Intelligence Intelligence

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Who is more Who is more intelligent? intelligent?

MICHAEL JORDAN OR ALBERT MICHAEL JORDAN OR ALBERT EINSTEIN EINSTEIN

What is intelligence? What is intelligence?

When does a society deem that When does a society deem that someone is intelligent? someone is intelligent?

Intelligence is…Intelligence is…

IntelligenceIntelligence – ability to solve – ability to solve problems, learn from experience, problems, learn from experience, and use knowledge to adapt to and use knowledge to adapt to new situationsnew situations

The Birth of The Birth of Intelligence TestingIntelligence Testing Alfred BinetAlfred Binet, a , a

French psychologist, French psychologist, was appointed by was appointed by the French govt. in the French govt. in 1904 to study and 1904 to study and provide special provide special education programs education programs for children who for children who were not doing well were not doing well in school.in school.

Binet: Intelligence Binet: Intelligence TestingTesting Binet developed a set of tests to Binet developed a set of tests to

measure a child’s measure a child’s mental agemental age. . – The chronological age that most The chronological age that most

typically corresponds to a given typically corresponds to a given level of performancelevel of performance Ex. a child that performs as well as a 6 Ex. a child that performs as well as a 6

yr. old has the mental age of 6.yr. old has the mental age of 6. So low performing students may be 10 So low performing students may be 10

yrs. old but have a mental age of 7.yrs. old but have a mental age of 7.

Binet : Intelligence Binet : Intelligence TestingTesting Binet’s intelligence test included Binet’s intelligence test included

reasoning, thinking and problem solving. reasoning, thinking and problem solving. These were displayed through various These were displayed through various tasks and problems. (Ex. unwrapping tasks and problems. (Ex. unwrapping candy, repeating numbers/words, candy, repeating numbers/words, identifying objects)identifying objects)

Binet (and his co-worker Theodore Simon) Binet (and his co-worker Theodore Simon) intended for the tests to help students intended for the tests to help students struggling in school but feared they would struggling in school but feared they would be used to label and limit children.be used to label and limit children.

Intelligence QuotientIntelligence Quotient

The intelligence quotient (IQ) was The intelligence quotient (IQ) was developed from the Stanford-Binet developed from the Stanford-Binet test. IQ was widely used by Terman test. IQ was widely used by Terman

IQ = IQ = Mental Age Mental Age x 100 x 100 Chronological Age Chronological Age

Note: If your mental age and Note: If your mental age and chronological age are the same – chronological age are the same – your IQ is 100 (avg.)your IQ is 100 (avg.)

Terman : Intelligence Terman : Intelligence Testing Testing Lewis TermanLewis Terman – In 1911 a – In 1911 a

Stanford University professor Stanford University professor revised Binet’s test to revised Binet’s test to accurately measure California accurately measure California children’s intelligence. children’s intelligence.

Terman called the revised Terman called the revised version version “Stanford-Binet”. “Stanford-Binet”. This was most widely used This was most widely used test for decades to sort out test for decades to sort out populations.populations.

Terman : Intelligence Terman : Intelligence TestingTesting

Terman supported widespread use of Terman supported widespread use of intelligence testingintelligence testing– ““The children of successful and cultured The children of successful and cultured

parents test higher than children from parents test higher than children from wretched and ignorant homes for the wretched and ignorant homes for the simple reason that their heredity is simple reason that their heredity is better.” - Lewis Terman, 1916better.” - Lewis Terman, 1916

– Terman helped the US Govt. use the test Terman helped the US Govt. use the test to evaluate immigrants and test army to evaluate immigrants and test army recruitsrecruits

The American The American EugenicsEugenics Movement Movement Genetic breeding of humans based Genetic breeding of humans based

on intelligence tests.on intelligence tests. State Sterilization programs: State Sterilization programs:

Supreme Court Justice Oliver Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes “3 generations of Wendell Holmes “3 generations of imbeciles are enough”.imbeciles are enough”.

Re: Quotes made by original Re: Quotes made by original creators of Stanford-Binet and SAT.creators of Stanford-Binet and SAT.

North Carolina and North Carolina and State Sterilization State Sterilization ProgramsPrograms First and Last state to sterilize a First and Last state to sterilize a

citizen. (1968)citizen. (1968) First state to offer retribution First state to offer retribution

payments to victims which is payments to victims which is happening right now.happening right now.

North Carolina and North Carolina and Sterilization ProgramsSterilization Programs Read quotes made by Wallace Read quotes made by Wallace

Kuralt head of Mecklenburg Kuralt head of Mecklenburg County Sterilization Board.County Sterilization Board.

Today’s Intelligence Today’s Intelligence Tests Tests Intelligence tests today (including the Intelligence tests today (including the

Stanford-Binet) compute the score Stanford-Binet) compute the score based on the test taker’s performance based on the test taker’s performance relative to the performance of others relative to the performance of others the same age. Norms are established.the same age. Norms are established.

Test-makers give the test to a random Test-makers give the test to a random sample of people and then later test sample of people and then later test scores are compared to that sample. scores are compared to that sample.

Standardization Standardization

Defining meaningful scores Defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested group is relative to a pretested group is called called standardizationstandardization. Norms . Norms are established through field are established through field tests.tests.

Standardized Tests Standardized Tests and CMS’ Pay for and CMS’ Pay for Perform.Perform. Standardized tests to be used in Standardized tests to be used in

nearly all classes (including the nearly all classes (including the Fine Arts, PE) to judge the Fine Arts, PE) to judge the performance of teachers.performance of teachers.

Q What are some potential Q What are some potential problems to this?problems to this?

Possible Effect of Possible Effect of Stand. Testing Stand. Testing MovementMovement

Fairness to students that are poor Fairness to students that are poor test takers (memorizers- one form test takers (memorizers- one form of intelligence).of intelligence).

Pressure on Elementary school Pressure on Elementary school children. Non-Partisan Panel andchildren. Non-Partisan Panel and

developing “inferiority complexes”developing “inferiority complexes”

Drawbacks to testingDrawbacks to testing Movement Movement

Teaching to the test and the Teaching to the test and the decline of teacher creativity (in decline of teacher creativity (in turn morale because there is a turn morale because there is a correlation between creativity at correlation between creativity at ones job and job satisfaction.ones job and job satisfaction.

Test Teacher - YouTubeTest Teacher - YouTube Ex. Reading program: Open CourtEx. Reading program: Open Court

Possible effects of Possible effects of Stand. testing Stand. testing movementmovement Teaching to the test and student Teaching to the test and student

creativity, critical thinking skills.creativity, critical thinking skills.

Not on the Test – YouTubeNot on the Test – YouTube

Teacher says no to testing – Teacher says no to testing – YouTubeYouTube

RSA Animate - Changing Education RSA Animate - Changing Education Paradigms – YouTube (start 4:00)Paradigms – YouTube (start 4:00)

Profits and Testing Profits and Testing Mvt.Mvt. Kaye McSpadden article: Teacher Layoffs Kaye McSpadden article: Teacher Layoffs

contrasted with increased spending on contrasted with increased spending on technology (smart boards, software). NYC technology (smart boards, software). NYC says not showing results. Companies show says not showing results. Companies show huge profits.huge profits.

Teacher Layoffs and spending on testing Teacher Layoffs and spending on testing (millions). Most argue increased test results (millions). Most argue increased test results does not coincide with increased does not coincide with increased performance. Both political parties are performance. Both political parties are currently in favor of, lobbyists push for this.currently in favor of, lobbyists push for this.

Defining IQ ScoresDefining IQ Scores

The meaning of an IQ Score and The meaning of an IQ Score and MENSAMENSA

Theories of Theories of Intelligence Intelligence Spearman’s General Intelligence Spearman’s General Intelligence

(g/s factors) with specific abilities(g/s factors) with specific abilities Howard Gardner’s Multiple Howard Gardner’s Multiple

IntelligencesIntelligences Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Goleman’s Emotional IntelligenceGoleman’s Emotional Intelligence

Charles Spearman and Charles Spearman and Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis

Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis – A statistical technique – A statistical technique that identifies clusters of related items on a that identifies clusters of related items on a test – this enables researchers to look at test – this enables researchers to look at various dimensions of a test. various dimensions of a test.

Factor analysis was developed by Factor analysis was developed by Charles Charles SpearmanSpearman to help portray general to help portray general intelligenceintelligence

Spearman claimed that Spearman claimed that general general intelligence (g)intelligence (g) underlies all of the factors. underlies all of the factors. – Spearman believed that Spearman believed that intelligence could be intelligence could be

expressed by one single factor (g)expressed by one single factor (g)– Many abilities/ specific factors (s) make up ones Many abilities/ specific factors (s) make up ones

general intelligence (g)general intelligence (g)

Charles Spearman and Charles Spearman and Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis Spearman concludes that when a Spearman concludes that when a

subject scores well in one factor of subject scores well in one factor of the intelligence test, he/she also has the intelligence test, he/she also has the tendency to score well in other the tendency to score well in other factors. (positive correlation)factors. (positive correlation)– Ex. If you score well in verbal Ex. If you score well in verbal

comprehension, you may also tend to comprehension, you may also tend to score well in reasoning or spatial abilityscore well in reasoning or spatial ability

– Activity on Dyslexia, Discalcula Activity on Dyslexia, Discalcula

LL ThurstoneLL Thurstone

Intelligence is comprised of seven Intelligence is comprised of seven primary mental abilities primary mental abilities – Numerical, reasoning, verbal fluency, Numerical, reasoning, verbal fluency,

spatial, perceptual, memory, and verbal spatial, perceptual, memory, and verbal comprehension. (you do not have to comprehension. (you do not have to memorize these)memorize these)

Some detection that excelling in one Some detection that excelling in one indicates the tendency to excel in indicates the tendency to excel in others – leads to support of a g others – leads to support of a g factor. factor.

Activity on Multiple Activity on Multiple IntelligencesIntelligences 1. Check off all that apply to you 1. Check off all that apply to you

then add up your check marks. then add up your check marks. 2. Look on backside and read 2. Look on backside and read

about the intelligences that about the intelligences that match your check marks.match your check marks.

Howard Gardner and Howard Gardner and Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences Multiple Multiple

IntelligencesIntelligences - - Intelligence Intelligence encompasses a encompasses a large range of large range of human behaviorhuman behavior

8 types of 8 types of intelligence (aka intelligence (aka “smarts”)“smarts”)

A modern Thurstone A modern Thurstone approachapproach

8 KINDS OF SMART8 KINDS OF SMART– LinguisticLinguistic– Logical – mathematicalLogical – mathematical– SpatialSpatial– MusicalMusical– Bodily – KinestheticBodily – Kinesthetic– IntrapersonalIntrapersonal– InterpersonalInterpersonal– Naturalistic intelligenceNaturalistic intelligence– Q Which 2 Q Which 2

intelligences are most intelligences are most important to succeed important to succeed in school?in school?

Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

Intrapersonal- know thyself- some Intrapersonal- know thyself- some psychologists believe very important psychologists believe very important to accept past, live in present while to accept past, live in present while setting goals for future.setting goals for future.

Interpersonal- (people smarts). Interpersonal- (people smarts). Great at making connections with Great at making connections with people, reading their thoughts, people, reading their thoughts, motives, needs .etcmotives, needs .etc

Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

Spatial- map reading, rubricks cube, Spatial- map reading, rubricks cube, checkers (p.424), artisticcheckers (p.424), artistic

Musical Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS Musical Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS NewsNews

Bodily-Kinestetic (athletes)Bodily-Kinestetic (athletes) Q If we say someone is smart which of Q If we say someone is smart which of

the 7 intelligences are we usually the 7 intelligences are we usually referring to??referring to??

Video- Howard Gardner Multiple IT.Video- Howard Gardner Multiple IT.

Impact of GardnerImpact of Gardner

Gardner’s Theory was impetus for Gardner’s Theory was impetus for schools such as the Northwest schools such as the Northwest School Of Arts and Montesourri School Of Arts and Montesourri SchoolsSchools

Complete Battle of the sexes,Complete Battle of the sexes, Learning StylesLearning Styles Video: Right and Left Brain Video: Right and Left Brain

Education?Education?

What is a Savant?What is a Savant?

Savant syndromeSavant syndrome – a person – a person otherwise limited in mental ability has otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional skill.an exceptional skill.

Re: Examples of SavantsRe: Examples of Savants– Many are also diagnosed with autism Many are also diagnosed with autism

(afflict mostly males)(afflict mostly males) – Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS NewsMeet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS News

Stephen Wiltshire: The Human Stephen Wiltshire: The Human Camera - YouTubeCamera - YouTube

Robert Sternberg and Robert Sternberg and the Triarchic Theorythe Triarchic Theory Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory - Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory -

three types of intelligences exist. three types of intelligences exist. – Analytical (Componential) Analytical (Componential)

intelligenceintelligence – typical intelligence – typical intelligence assess by intelligence tests.assess by intelligence tests.

– Creative (Experiential) Creative (Experiential) intelligenceintelligence – use knowledge and – use knowledge and experiences in creative waysexperiences in creative ways

– Practical (Contextual) Practical (Contextual) intelligenceintelligence – able to apply real- – able to apply real-world situationsworld situations

Robert Sternberg and Robert Sternberg and the Triarchic Theorythe Triarchic Theory Intelligence is NOT ability based, rather Intelligence is NOT ability based, rather

based on context and the situation. based on context and the situation. Sternberg encourages universities and Sternberg encourages universities and

employers to not only look at Analytical employers to not only look at Analytical intelligence but also at creative and intelligence but also at creative and practical intelligence. Creative and practical intelligence. Creative and practical intelligence are more realistic practical intelligence are more realistic for everyday experiences.for everyday experiences.

Daniel Goleman and Daniel Goleman and Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence Emotional intelligenceEmotional intelligence – the – the

ability to perceive, express, ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate understand, and regulate emotions. (Goleman called this EQ)emotions. (Goleman called this EQ)

Ex. Delaying Gratification- The Ex. Delaying Gratification- The Marshmallow Test.Marshmallow Test.

EQ and IQ are both needed to EQ and IQ are both needed to succeed. succeed.

Endless MemoryEndless Memory

Endless Memory, Part 2 - 60 Endless Memory, Part 2 - 60 minutesminutes