integument support structures axial skeleton
TRANSCRIPT
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IntegumentSupport Structures
Axial Skeleton
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Integumentary System
Functions•Protection•Sensory•Synthesis
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The Skin…
Epidermis - ectodermal; stratified squamos epithelium
Dermis - mesodermal; collagen, elastic fibers, papillary layer, and reticular layer
Hypodermis
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Detail on Epidermis:
Stratum corneum (dead)
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Superficial
Deep(Dermis)
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Hair:
•Bulb•Artery•Vein•Arrector Pila Muscle•Gland•Papilla•Shaft
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Different Hair Shaft Shapes give different characteristics:
Round Cross-section = straight hair
Oval Cross-section = Wavy Hair
Flat Cross-section = Kinky Hair
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Glands
•Eccrine•Apocrine•Mammary glands (Not reproductive organs!)
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Mammary Gland – a skin gland, not a reproductive organ...
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Hypodermis
Dermis
Epidermis
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Support systems
•Support systems built of hard tissues, such as bone and cartilage
•Support systems produced by the manipulation of soft tissues
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Soft tissue support -structures which maintain structural integrity without the use of a hard, internal skeleton.
•Constant volume•Pressurize•Hydrostatic skeleton
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Tongue•Muscle & Fluid-based structure•Attached to what bones?
Coelom•A space•Stable & still base of support
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The Skeleton
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Cartilage•Function•Cartilage materials - chondrocytes•Interstitial growth•Perichondrium•According to a scale from softest to hardest, where does cartilage belong, if other skeletal materials are bone, calcified cartilage, enamel, and dentin?
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What is bone made of?
•Hydroxyapatite•Bone organic content (Osteocytes)•Bone mineral content
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Hydroxyapatite:
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What is bone made of?
Hydroxyapatite:
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
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Bone structure
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Haversian systems• Haversian canals• Lacunae• Canaliculi
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Compact Bone vs.
Spongy Bone (Trabecular Bone)
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Shoulder Joint
Femur
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Regional Classification of the Skeleton
•Endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton
•Visceral skeleton vs. Somatic Skeleton
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Visceral skeleton
•Associated with Splanchnopleure (gut)
•Origin
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Somatic skeleton
Associated with Somatopleure•Origin
•Axial skeleton•Appendicular skeleton
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Developmental Classification of the Skeleton
•Endochondral bones vs. dermal bones•Endochondral - epiphysis & epiphyseal plates
•Dermal - "intramembranous bones"
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Bone Function
•Structural•Red blood cell manufacture•Homeopoietic tissue•Red bone marrow vs. yellow bone marrow•Mineral regulation•Calcium levels•Importance of phosphorus
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Articulations
•Different types of bone attachments•Ligaments•The Joint Capsule
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Joint Capsule of Knee
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Examples of Major Ligaments of Knee
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Movements and the Skeleton
• Flexion• Extension• Rotation• Circumduction• Abduction• Adduction• Protraction• Retraction
• Depression• Elevation• Supination• Pronation• Opposition• Reposition• Inversion• Eversion
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Axial Skeleton
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4 Distinct Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
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Cervical verterbrae:
•Transverse foramen•Vertebral artery
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Atlas and Axis Vertebrae
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Thoracic vertebrae
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Functions of the Axial Skeleton
•Support•Protection•Respiration
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•Characteristic number of vertebrae in each region•Segmental spinal nerves•Number system for the spinal nerves• (See pages 68-69 of your lab manual.)
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