intellectual disciplines: law, sufism, philosophy, theology
DESCRIPTION
Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology. Carl Ernst Reli 180, Introduction to Islamic Civilization. Overview . Intellectual understanding of Islamic doctrine, ritual, and ethics in process of formation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology
Carl ErnstReli 180, Introduction to Islamic
Civilization
![Page 2: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview Intellectual understanding of Islamic doctrine, ritual, and ethics in process of formationNew definitions of Islam formulated against multiple encounters with older religious traditions
1.Law 2. Sufism3. Philosophy & Science 4. Theology
2
![Page 3: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Origins of Islamic lawProbably 500 [not 80] of 6500 verses in Qur’an have legal applicationDiverse local non-Islamic traditions and administrative rulings used for legal decisionsArticulation of distinctively Islamic legal rulings by scholars without official government positions
3
![Page 4: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Evolving Islamic lawUse of Prophetic example (sunnah) in addition to Qur’an SunniElaboration of hadith literature by 875, rejection of thousands of fake hadithLegal school (madhhab) formation around leading scholarsCaliph’s forced imposition of Mu`tazili rationalism resisted by Hanbali legal school
4
![Page 5: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Development of Shari`a (the ideal of God’s law)
Shafi`i (d. 820) and doctrine of four sources of Shari`a: Qur’an, sunnah, analogy, consensus of scholarsEmergence of four major Sunni schools:
Hanafi – Abu Hanifa (d. 767) Syria and EastMaliki – Malik ibn Anas (d. 796), N. AfricaShafi`i – al-Shafi`i, Egypt, Yemen, E. AfricaHanbali – Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 857) in Baghdad and Syria (Saudi Arabia today)
5
![Page 6: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Other schoolsKharijites morph into Ibadi school (Oman, Tunisia)Shi`is:
12ers are Ja`fari (Ja`far al-Sadiq, 6th Imam)Fatimids (Isma`ilis) developed distinctive schoolZaydis also have a school
6
![Page 7: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Shari`a in the worldNorms for living a godly lifeDevelopment of misogyny in gender roles, marriage and divorce (many ancient sources), consequent seclusion of womenQadi courts vs. state justiceCommunitarian sense of Sunni Islam
7
![Page 8: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2. SufismAsceticism (self-denial): suf = wool; disapproval of Umayyad worldlinessMysticism (seeking closeness to God beyond reason)Spirituality (cultivating inner life)Contact with Jews and Christian monksHasan al-Basri (d. 728) and weepersRabi`a (d. 801) and love of GodPsychological disciplines of inner path
8
![Page 9: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
“whirling dervishes” (Sufi group)
9
![Page 10: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Limits of TranscendenceUnion with God: “passing away” of self, “eternity” [not ‘survival’] in GodFriends of God: “saints”; analogy with Shi`i imamsTrial of al-Hallaj (executed 922 in Baghdad): “I am the Truth!” (actually convicted on home pilgrimage ritual)Junayd and the identification of Sufism in accordance with Islamic ethics
10
![Page 11: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3. Science and PhilosophyHeritage of Greek science in Persia (Jundishapur), logicAstronomy and astronomy patronized by Arab princes along with medicine, alchemyAl-Ma’mun establishes House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma) as translation and research center, ca. 800Christians, Jews, Sabian pagans (Thabit ibn Qurra’) involved in scientific research
11
![Page 12: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Scientists al-Khwarizmi and the
development of algebra “algorithm”
Later institutions: observatories, hospitals
12
![Page 13: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
PhilosophyPlato, Aristotle, “Neoplatonism” of PlotinusNotion of the First Cause = the One, from which Intellect and Soul emanate (impact on Christian and Jewish thinkers)Al-Farabi and the Prophet as Philosopher-King: philosophy as truth, revelation as a public version of that truth in symbols
13
![Page 14: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Aristotle teaching (Arabic manuscript in British Museum)
14
![Page 15: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
4. Islamic TheologyTheology as rational investigation of scripture to understand God and creationDebates with sophisticated representatives of other religions: origins of evil, free will, judgment, God’s will vs. justice, etc.5 principles of Mu`tazilites: Justice, unity, [promise/threat, intermediate position of sinner, commanding good and forbidding evil]
15
![Page 16: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Islamic theology (cont’d)Literalism in the Hanbali school: accepting scripture “without asking how”Al-Ash`ari (d. 935) and the doctrine of uncreated Qur’an; God creates all acts, but humans acquire responsibilityShi`ism seeks divine will in charismatic leaders, while Sunnis look in textsEarly importance of Iraq for development of intellectual disciplines
16
![Page 17: Intellectual disciplines: Law, Sufism, Philosophy, Theology](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081604/5681679d550346895ddce0fa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Overview Intellectual understanding of Islamic doctrine, ritual, and ethics in process of formationNew definitions of Islam formulated against multiple encounters with older religious traditions
1.Law 2. Sufism3. Philosophy & Science 4. Theology
17