intelligence (imran khan salarzai)

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Intelligence:Group presentation

Prepared by:

Imran Khan SalarzaiIntelligence:

12/27/2015Imran khan salarzai

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Group members

•Muhammad Ishaq•Muhammad Ayaz•Arshad Ali•M S Khan

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Objective

At the end of this presentation the students will be able to:• Define intelligence.• Discus various theories of intelligence.• Measure and perform characteristic test

for intelligence.

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What is Intelligence

Intelligence is define…..

The mental abilities, The ability to judgment, The ability to understand ,and the ability to act purposefully, and deal

effectively with the environment.

OR

The ability to think well, understand well, and to reason well is known as intelligence. OR

Intelligence is the abilities to learn from experiences and the ability to adopt to the environment.

“Intelligence is what you do when you don’t know what to do.”12/27/2015Imran khan salarzai

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Theories of Intelligence

• There are so many theories, which explain the concept of intelligence in different ways. Some of these are given in the next slides……..


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Charles spearman theory (1927)

• A British psychologist, proposed two-factor theory of intelligence..

• According to this theory, intelligence divided into two factors.

• 1.”G-factor” or general intelligence.• 2.”S-factor” or special intelligence.• An individual with more G-factor is intelligent in all his

gender type of activities. On the other hand, a person having more of S-factor is intelligent in one particular type of activity such a music, mathematics, etc.

• He may be dull in all other aspect.12/27/2015Imran khan salarzai

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Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:

• He focused on just three main components.

• Analytical intelligence: This component refers to problem-solving abilities.

• Creative intelligence: This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills.

• Practical intelligence: This element refers to the ability to adapt to a changing environment.12/27/2015Imran khan salarzai

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Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences:

• One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence. His theory describes eight distinct intelligences that are based on skills and abilities that are valued within different cultures.


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Cont…

• 1. Linguistic: spoken and written language skills• 2. Logical–mathematical: number skills• 3. Musical: performance or composition skills• 4. Spatial: ability to evaluate and analyse the visual

world• 5. Bodily-kinesthetic: dance or athletic abilities• 6. Interpersonal: skill in understanding and relating to

others• 7. Intrapersonal: skill in understanding the self• 8. Nature: skill in understanding the natural world


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The nine intelligences Gardner described are:


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For visual learners


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MEASUREMENT AND CHARECTERISTIC

TEST FOR INTILLEGENCE:

• 12/27/2015Imran khan salarzai

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The Binet‐Simon intelligence test• The Binet‐Simon intelligence scale, developed

by French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, was administered to children to evaluate their performance ( mental age) at a given chronological age.

• On the basis of the Binet test, children were assigned a score relating to their mental age, the age for which a given level of performance is average or typical. For example, if the average 8-year-old answered, say, 45 items correctly on a test, anyone who answered 45 items correctly would be assigned a mental age of 8 years. Consequently, whether the person taking the test was 20 years old or 5 years old, he or she would have the same mental age of 8 years.


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Stanford‐ Binet intelligence scale

• Lewis Terman of Stanford University revised the Binet scale in 1916. The revised scale, called the Stanford‐ Binet intelligence scale, although it retained the concept of mental and chronological ages, introduced the concept of the intelligence quotient (IQ) arrived at by the following widely used formula, which allows comparison between children of different ages. 12/27/2015Imran khan salarzai

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Cont..

• The 1986 revision of the test, the latest of several, varies the calculation so that the test is useful for adults as well as for children. An individual's score for correct answers is compared to a table of scores of test takers of the same age (with the average score always scaled to 100).


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IQ scale

• The following scale resulted for classifying IQ scores:

• Over 140 - Genius or almost genius• 120 - 140 - Very superior intelligence• 110 - 119 - Superior intelligence• 90 - 109 - Average or normal intelligence• 80 - 89 - Dullness• 70 - 79 - Borderline deficiency in intelligence• Under 70 - Feeble-mindedness


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Graph


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Tests of aptitude and achievement

• Tests of aptitude and achievement. Group tests (such as the California Achievement Tests and the SAT, the Scholastic Assessment Test) are often used to measure aptitude, the capacity to learn (including both verbal and performance aptitudes) and achievement, what has been learned.


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Ranges of intelligence scores. The two extremes of levels of

intellectual functioning are known as developmentally disabled and

gifted.• Those identified as mentally retarded (sometimes described as developmentally disabled) have IQ scores of 70 or below. Severity of disability and corresponding IQ scores are mild (50 to 70), moderate (35 to 50), severe (20 to 35), and profound (below 20). Some, but not all, of the causes of mental retardation are known and include Down syndrome, a genetic disorder; phenylketonuria, a metabolic disorder; and developmental disability due to anoxia (lack of oxygen) during gestation.


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Cont…

• The gifted usually fall within the upper 2% to 3% of the IQ score distribution (between 130 and 145). Louis Terman's well‐known longitudinal study of the gifted, which will not be complete until 2010, found that gifted children are generally superior to average‐IQ peers in health, achievement, and adjustment to life stresses. Currently, gifted children are identified not only by IQ but also by superior potential in any of six areas: general intelligence, specific aptitudes (math, for example), creativity, leadership, performing arts, and athletics.


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Advance IQ Test

• A comprehensive professional assessment of a person's intelligence which focuses on 13 dimensions of intelligence listed here:


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Cont…• Analytical: ability to analyze and evaluate ideas,

solve problems and make decisions.• Spatial: active imagination, thinking in three

dimensions, image manipulation … etc.• Logical: mathematical intelligence to calculate,

quantify, hypotheses… etc.• Memory: skill of storing and later retrieving

information efficiently.• Musical: recognizing rhythms and tones, creating,

reproducing music… etc.12/27/2015Imran khan salarzai

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Cont….

• Linguistic: thinking in words and using language to express complex meanings.

• Philosophical: systematic approach and reliance on rational argument of abstracts.

• Moral: demonstration of self-control, kindness, and conscience.

• Spiritual: heightened states of consciousness and use of spiritual resources to solve problems.


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Cont..

• The test is designed by a team of psychologists, mathematicians, engineers, philosophers, musicians, artists and educators. It is considered the best attempt to measure intelligence.


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