intelligence 2.27
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Intelligence
Amanda Wenzel
2.27.14CPsy2301
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Intelligence v Intelligence Quotient
Intelligence: ability to solve problems and to
adapt to and learn from experience
Intelligence quotientderived from
performance on an IQ test
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Intelligence Tests
Intelligence Quotient (IQ): an individualsmental age divided by actual age, multipliedby 100
Mental agea persons mental developmentrelative to others (MA/CA X 100 = IQ)
Meaning of an IQ of 100
M = 100, SD = 15
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Intelligence Tests
Intelligence Quotient
Shows a normal distribution
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IQ Scores
Superiorabove two standard deviations(above 130)
Above averagewithin two standard deviations
above (116-130) Averagewithin one standard deviation (85-
115)
Below averagewithin two standard deviationsbelow (70-84)
Impairedbelow two standard deviations(below 70)
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Intellectual Disability/Mental
Retardation
Requires three parts:
IQ below 70
Impairment in adaptive functioning
Exhibits these features by age 18
Different degrees:
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Causes of Intellectual Disability
Organic
Result of brain damage
Examples: Down syndrome, Fragile X, FASD, anoxia
Cultural/Familial
Caused by growing up in a low intellectual
environment; low stimulation
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Intelligence Tests
Stanford Binet, V (ages 2 through adult)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence, IV (WPPSI IV, ages 2 - 7)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, IV(WISC-IV, ages 6 through 16)
Wecshler Adult Intelligence Scale, IV (WAIS-IV,ages 16 through adult)
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Example
Sarah is a gifted 16-year-old who is taking anintelligence test to see if she qualifies for a giftedand talented program. The psychometrist
administering the test is most familiar with theWechsler scales. Which test would be mostappropriate to administer?
A) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, IVB) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, IV
C) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, IV
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Example
Bobby is 7-years-old. His parents have
concerns about his cognitive development and
fear that he is developmentally delayed.
Although Bobby is old enough to be
administered the WISC-IV, the psychologist
administering the test is concerned the
material will be too difficult. What should shedo?
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Example
Sophie, who is 5, is administered the Stanford
Binet V test of intelligence. She performs at
the level of a 7-year-old. What is her IQ?
What range did Sophie perform in?
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History of Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales
Original purpose: French government asked
Binet to identify intellectually challenged
children for their placement in special
education (Binet-Simon scale)
Focus: assess skills that provide the
foundation for (i.e., predict) school success
Attention, memory, problem solving skills, etc.
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History of Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales
Lewis Terman
Standardized the Binet-Simon scale with American
participants
Adapted versionStanford Binet (1916)
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Intelligence Testing during WWI
World War I
Army officials needed to screen army recruits
Used to determine soldiers capability in serving
and potential for leadership position
Two versions
Army Alpha, written version
Army Beta, oral equivalent (for illiterate people)
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Intelligence Testing during WWI
Goal:
Identify those of superior ability and those with
mental defect
Criticisms?
Photo: Engle, 1946
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Wechsler Scales
Produces an overall IQ scale and scores for
specific domains
Full Scale IQ or General Abilities Index
Verbal Comprehension
Perceptual Reasoning
Working Memory
Processing Speed
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Wechsler Scales
Full Scale IQ
Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning,
Working Memory, Processing Speed
General Abilities Index
Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning
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Verbal Comprehension/Perceptual
Reasoning Examples
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Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests
Use:
Predicts school success, work success
Predicts number of years of education
Linked with illness, chronic disease
Misuse:
Leads to false expectations about people Many reasons why a person may underperform
IQ can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
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Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests
What else matters in predicting important
developmental outcomes?
Motivation
Physical health
Mental health
Social skills
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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
Intelligence comes in three forms:
Analyticalanalyze, judge, evaluate
Creativecreate, design, invent, originate, and
imagine
Practicaluse, apply, implement, and put into
practice
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Gardners Eight Frames of Mind
Howard Gardnerthere are many different
forms of intelligence
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Gardners Eight Frames of Mind
Intelligence Occupation
Verbal skills Authors, journalists, speakers
Mathematical skills Scientists, engineers, accountants
Spatial skills Architects, artists, sailors
Bodily-kinesthetic skills Surgeons, craftspeople, dancers,athletes
Musical skills Composers, musicians, and music
therapistsIntrapersonal skills Theologians, psychologists
Interpersonal skills Teachers, mental health professionals
Naturalist skills Farmers, botanists, ecologists,landscapes
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Emotional Intelligence
Peter Salovey & John Mayor define as theability to:
Perceive and expression emotional accurately and
adaptively Understand emotion and emotional knowledge
Use feelings to facilities though, manage one ownemotions
Mentioned in Gardeners (interpersonal andintrapersonal intelligence) and Sternbergs(practical intelligence) theories
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Comparison of Multiple Intelligences
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Multiple Intelligences?
On-going debate
Some argue for multiple intelligences, some
argue for g
General intelligence or g
One broad factor
An individual who is better at one intellectual task
is more likely to excel at other intellectual tasks
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Neuroscience of Intelligence
Brain size
Moderate correlation with intelligence
Regions
Broadly distributed
Particular importance for neural network involving
frontal and parietal lobes
Speed of functioning
Neurological speed faster for gifted children
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Genetic Influences
Estimated that 1000 genes contribute, notable to identify specific genes
Adoption studies: Educational levels of biological parents better
predictors of childrens IQ than adoptive parents.
Approximately 12-18 point increase when low-income child adopted into high socioeconomicstatus household
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Heritability of Intelligence
Heritability :
Fraction of variance within a population that is
attributed to genetics
Population concept (does not apply to individuals)
Heritability of 1.00?
Considered high when > .70
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Heritability of Intelligence
APA estimates heritability of intelligence = .75,
suggesting strong genetic component
May vary by study/sample
Can genes and environment really be
separated?
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Restricted Range Example
Intelligence
Lower
Higher
Environment
Adverse Enriched
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Restricted Range Example
Intellig
ence
Lower
Higher
Environment
Adverse Enriched
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Environmental Influences
Flynn effectincrease in intelligence scores
over time
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Environmental Influences
Flynn effect is thought to be related to:
Improved prenatal care
Improved postnatal nutrition
Increased schooling and test familiarity
More stimulating environment
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Nature v. Nurture
Heredity and environment matter
Disagreement about which matters more
Disagreement about whether it makes sense to
consider their contributions separately
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Intelligence and Culture
Different cultures have different values
Western: thinking and reasoning skills
Eastern: way for community to work together
successfully
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Cultural Bias in Testing
Difficult to create culture-fair tests (i.e.,
avoiding cultural bias)
Try to reduce questions that favor a specific
cultural background
Focus on nonverbal questions
May only be possible to create culture-reduced tests
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Ethnic Comparisons
Ethnic group performance (high to low): 1) Asian Americans
2) non-Latino Whites
3) Latinos
4) African American
Reasons? Stereotype threat
Actual IQ differences
Culturally biased tests
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Tests of Infant Intelligence
Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd
Edition
Cognitive
Language
Motor
Socioemotional
Adaptive
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Stability of Intelligence
Performance on tests of intelligence:
Strong correlations between time points (.70 - .90)
Individual variability
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Giftedness
Generally thought of as IQ > 130
Other criteria:
1) Child is precocious2) Marching to their own drummer
3) A passion to master
Nature v Nurture Likely both hereditary and environmental (family
support, training)
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Giftedness
Importance of gifted and talented programs:
Keeps children challenged, engaged
Minimize behavioral disruptions from children
who are bored
Allows children to form friendships with similar
peers
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Describe what the Flynn effect is and give at
least 2 explanations for it
Intellegence has been increasing due to better
pre-natal care and post-natal treatments. Moretest oriented environment etc
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