INTELLIGENT CITIES Concept

Nicos KomninosURENIO Research, Aristotle University

www.urenio.org

PhD seminar “Intelligent cities: Systems and Environment of Innovation”

Lecture 1

Contents

Conceptualization

Intelligent cities driving forces

InfrastructureDistrict planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment

Industry Housing Districts

University

Science Parks and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks

Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance

City: Fundamental layers throughout its history“Agglomeration” + “Regulation Institutions”

Infrastructure

District planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment

Industry Housing Districts

University

Science Parks and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

INDUSTRIAL CITY

Infrastructure

District planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment

Industry Housing Districts

University

Science Parks and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

VICTORIAN CITY

Infrastructure

District planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment

Industry Housing Districts

University

Science Parks and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

FORDIST CITY

Infrastructure

District planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment

Industry Housing Districts

University

Science Parks and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

INNOVATION-LED

Development

PLANNING

B. A new spatiality / layer (digital / intelligence) has been added on the urban agglomeration, activities, infrastructures, regulation and planning. It is composed of broadband networks, user interfaces, content applications, and e-services. All these artcrafts create un umbrella of communication and cooperation over the cities, locally and globally.

City: Beginning of 21st century - A new type of urban spaceTwo driving forces: Innovation-led economy + Digital spatiality

A. The contemporary urban economy and society has become knowledge-basedand innovation-led: Knowledge cities, innovation cities, innovating cities, creative cities. R&D, knowledge and innovation are main drivers of city’s development. City governance and planning also change by public-private partnerships and triple-helix alliances.

+

A. Innovation-led economy / Knowledge-based citiesLocal innovation systems, clusters, supply chains, alliances, institutions

Social and economic base of innovation-led / knowledge cities:Innovation systems explain innovation performance with respect to networks and interactions

among companies, universities, and government. The internal dynamic of an innovation system creates a ‘perpetual cycle borne out of the critical inputs of intellectual and financial capital, translated into new technologies and products that lead to new firm formation and job creation, generating revenues that may be re-invested into the system’ (John Adams Innovation Institute 2007).

Evolutionary theory and the role of external environment selecting innovationsGeographical clustering of innovation, tacit knowledge, trust relations and alliancesOpen innovation, co-design, end-user involvement in innovation / real city environments

R&DInnovatio

n

funding

Producti

on

re-

tooling

New

product

developm

ent

Strategic

company

planning

Market

researchProduc

tion

runs

RESEARCH AND

TECHNOLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENTResearch institutesUniversity researchR&D in large companies

Innovative SMEs

INNOVATION FINANCEVenture capital fundsTechnology incentives

Regional incentives and aidsSpin-offs / start-ups NEW PRODUCT

DEVELOPMENTProvision of management,

product, market, and quality services

Specialised centresBusiness consultants

PROCESS INNOVATION

Clusters and networks

Technology co-operationSupply chains

AlliancesDistribution & Promotion

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Co-operation between

universities and companies

Technology brokerageLicensing

B. Digital spatiality / intelligence over the citiesComponents: Network–Data technologies–Applications-eServices

`

Εσρσζωνικό δίκτσο πόλης

Fiber Optics, 3G, WiMAX, WiFi Mess, Cable/DSL, WiFi

Ψηφιακή Δημοκρατία

§ Πληροθόρηζη για δραζηηριόηηηες§ Μεηάδοζη ζσνεδριάζεφν ηφν

οργάνφν μέζφ διαδικηύοσ§ On-line θόροσμ ζσζηηήζεφν§ On-line δημουηθίζμαηα

Ψηφιακή Διακυβέρμηση

§ Πληροθόρηζη για σπηρεζίες και διαδικαζίες

§ Οn-line απόκηηζη πιζηοποιηηικών

Ψηφιακή Επιχειρηματικότητα

§ On-line επιτειρημαηικά εργαλεία

§ Τοπικό e-marketplace

Προβολή και Πολιτισμός

§ Ψηθιακός τάρηης

§ Εικονική περιήγηζη

§ Πολιηιζηική Πληροθόρηζη

Πληροφόρηση

§ Πληροθόρηζη για καηοίκοσς και

επιτειρήζεις

§ Επιλεγμένοι ηομείς ενδιαθέρονηος

§ Δσναηόηηηα ειζαγφγής πληροθοριών

από καηοίκοσς και επιτειρήζεις

Information

• To the citizen• To producers• City events• Location of activities

Digital Entrepreneurship

• e-Marketplaces• e-Location• e-Business

Visualisation

• The city• Cultural heritage• Monuments• Place & environment

e-Innovation

• Collaborative spaces• New product development tools

Broadband city networkFiber oprics, 3G, WiMax, WiFi, xDSL

e-Government

• Online city services• Online administration• e-Democracy

e-Technologies

• Knowledge repository

• Exploitation eTools

• Online tech transfer

ΤεχνολογίεςData-Technologies

Network Applications

e-Services

Industry Housing Districts

University

Science Parks and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks

Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance

Layer III. Digital spatiality over the city

Intelligent city: A three layer systemA more advanced, complex and effective urban system

INNOVATION PLAN

Smart transport

Smart Infrastructure

Cluster planning

Environmental sustainability

Advanced knowledge functions

1. e-INFORMATION: Gathering, processing and delivery

2. e-LEARNING: Skill development, technology transfer, technology acquisition

3. e-INNOVATION: Creation of new products and services. Digital tools and environments for new product design and production. Local and global innovation supply chains.

4. e-DIFFUSION: Marketing, promotion, delivery of products and services

Intelligent cities: Impact from adding a digital layerAdvanced knowledge functions – Improved city functions

Improved city functions

Competitive cities based on global clusters, networks, and supply chains

Innovative cities: Innovation crowdsourcing + global innovation chains

Energy saving infrastructure

Improved city transportation

More secure urban space

Real time monitoring and management of the environment

Wider citizens participation to decision making

Intelligent cities: ImpactThe integration of digital space transforms city functions and districts

Innovation Economy• 1- Intelligent city clusters: manufacturing, business

services, health, tourism

• 2- Intelligent city districts: CBD, techno park, mall, university campus, port area, airport city

• 3- New companies creation / intelligent incubators

City Infrastructure – Quality of life• 4- Smart transport and parking

• 5- Broadband, wi-fi

• 6-Energy saving / smart grid

• 7- Environment monitoring, real time alert and safety

Governance• 8- Government services to citizens

• 9- Decision making / participation / direct democracy

• 10- Monitoring & measurement: The city a database

Conceptualization

A new family of concepts: Cyber - Digital - Intelligent – Smart cities

Many different descriptions of what an intelligent city (IC) is can be found in the literature:

ICs have been initially identified with virtual reconstructions of cities, virtual cities. The term has been used interchangeably as an equivalent of ‘digital city’ covering a wide range of digital representations of the physical space of cities (Droege 1997). However, the additional communication capabilities offered by a virtual platform or a virtual reconstruction of a city is not adequate to characterize an urban system as 'intelligent'.

In a metaphorical use of the term, ICs have been seen as a commonplace for various electronic IT systems and digital applications involved in city operations and functions. MIMOS, the Malaysian Telecommunications Institute, pointed out that the metaphorical characterizations of the ‘Intelligent City’ cover many concepts such as the ‘invisible city', ‘information city’, 'wired city', 'telecity', ‘knowledge-based city', ‘virtual city’, ‘electronic communities’, 'electronic spaces', 'flexicity', ‘teletopia', 'cyberville', etc., where each term stresses a specific functional activity.

Another meaning was given by the World Foundation for Smart Communities, that links digital cities with smart growth, a development based on information and communication technologies. ‘A Smart Community is a community that has made a conscious effort to use information technology to transform life and work within its region in significant and fundamental, rather than incremental, ways’ (California Institute for Smart Communities, 2001).

ICs were seen as environments with embedded information and communication technologies creating interactive spaces that bring computation into the physical world user’ (Steventon and Wright 2006). From this perspective, intelligent cities (or intelligent spaces more generally) refer to physical environments in which information and communication technologies and sensor systems disappear as they become embedded into physical objects and the surroundings we live, travel, and work in.

Intelligent cities were also defined as territories that bring innovation and ICTs within the same locality. The Intelligent Community Forum has developed a list of five criteria for understanding how communities and regions can gain a competitive edge by combining broadband communications to businesses, government facilities and residences with effective education, training, and innovation in the public and private sectors (ICF 2006).

Along the same line, intelligent cities (communities, clusters, regions) were defined as territorial systems of innovation sustained by digital communication and interaction. ‘We use the term ‘intelligent city’ to characterize areas which have the ability to support learning, technological development, and innovation procedures on the one hand, with digital spaces, information processing, and knowledge transfer on the other hand’ (Komninos 2002, p. 198).

Innovation Financing

Banks, Business Angels,

Venture Capital, Regional

Incentives

Technology Transfer

Organisations

Tech Parks, Tech Networks,

Brokers, Consultants

Universities /

Research

Institutes

Public R&D

Laboratories

Private R&D

Departments

and Centres

Technology Information System

Patents, Standards, Technical

Publications, Emerging Markets,

Foresight

CLUSTERS

Group of companies in co-

operation

Vertical / Horizontal

Dev. Org.Univ. Labs

Res. Inst.

Tech Park

Cluster

Cluster

e-Intelligence

e-Innovation

e-Technologies

e-Markets

Digital

CyberIntelligent

Smart

A new family of concepts: Cyber - Digital - Intelligent – Smart citiesDifferences in substance and function of layer III

Layer III. Digital space over the city

Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance

Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks

1. Smart CommunitiesWorld Foundation for Smart Communities

2. Smart CitiesMIT Smart Cities Lab

6

15

Layer III, relates to digital spatiality and artificial intelligence embedded into the physical environment of the city. This includes the communication infrastructure, digital spaces, and e-tools for problem-solving available to the city's population.

Layer II, relates to cooperation institutions and the collective intelligence of a city’s population. Includes institutions and mechanisms regulating knowledge flows and co-operation in learning and innovation: R&D institutions, venture capital funds, technology transfer and training centers, intellectual property, spin-off incubators, technology and marketing consultants.

Layer l, relates to people in the city: the intelligence, inventiveness and creativity of the individuals who live and work in the city, the activities and clusters of a city.

Innovation Financing

Banks, Business Angels,

Venture Capital, Regional

Incentives

Technology Transfer

Organisations

Tech Parks, Tech Networks,

Brokers, Consultants

Universities /

Research

Institutes

Public R&D

Laboratories

Private R&D

Departments

and Centres

Technology Information System

Patents, Standards, Technical

Publications, Emerging Markets,

Foresight

CLUSTERS

Group of companies in co-

operation

Vertical / Horizontal

Dev. Org.Univ. Labs

Res. Inst.

Tech Park

Cluster

Cluster

e-Intelligence

e-Innovation

e-Technologies

e-Markets

3. Intelligent CitiesURENIO: Integration of three intelligences

16

4. Intelligent EnvironmentsIntelligent spaces – Ubiquitous cities

“Types of Intelligent Environments range from private to public and from fixed to mobile; some are ephemeral while others are permanent; some change type during their life span. The realisation of Intelligent Environments requires the convergence of different prominent disciplines: Information and Computer Science, Architecture, Material Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Sociology and Design.

In addition, technical breakthroughs are required in key enabling technology fields, such as, microelectronics (e.g., miniaturisation, power consumption), communication and networking technologies (e.g., broadband and wireless networks), smart materials (e.g., bio-implants) and intelligent agents (e.g., context awareness and ontologies)” (IE 08).

‘Intangible or intellectual capital resources are now largely recognized as the most important competitive advantage’.

Corporate level: Intangible investments (R&D, innovation, knowledge creation, marketing, advertising) are the most important sources of performance’.

Community level: Ragusa (1301-1806): A city of intelligence - Social intelligence / political + institutional / organised

Measuring, accounting intellectual capitalCultivating / nourishing intellectual capital

5. Intellectual capital for cities and regionsKnowledge Cities Summits

18

6. Intelligent CommunitiesIntelligent Community Forum: Innovation & Broadband

Intel

Community

Strategy

Broadband

infrastructure policy

Digital inclusion

policy

Innovation

policy

Policy for

knowledge

workers

Promotion

and

marketing

policy

ICTs

InnovPlace

7. Ambient Intelligence CommunitiesEU Living Lab Network

20

Intelligent citiesA set of concepts linking cities, innovation, and digital services

A spectrum of combinations

Intellectual capital of cities Intelligent environments

Cities /

communities

Innovation

systemsICTs /

broadband

networks /

services

Intelligent cities: A new urban planning and development paradigm combining

Cities / communities

Innovation systems

ICTs, broadband networks and e-services

Cities /

communities

ICTs /

broadband

networks /

services

Cities /

communities

Innovation

systems

Intelligent innovation ecosystems

21

More:

Komninos, N. (2002) Intelligent Cities: Innovation, knowledge systems and digital spaces, London and New York: Taylor and Francis. (Chapter 13)

Komninos, N. (2008) Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks, London and New York: Routledge. (Chapters 5 and 10)