intel isef educator academy intel ® education programs digging for the roots: searching for,...

Intel ISEF Educator Academy Intel® Education Programs

Digging for the Roots:Digging for the Roots: Searching for, Assessing, Searching for, Assessing,

and Acknowledging and Acknowledging

Scientific Information Scientific Information

Sources for Science Fair Sources for Science Fair

Projects in Times of Digital Projects in Times of Digital

InformationInformation

2015 Intel ISEF Educator AcademyPittsburgh, PA

Sergiy L. MosyakinInstitute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineMay 2015

Intel ISEF Educator Academy

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

The ProblemThe Problem

MAJOR STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND MAJOR STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND MANAGEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SOURCESMANAGEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SOURCES

PREPARING YOUR SCIENTIFIC REPORT: MANUALS ON PREPARING YOUR SCIENTIFIC REPORT: MANUALS ON SCIENCE WRITING & STYLE AND CITATION STANDARDSSCIENCE WRITING & STYLE AND CITATION STANDARDS

PRACTICAL TIPS FOR KEYWORD AND CONTENT SEARCHPRACTICAL TIPS FOR KEYWORD AND CONTENT SEARCH

SOFTWARE FOR ORGANIZING INFORMATION SOFTWARE FOR ORGANIZING INFORMATION (REFERENCE MANAGERS, PROJECT PLANNERS, ETC.)(REFERENCE MANAGERS, PROJECT PLANNERS, ETC.)

Conclusions Conclusions


The Problem

The Scientific Method includes several stages, almost all requiring search for sources of scientific information (scientific articles, databases, patents, media reports, etc.), their critical analysis, and proper acknowledgement (citation, referencing)

Unfortunately, many students at science fairs have problems with presenting results of their analysis of sources:

• sometimes only a few references are cited, while other important sources are omitted

• no background research data are provided or acknowledged

• or sources of information are not presented or cited properly


The Problem

Quite often students are unaware of similar or identical research already done and described in literature, or cannot prove their real innovation because of not being sure that their results are really new

However, in our times of freely available digital information it is possible to remove such problems (at least partly) by applying approaches widely used by professional researchers worldwide. These principles and approaches are rather simple, and they can be successfully used not only by experienced scientists, but also by students and educators having access to the web resources.


MAJOR STEPS OF MAJOR STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND METHOD AND MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION INFORMATION SOURCESSOURCES

5


The Scientific Method The Scientific Method and Sources of Informationand Sources of Information

All major steps (phases) All major steps (phases) of the Scientific Method of the Scientific Method require proper require proper management of scientific management of scientific information sourcesinformation sources


Step 1: Asking the QuestionStep 1: Asking the Question

Check if the problem is really worth Check if the problem is really worth attentionattention

What changes in science and technology are expected What changes in science and technology are expected due to solving the problem? Any importance for due to solving the problem? Any importance for improving the human life, the environment etc.? improving the human life, the environment etc.?

Check if there is any existing solution to the problemCheck if there is any existing solution to the problem

• If YES, check if you can improve the existing solution If YES, check if you can improve the existing solution or find a better alternativeor find a better alternative

• If NO, try to explain why, check the feasibility of If NO, try to explain why, check the feasibility of possible solutions possible solutions


Step 2: Doing Background Step 2: Doing Background Research Research

Who is currently working on this Who is currently working on this or related problem?or related problem?

In which countries, research institutions, universities, labs?

Tip: Do not hesitate to contact qualified scientists (email is OK) and ask for their opinion on the prospects of your research. Ask for PDF reprints (if not freely available on the Web). Offer your collaboration, if suitable.

Are there many or a few publications on that?

If a few, try to explain why

Insufficient attention to the problem? Not so important? Already solved? Anything else?


Check if the is are an existing hypothesis Check if the is are an existing hypothesis or hypotheses (engineering solutions)or hypotheses (engineering solutions)

Do the existing hypotheses explain all or major aspects Do the existing hypotheses explain all or major aspects of the studied phenomenon? Are there any gaps, of the studied phenomenon? Are there any gaps, shortcomings, remaining problems? Is it possible to shortcomings, remaining problems? Is it possible to improve/modify the hypotheses? improve/modify the hypotheses?

Is any alternative hypothesis (solution) possible? Is it based Is any alternative hypothesis (solution) possible? Is it based on solid science? Could it better explain the studied on solid science? Could it better explain the studied phenomena? phenomena?

Tip: Tip: Do not throw away at once any unexpected or non-standard Do not throw away at once any unexpected or non-standard hypotheses and/or solutions, but hypotheses and/or solutions, but always always stay within the limits of stay within the limits of testable scientific methodology, learn to identify and reject any testable scientific methodology, learn to identify and reject any non-testable pseudoscience alternativesnon-testable pseudoscience alternatives

Step 3: Constructing a HypothesisStep 3: Constructing a Hypothesis


Find the information sources providing Find the information sources providing data on methods suitable for your data on methods suitable for your researchresearch

Tip: Tip: In most research articles there is a section called In most research articles there is a section called Material and Methods Material and Methods (or (or Research ProtocolsResearch Protocols, or something , or something like that). Check the references in that section.like that). Check the references in that section. Always Always properly cite the reference(s) on methods.properly cite the reference(s) on methods.

Check if there are any modifications in methods and Check if there are any modifications in methods and procedures. Can you improve that?procedures. Can you improve that?

Tip: Tip: Any changes or modifications in accepted or Any changes or modifications in accepted or recommended methods should be justified, explained and recommended methods should be justified, explained and described in your research report. described in your research report.

Step 4: Selecting Methods Step 4: Selecting Methods and Testing with an Experimentand Testing with an Experiment


Find the information sources on Find the information sources on methods of data analysis, statistics, etc.methods of data analysis, statistics, etc.

Tip: Tip: As in Step 4, pay attention to As in Step 4, pay attention to Material and Methods Material and Methods sections in research articles and references therein. Cite the sections in research articles and references therein. Cite the reference(s) and software used in data analysisreference(s) and software used in data analysis

Check the logics of your conclusions. Have you Check the logics of your conclusions. Have you received the results expected in your hypothesis? received the results expected in your hypothesis? If no, try to explain why. What does that mean? If no, try to explain why. What does that mean? Hypothesis is TRUE, PARTLY TRUE, or FALSE? Hypothesis is TRUE, PARTLY TRUE, or FALSE?

Tip: Tip: Your conclusions should normally correspond to your Your conclusions should normally correspond to your research objectives, give answers (positive or negative) to research objectives, give answers (positive or negative) to the questions you asked when you started your researchthe questions you asked when you started your research

Step 5: Analyzing Data and Step 5: Analyzing Data and Drawing ConclusionsDrawing Conclusions


Use the existing scientific publications Use the existing scientific publications and/or other sources as models or and/or other sources as models or templates for your reportingtemplates for your reporting

Tip: Tip: Reporting should be concise and clear. Use supporting tables, Reporting should be concise and clear. Use supporting tables, graphs, images, etc. graphs, images, etc.

Use the scientific reporting standards Use the scientific reporting standards (references will be (references will be provided below)provided below)

Scientific ethics is the must Scientific ethics is the must

Tip: Tip: Clearly separate your original data, results and conclusions Clearly separate your original data, results and conclusions from those obtained and/or published by other people (even if you from those obtained and/or published by other people (even if you use the published information in drawing your conclusions etc.)use the published information in drawing your conclusions etc.)

Step 6: Reporting ResultsStep 6: Reporting Results


PREPARING YOUR PREPARING YOUR SCIENTIFIC REPORT: SCIENTIFIC REPORT: MANUALS ON MANUALS ON SCIENCE WRITING & SCIENCE WRITING & STYLESTYLEAND CITATION AND CITATION STANDARDSSTANDARDS

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Various Style ManualsVarious Style Manuals

• Oxford style and Chicago style for general publishing and readership

• AP style for journalism

• APA (American Psychological Association) style and ASA style for the social sciences

• CSE (Council of Science Editors) style for various physical sciences

• ACS (American Chemical Society) style for chemistry

• AMA (American Medical Association) style for medicine and biomed sciences

• some other styles and standards (national and international)


The Chicago Manual The Chicago Manual

of Style of Style – first published – first published

in 1906in 1906

20112011


http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.htmlhttp://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html


http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/


CSE Examples: Scientific style and format : the CSE manual for authors,

editors, and publishers Book (CSE: p. 505, 527-528)

• Muir, J, Armstrong L, Hillary E. 1998. Exploring San Luis Obispo and nearby areas: a guide to biking and hiking on the Central Coast. San Luis Obispo, (CA): SLO Going Press. 224 p.

Book Chapter (CSE: p. 533-534)

• Glynn, RD. 1999. Duking it out: the story of a Morro Bay power plant. In: Bush GW, Davis, JG, editors. Energy and crisis: the dialectic of electricity in California. Sacramento: Ampere Press. p 35-78.

Journal Article (CSE: p. 518-519)

• Wesson, T, Hatch, R. 2001. Group dynamics and competition: A socio-psychological analysis of the Survivor television show. Journal of Media and Social Psychology 25(2):10-36.

Web Site (CSE: p. 556-564)

• Moore, Michael. (n. d.). Moore collection: Underground comix. <http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/spec_coll/comix/index.html>. Accessed 2001 September 30.

Robert E. Kennedy Library: Robert E. Kennedy Library: http://lib.calpoly.edu/research/citations/cse.htmlhttp://lib.calpoly.edu/research/citations/cse.html


http://www.amamanualofstyle.com/

AMA – American Medical Association Styles best suitable for biomed research


AMA Manual – some featuresAMA Manual – some features


APA Examples: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Book: basic format (Following APA 6th ed., p. 203)

• Zabar, A. (1989). Alphabet soup. New York, NY: Stewart, Tabori, & Chang, Inc.

Book with an editor (Following APA 6th ed., p. 202)

• Aspinwall, L. G. & Staudinger, U. M. (Eds.). (2002). A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Article or chapter in an edited book or an anthology (Following APA 6th ed., p. 202)

• O’Clair, K. M. (1995). Demonstrating cultural sensitivity in field research. In M. Miller & A. J. Kennedy (Eds.), Principles of applied research (pp. 15-68). New York, NY: Sage.

Article in an online magazine (Following APA 6th ed., p. 200)

• Blue, R. U. (2008, June). Sad vs. depressed: Psychologists facilitate awareness about mental health symptoms. Monitor on Psychology, 24(3). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/

Robert E. Kennedy Library: Robert E. Kennedy Library: http://lib.calpoly.edu/research/citations/http://lib.calpoly.edu/research/citations/apaapa.html.html


MLA Style – MLA Style – http://www.mla.org/http://www.mla.org/


MLA ExamplesMLA Examples: : MLA Handbook for MLA Handbook for Writers of Research PapersWriters of Research Papers

Article in a journal (Following MLA 7th ed., p. 137)

• Doe, Jane. “Incidental Toxins and Deer Mortality in Central Park.” Pesticides and Urban Ungulates 44.12 (2005): 21-35. Print.

Article in a magazine (Following MLA 7th ed., p. 143)

• Doe, John. “Welders Unite the Nation.” Aviation Weekly 7 Dec. 1941:26-28. Print.

Book by single author (Following MLA 7th ed., p.149)

• Hoffa, James. Solid Cement Mortuary Designs. New York: East River Press, 2009. Print.

Book by two or more authors (From MLA 7th ed. p. 154)

• Broer, Lawrence R., and Gloria Holland. Hemingway and Women: Female Critics and the Female Voice. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2002. Print.

Robert E. Kennedy Library: Robert E. Kennedy Library: http://lib.calpoly.edu/research/citations/cse.htmlhttp://lib.calpoly.edu/research/citations/cse.html


UW-Madison Writer's HandbookUW-Madison Writer's Handbook

https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/index.htmlhttps://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/index.html


Research Research and and Publication Publication EthicsEthics

http://publicationethics.org/ http://www.councilscienceeditors.org


In some journals the citation standards In some journals the citation standards can be differentcan be different


PRACTICAL PRACTICAL TIPS FOR TIPS FOR KEYWORD KEYWORD AND CONTENT AND CONTENT SEARCH SEARCH

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Picture Credit: Picture Credit: http://www.united-academics.org/magazine/design-http://www.united-academics.org/magazine/design-technology/google-biases-your-search-for-scientific-technology/google-biases-your-search-for-scientific-information/information/

Intel ISEF Educator Academy Intel® Education Programs28

Growing Scientific InformationGrowing Scientific Information

• Sources of scientific information are growing almost exponentially

• How to manage those huge amounts of information?

• Fortunately, the availability of scientific information is also growing through the Web

• Search engines, Open Access journal and databases


Google Advanced SearchGoogle Advanced Search

How to use Google Advanced Search to find proper scientific information:

Narrow your search:

Exact phrase, specific terms, exclusion of some keywords, languages, last update, file type…

PDF files (reprints of scientific articles)


Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

https://scholar.google.comhttps://scholar.google.com


Web of Science Web of Science

http://wokinfo.com/http://wokinfo.com/


Scopus/ElsevierScopus/Elsevier

http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/scopushttp://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/scopus


PubMed: more than 24 million citations PubMed: more than 24 million citations in biomedical sciencesin biomedical sciences

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Intel ISEF Educator Academy Intel® Education Programs34

Popular Web Resources as Educational ToolsPopular Web Resources as Educational Tools

Modern online resources and IT provide excellent educational opportunities, but teachers and students need guidance and orientation in the ocean of new scientific information:

• Traditional mass media (newspapers, magazines, radio, TV, podcasts etc.)

• Web resources (same as above and much more)

• Specialized scientific sources of information

• etc., etc.


Wikipedia Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.orghttp://www.wikipedia.org

• “ “Multilingual, web-based, free-content encyclopedia Multilingual, web-based, free-content encyclopedia project <…> based on an openly editable model. project <…> based on an openly editable model. <…> written collaboratively by largely anonymous Internet <…> written collaboratively by largely anonymous Internet volunteers…” volunteers…” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About

• See what Wikipedia is NOT: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_notIn particular, Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, textbook, or scientific journal

• Excellent and fast-growing public resource, but… “…the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit…”

• Quality of articles varies greatly, from nearly perfect, comprehensive, reliable and authoritative to … you can imagine…

• Use it as a starting point (basic information, links, references etc.), not as the source of the final truth


Society for Science and the Public Society for Science and the Public and and Science NewsScience News

http://www.societyforscience.org/http://www.societyforscience.org/


Society for Science and the Public Society for Science and the Public and and Science NewsScience News

https://www.sciencenews.org/https://www.sciencenews.org/


Science Science http://www.sciencemag.org/http://www.sciencemag.org/

ScienceScience (also Science Magazine), the (also Science Magazine), the academic weekly journal of the academic weekly journal of the American Association for the American Association for the Advancement of Science Advancement of Science (AAAS), (AAAS), one of the world's top scientific one of the world's top scientific journalsjournals

First published in 1880, now has a First published in 1880, now has a print subscriber base of around print subscriber base of around 130000, estimated readership ca. one 130000, estimated readership ca. one million people (incl. institutional and million people (incl. institutional and online subscription) online subscription)

Students, K-12 teachers, and some Students, K-12 teachers, and some others can subscribe at a reduced others can subscribe at a reduced fee. Research articles published after fee. Research articles published after 1997 are free (with online 1997 are free (with online registration) one year after registration) one year after publication. Some significant articles publication. Some significant articles available for free immediately after available for free immediately after publication publication


Science Advances, Science Advances, a new Open Access journal of AAASa new Open Access journal of AAAS

http://advances.sciencemag.org/http://advances.sciencemag.org/


Science Science Multimedia Center Multimedia Center http://www.sciencemag.org/site/multimedia/http://www.sciencemag.org/site/multimedia/


E-Services and Multimedia from Scientific E-Services and Multimedia from Scientific Journals and Popular Science MagazinesJournals and Popular Science Magazines

• ToC (Table of Content) Alerts, Abstracts, etc.

• Email news and news alerts

• RSS Feeds RSS (or Really Simple Syndication) is a way to share content without requiring

readers to constantly visit a website to see what's new. An RSS feed contains article headlines, summaries and links to the full text of articles or Web pages.

• Podcasts (audio and video), other audiovisual resources

• Images, posters, booklets, PowerPoint presentations, PDF publications, and other visual/text resources

• Special educational materials and tools

• Social networks and feedback opportunities

…and many other things…


SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR ORGANIZING ORGANIZING INFORMATION INFORMATION (REFERENCE MANAGERS, (REFERENCE MANAGERS, PROJECT PLANNERS, PROJECT PLANNERS, ETC.)ETC.)

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Some examples of special software Some examples of special software useful for student projectsuseful for student projects

• Online resources (especially interactive ones)Online resources (especially interactive ones)

• Concise encyclopedias on CD/DVD (such as Concise encyclopedias on CD/DVD (such as MS Encarta, Britannica etc.) and Web-basedMS Encarta, Britannica etc.) and Web-based

• Research assistants and project plannersResearch assistants and project planners

• Reference managers (Web-based and local)Reference managers (Web-based and local)

……and many other things…and many other things…


EndNote

http://endnote.com/http://endnote.com/


Zotero

https://www.zotero.org/https://www.zotero.org/


Reference Manager & Mendeley: Reference Manager & Mendeley: examples of reference management softwareexamples of reference management software


Encarta Research AssistantEncarta Research Assistant

http://windows.microsoft.com/en-ca/windows-vista/research-assistant-let-http://windows.microsoft.com/en-ca/windows-vista/research-assistant-let-

encarta-help-with-the-homeworkencarta-help-with-the-homework


Microsoft Student with EncartaMicrosoft Student with Encarta


Summing Up: Summing Up: Questions and RecapitulationQuestions and Recapitulation

• All stages of the All stages of the Scientific Method require search for sources of scientific information (scientific articles, databases, patents, etc.), their critical analysis, and proper acknowledgement (citation, referencing)

• Manuals on Science Writing and Style

• General and specializeg scientific web search engines

• Citation, abstract and full-text online databases

• Reference manager software

• Research ethics: how to cite and what to cite

• How to organize your research better using the reference management skills


Science is Fun! Science is Fun! ((Intel Techno Intel Techno 20142014, Kiev, Kiev))

Презентация: Н.Т. МосякинаПрезентация: Н.Т. Мосякина


Special thanks are due to:Special thanks are due to:

Intel Intel

Society for Science & the Public and Intel ISEF people: Society for Science & the Public and Intel ISEF people: Sharon Snyder, Karen Merrill, and many othersSharon Snyder, Karen Merrill, and many others

Nadia MosyakinaNadia Mosyakina

Tatiana Nanaieva (Intel Ukraine) Tatiana Nanaieva (Intel Ukraine)

Colleagues and friends at research institutions and Colleagues and friends at research institutions and universities of Ukraine, the US, and other countriesuniversities of Ukraine, the US, and other countries

Many other people who shared with us their ideas and Many other people who shared with us their ideas and experienceexperience

51

Sergei L. Mosyakin, Prof., Dr.Sci.Sergei L. Mosyakin, Prof., Dr.Sci.

Corr. Member, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineCorr. Member, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Director, Institute of Botany Director, Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kievof the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev

[email protected]@botany.kiev.ua

Copyright © 2013 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Copyright © 2012 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Thank you for your attention! Thank you for your attention!

intel isef educator academy intel ® education programs digging for the roots: searching for,...

Documents

sources of information

scientific method

scientific report

analysis of sources

important sources

times of digital information

available digital information

problem major steps