPOTHERMIA, DYSARTHRIA, AMNESIA, STUPOR
400 - > mg%: COMA
* BAC GREATER THAN 150 IF NOT SHOWING SIGNS OF INTOXICATION OR ANY TIME BAC IS > 300 EQUALS A DIAGNOSIS OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
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HEALTHY SURFACE VIEWS SPECT SCAN
TOP DOWN VIEW UNDERSIDE VIEW
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ALCOHOL
INTOXICATION / SOBER
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Alcohol Effects
• Greater than 3 drinks at one time – direct
effect on the heart
• High intake of alcohol can lead to:
– High blood presssure
• From withdrawal
• Without withdrawal
• Arrhythmias – Holiday Heart Syndrome (a. fib)
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Alcohol Effects
• High intake of alcohol can lead to:
– High triglycerides
– Congestive heart failure
– Increased incidence of heart disease and stroke
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Alcohol Effects
• High intake of alcohol can lead to:
– Infections:
• Pneumococcal
• Pseudomonas
• Gram Negatives
– Risky Behaviors
• STD
• Hep C
• HIV
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1 2 3
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MALLORY WEISS TEAR
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ACUTE PANCREATITIS
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MINOR WITHDRAWAL
TIME
• 6 - 60 HOURS
SYMPTOMS
• TREMULOUS
• INSOMNIA
• NAUSEA
• ANOREXIA
• ANXIETY
• WEAKNESS
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MINOR WITHDRAWAL
SIGNS
• ACTION TREMOR
• INATTENTION
• EASY STARTLE
• PLETHORA
• CONJUNCTIVAL INJECTION
• INCREASED REFLEXES
TREATMENT
• PHARMACOLOGIC SUBSTITUTE
PROGNOSIS
• EXCELLENT
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Most Commonly Prescribed
Mood Altering Drugs
• BENZODIAZEPINES
– Ativan, Librium, Serax, Valium, Xanax
– For anxiety, insomnia and alcohol withdrawal
– Physiological dependence can occur even when
taken at therapeutic dosage
– Benzodiazepine use for more than 4 months is
not recommended for older adults
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Benzodiazepine Use
11% of population use a benzodiazepine
annually
–80% for < 4 months
– 5 % for 4 - 12 months
– 15% > 12 months
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Sedative Withdrawal Symptoms
• Psychological
• Central nervous system
• Gastrointestinal
• Cardiovascular and respiratory system
• Miscellaneous
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CNS
Headache
Pain
Parasethesia
Stiffness
Weakness
Tremor
Muscle twitches and fasciculation
Convulsions
Ataxia
Dizziness, lightheadedness
Blurred or double vision
Tinnitus
Speech difficulty
Hypersensitivity to light, sound, taste, smell
Insomnia, nightmares
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SEDATIVE/HYPNOTICS
BENZODIAZEPINE WITHDRAWAL
• PERCEPTION CHANGES
• ILLUSIONS
• HALLUCINATIONS
• DEPERSONALIZATION
• SENSORY HYPERACTIVITY ( LIGHTS BRIGHTER, NOISE LOUDER,
ETC.)
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COCAINE
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PET SCAN
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“CRACK” LUNG
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1
2
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Normal pink small intestine
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54
METHAMPHETAMINE
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55
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56 METHAMPHETAMINE
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57
METHAMPHETAMINE
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58
BURNS
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OPIATES/HEROIN
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• Opiates were the second most commonly
reported primary substance of abuse,
reported most frequently by individuals
aged 50 to 59 (SAMHSA)
60
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61
HEROIN
ABUSE
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62
LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY
DUE TO SMOKING HEROIN
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63
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64
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65
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66
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67
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68
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INJECTED MATERIAL EXTRAVESATED INTO
THE SKIN
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70
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71
IVDU ABSCESS
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72
ARTERIAL INJECTION
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73
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Overdoses
• Related to dose of opioid used
• Related to tolerance
• Almost all patients continue to receive prescription
opioids after a nonfatal overdose. Discontinuation after
the overdose is associated with lower risk for repeat
overdose
– Larochelle et al, Annals of Internal Medicine 2016)
74
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OPIATE WITHDRAWAL - EARLY
• LACRIMATION
• YAWNING
• RHINORRHEA
• SWEATING
SENSE OF ANXIETY AND DOOM,
THOUGH NOT LIFE THREATENING
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OPIATE WITHDRAWAL - MIDDLE PHASE
• RESTLESS SLEEP
• DILATED PUPILS
• ANOREXIA
• GOOSEFLESH
• IRRITABILITY
• TREMOR
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OPIATE WITHDRAWAL - LATE PHASE
INCREASE IN ALL PREVIOUS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INCREASE IN HEART RATE
INCREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE
NAUSEA AND VOMITING
DIARRHEA
ABDOMINAL CRAMPS
LABILE MOOD
DEPRESSION
MUSCLE SPASM
WEAKNESS
BONE PAIN
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78
MARIJUANA
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MEDICINE OR DRUG?
79
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80
THC
ABUSE
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PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS
• PSYCHOMOTOR EFFECTS
– OBJECT DISTANCE DISTORTION
– OBJECT OUTLINES DISTORTED
– INABILITY TO MAKE RAPID JUDGMENT
– SLOWED REACTION TIME
– IMPAIRED TRACKING BEHAVIOR
– SLOWED TIME PERCEPTION
ALL ARE DOSE RELATED
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82
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83
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84
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* TOXICITY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS
• REPRODUCTIVE/ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
– ALTERS PITUITARY HORMONES
– DECREASES PROLACTIN
– DECREASES GROWTH HORMONE
– DECREASES LUTEINIZING HORMONE
– GALACCTORHEA
– DECREASE TESTOSTERONE IN MALES
– DECREASE SPERM PRODUCTION
– DECREASE SPERM MOTILITY
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86
SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS
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Tait et al, Clinical Tox Jan 2016
• Severe adverse events of synthetic
cannabinoids – stroke
– seizure,
– myocardial infarction
– rhabdomyolysis,
– acute kidney impairment
– psychosis
– hyperemesis
– death 87
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88
CIGARETTES
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89
NORMAL LUNG BULLOUS EMPHYSEMA
BULLA
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90
BULLOUS EMPHYSEMA
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91
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92
SMOKELESS TOBACCO
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93
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94
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95
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96
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97
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98
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99
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100
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101
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
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102
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103
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104
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105
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ANABOLIC STEROIDS
WITHDRAWAL • CRAVING
• FATIGUE
• DEPRESSION
• RESTLESS
• ANOREXIA
• INSOMNIA
• DECREASE IN LIBIDO
• HEADACHES
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MISCELLANEOUS
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* INHALANTS/SOLVENTS
COMMON PROBLEMS
• NERVOUS SYSTEM • OTOTOXICITY - DIMETHYL BENZENE (TOLUENE)
• PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY - HEXANE (GLUE), KETONES AND TOLUENE
• MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LIKE SYNDROME - NITROUS OXIDE
• SLOWLY REVERSIBLE TRIGEMINAL NEUROPATHY - TRICHLOROETHYLENE
• VERTICAL NYSTAGMUS
• SLURRED SPEECH
• ATAXIA
• IMPAIRED JUDGMENT
• LACK OF COORDINATION
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* INHALANTS/SOLVENTS
COMMON PROBLEMS
• OTHER SYSTEMS
• RENAL
• ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS
• CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
• HEPATIC
• CANCER
• PULMONARY
• PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
• BRONCHOSPASM
• CARDIAC
• “SUDDEN SNIFFING DEATH
• DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (TRICHLOROETHYLENE)
• HEMATOLOGIC
• METHHEMOGLOBINEMIA (AMYL NITRITES)
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* INHALANTS/SOLVENTS
COMMON PROBLEMS
• MISC.
• LEAD POISONING IN GASOLINE INHALERS
• PIGMENTED HANDS AND FACE IN VOLATILE HYDROCARBON INHALERS
• WEIGHT LOSS
• MUSCLE WEAKNESS
• IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR
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* Mothball Abuse Comes Out of the
Closet
• Users place mothballs, which contain paradichlorobenzene, in a bag and inhale from it for about 10 minutes.
• Some users also chew mothballs. The term "bagging" has been used to describe the habit.
– Mental impairment
– loss of coordination
– scaly skin
– Anemia
– Liver failure
– Kidney failure
• Paradichlorobenzene, also found in air fresheners and insect repellents
• The report appears in the July 27, 2006 issue of the New England Journal of
Medicine
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NEW CRAZE THAT CAN KILL
• Involves inhaling compressed air from sprays used for cleaning computer keyboards.
• Just one hit can be fatal because youngsters believe there is no volatile substance involved in what they're using. – dust-off products contain
fluorinated hydrocarbon • Neuro damage
• Pulmonary damage
• Kidney failure
• MI
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Medical Conditions Worsened
by Alcohol and Drug Use • CV disease – alcohol, stimulants, tobacco
• HTN – alcohol, stimulants, tobacco
• Hepatitis – alcohol, MJ?
• Lung disease – any smoked substance, alcohol and the
immune system
• Irritable Bowel Disease – alcohol
• DM – alcohol (pancreatitis)
• Endocrine system – alcohol, MJ
• Infections – alcohol, MJ
• Depression – any of the sedatives/stimulants (withdrawal)
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How and Why to Intervene
• National efforts are underway to integrate
medical care and behavioral health
treatment.
– office-based opioid treatment with
buprenorphine (OBOT-B)
• Infrequently used but increase in patient capacity is
on the horizon.
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How and Why to Intervene
• National efforts are underway to integrate medical care
and behavioral health treatment.
– At-risk drinking, defined as alcohol use that is
excessive or potentially harmful in combination with
select comorbidities or medications, affects about 10%
of older adults in the United States and is associated
with higher mortality.
• The Project SHARE intervention, which uses
patient and provider educational materials,
physician counseling, and health educator support,
was designed to reduce at-risk drinking among this
vulnerable population. 115
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SCREEN FOR SUD
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Use a Survey Instrument to Assess Risk
of Opioid Use
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How to Intervene
• National efforts are underway to integrate medical care
and behavioral health treatment.
– SBIRT is being adapted in different types of medical care
settings, and the workflow processes are being adapted to ensure
efficient delivery, illustrating the successful integration of
behavioral health and medical care.
– Coordinate mental health and primary care services
– Digital Health
• Computer facilitated 5As (CF-5As) model for smoking cessation (ask,
advice, assess, assist, arrange)
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Treatment Issues With
Older Adults
• Protracted (Post Acute) Withdrawal
• Sensory Changes That Occur With Aging
• Co-occurring Mental Health Issues
• Co-occurring Medical Problems
• History Of Grief/Loss
• Probable Extensive History Of Caregiving
• Addiction In The Family
• Cultural Considerations
• Elder Abuse
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Therapeutic Modalities
For Older Adults
• Motivational counseling
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Reminiscence therapy
• Group therapy
• Education groups
• Special issues groups
• Individual therapy
• Family therapy
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Concerns Regarding 12-Step
Meeting Attendance
• Being uncomfortable going out at night
• Being uncomfortable with the language at AA meetings (e.g. swearing, slang)
• Being uncomfortable with the appearance of the place where the meeting is held (e.g. having to walk through a crowd of people smoking outside the entrance to the meeting room)
• Being uncomfortable with some of the issues (such as abuse and same sex relationships, etc.) openly discussed at 12 step meetings
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Engaging Older Adults in Tx
• The health care system is a typical entry point for older adults who need treatment.
– If substance abuse is addressed in a medical setting (physician’s office, hospital) that enhances the probability that older adults will make changes and/or accept a treatment referral.
• Family concern is another motivating factor for older adults to enter into treatment.
– They typically do not want to lose relationships with their children, grandchildren or spouse.
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Engaging Older Adults in Tx
• If an older person is made aware of the
potential for loss of independence or
functioning by a health care professional,
this is a strong motivator for change; it’s a
quality of life issue.
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Impact of an Opioid Prescribing Guideline in the Acute Care
Setting
• A retrospective chart review was performed on records of adult emergency department visits from January 2012 to July 2014 for dental, neck, back, or unspecified chronic pain, and the proportion of patients receiving opioid prescriptions at discharge was compared before and after the guideline. Attending emergency physicians were surveyed on their perceptions regarding the impact of the guideline on prescribing patterns, patient satisfaction, and physician−patient interactions.
• In our sample of 13,187 patient visits, there was a significant (p < 0.001) and sustained decrease in rates of opioid prescriptions for dental, neck, back, or unspecified chronic pain. The rate of opioid prescribing decreased from 52.7% before the guideline to 29.8% immediately after its introduction, and to 33.8% at an interval of 12 to 18 months later.
• del Porto et al, Journal of Emergency Medicine 2015
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Prevention Strategies For
Older Adult Substance Abusers
• SAMHSA recommendation: Every person age 60 and older “should be screened for alcohol and prescription drug abuse as part of his or her regular physical examination.”
• Educate older adults about substance misuse and abuse in later years.
• Educate people who regularly interact with older adults about substance misuse and abuse in later years.
• Educate community based outreach people to assist in identification and intervention with at-risk seniors.
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Prevention Strategies For
Older Adult Substance Abusers
• Prepare people for the changes that occur
once they are retired.
• Encourage development of satisfying leisure
activities throughout the life span.
• Encourage older adults to become involved
in a support group during difficult life
transitions (e.g., bereavement, diagnosis of
chronic medical condition).
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Barriers to Integration, Identification &
Treatment
• Stigma
• Lack of knowledge or skills by professionals
• Resistance by family members to name a problem
• Denial
• Symptoms of abuse mistakenly believed to be signs of aging
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Barriers to Integration, Identification &
Treatment
• Transportation
• Financial
• Sensory or mobility changes
• Co-occurring medical problems
• Co-occurring mental health problems
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