Integumentary Integumentary SystemSystem

Part 2: Skin Part 2: Skin DisordersDisorders

Unit 3: Integumentary System

A&P Chapter 5

Skin DisordersSkin Disorders1. Chronic Disorders2. Infectious

Disorders3. Burns4. Skin Cancers

I. Chronic Skin I. Chronic Skin DisordersDisorders

Urticaria (Hives)◦Raised, often itchy, red welts on skin surface

◦Usually due to an allergic reaction (to animal dander, insect bites, pollen, shellfish, nuts, eggs, milk)

◦Also caused by stress, extreme cold or hot, or illness

EczemaEczema

Chronic skin disorder that involves scaly and itchy rashes

Dry, flaky, blistering skin appears red and inflamed

Intense itching and burning sensations

Can be triggered by allergic reactions to chemicals, fabrics, heat, dryness

Dandruff Dandruff (Seborrheic (Seborrheic dermatitis)dermatitis)Caused by a yeastWhite, flaky, inflammatory skin condition

Often found on the scalpNot contagious

PsoraiasisPsoraiasisFlaky, silver-white patches called scales

Redness and irritationGeneticThe body produces too many new skin cells.

Normally skin cell turn around is ~30 days, but with psoraiasis, turn over is around one week.

AlbinismAlbinismGenetic disorder in which the body cannot produce melanin

Symptoms: absence of color in hair, skin, or iris; light sensitivity; prone to sunburn & skin cancer

II. Infectious Skin II. Infectious Skin DisordersDisorders

Impetigo◦Bacterial infection◦Highly contagious◦Causes blisters or sores on face and hands

◦Common among kids

Caused by an overproduction of sebum and oil, leading to clogging of the pores

Clogged pores trap bacteria, dead skin cells, and pus (white blood cells)

Inflammation and swelling form red bumps

Pimples deep in the skin can form painful cysts

AcneAcne

Normal hair follicle

Acne

Other causes of acneGeneticsHormonal changes due to menstrual

cycles (females) or stressGreasy or oily cosmetic and hair

productsCertain drugs (such as steroids,

testosterone, estrogen)High levels of humidity and

sweatingDiets high in refined sugars

Athlete’s FootAthlete’s FootFungal infectionVery common on foot or other moist, warm areas of body

Fungus infects the upper layers of the skin, causing itching, cracking, and pain

RingwormRingwormNot a worm, caused

by fungusOccurs in warm,

moist areas with frequent wetness (such as from sweating) and minor injuries to your skin

Itchy, red, raised, scaly patches that may blister and ooze

Necrotizing FasciitisNecrotizing Fasciitis “Flesh-eating disease”Very rare bacterial infection Necrosis (death) of the subcutaneous layer of skin

MRSAMRSA (Methicillin-Resistant(Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureusaureus))

Staph infections are caused by bacteria

Staphylococcus bacteria normally lives on the skin with no problems

MRSA is a strain that is resistant to antibiotics and therefore very dangerous or deadly

Signs & Symptoms Signs & Symptoms MRSAMRSAPeople in hospitals are most likely

to get MRSAStaph skin infections start as small

red bumps that resemble pimples, boils or spider bites

Quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses that must be surgically drained

Sometimes the bacteria remain in the skin, but if it penetrates into the body, it can be life-threatening

III. Skin BurnsIII. Skin BurnsA burn is tissue damage which destroys cell proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas

Caused by:◦Heat◦Radiation (sunlight, tanning beds)

◦Chemicals◦Electricity

Degrees of BurnsDegrees of Burns

1st Degree Burn◦Burns only the epidermis (ex. Sunburn)

◦Redness & Pain, no blistering

Are Tanning Beds Are Tanning Beds Safer?Safer?

The salons say yes, but studies show tanning beds still increase the risk of cancer

22ndnd Degree Burn Degree BurnBurns occur in the epidermis and some of the dermis

Redness, Pain, & blistering

33rdrd Degree Burn Degree BurnThe epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed

Damage to the nerve endings (ex. Exposure to direct fire)

http://video.about.com/firstaid/Burns

Extent of BurnsExtent of Burns“Rule of Nines”

◦Body is divided into 11 regions (each accounting for 9% of total body area)

Critical Burns ◦ Cover more than10% of the body’s surface area◦ Burns on face, genitals, or completely encircling the hands or feet

Treatment of Critical Treatment of Critical BurnsBurnsComplications:

◦Infection, hypothermia, dehydrationIntense doses of intravenous fluids to replace electrolyte imbalance

Warm and isolated environment to reduce risk of infection

Skin graft can be done as soon as patient is stable

IV. Skin CancerIV. Skin CancerRisk Factors

◦Age (Older people)◦Light-skin◦Excessive sun exposure◦Genetics (family history)◦Chemical exposure

When to see your doctor:◦If you have any of the warning signs, are older, or have a family history of skin cancer

Cancer VocabularyCancer VocabularyCancer – abnormal division of a cell that has undergone a DNA mutation

Tumor – mass of mutated cells

Metastasis - the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another

Two Categories of Skin Cancer:◦1) Non-Melanoma Includes Basal cell carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma

◦2) Melanoma

Basal Cell CarcinomaBasal Cell CarcinomaMost common skin cancerOccurs – in sun-exposed areasAppearance – pearly or waxy bump or a flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like legion

Treatment – cryosurgery, surgical removal◦95% of patients easily cured, but it may come back

Squamous Cell Squamous Cell CarcinomaCarcinoma

Five times less common than basal cell carcinoma, but more likely to spread to nearby organs

Occurs – on sun-exposed areasAppearance – firm, red nodule or a flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface

Treatment – cryosurgery, surgical removal, medication

MelanomaMelanoma

Most dangerous skin cancer because it can metastasize (spread) and lead to death

Occurs – anywhere on body’s skinAppearance – large brownish spot

with darker speckles or a mole that changes in color, size or bleeds◦Men – on trunk, head or neck◦Women – lower legs

Treatment – surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy