Intelligent Transportation Systems

European C2C Activities

Prof. Dr. Thomas Strang

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Outline

European C2C Activities

Car2-to-Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC)

ETSI TC ITS

Projects

SAFESPOT

CVIS

COOPERS

iTetris

PreDrive, incl. CODAR Viewer

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Car-to-Car Communication ConsortiumPartners

Partners

AssociateMembers

Dev.Members

M. Röckl and T. Strang, 2010

www.car-2-car.org

New: BasicMembers several dozenz of individuals

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Car-2-Car Communication ConsortiumProtocol stack

M. Röckl and T. Strang, 2010

[Sou

rce:

Car

2Car

-CC

]

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C2C-CC: 6 communication patternsPattern 1: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Cooperative Awareness

WARNUse cases:Intersection Collision Warning (V2V)Left Turn Assistant (V2V)Cooperative Forward Collision WarningBlind Spot Warning…

Comm. Type: BroadcastComm. Range:300 mRSUs: NoneSecurity: V2V Trust

Vehicles periodically broadcast dynamic information to share vehicle information. From the periodic broadcasts, Advisories or Warnings are delivered to the driver to prevent crashes.

(source: Car-to-Car Communication Consortium)

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Use cases:pre-crash sensing…

Comm. Type: UnicastComm. Range:50 mRSUs: NoneSecurity: V2V Trust

When a collision is nearly unavoidable vehicles establish a unicast “connection” to share more vehicle information at a faster rate. The vehicle attempts to avoid or prepares for the crash.

(source: Car-to-Car Communication Consortium)

C2C-CC: 6 communication patternsPattern 2: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Unicast Exchange

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Use cases:Road Condition Warning (V2V) Incident Detection and RelayPost-crash Warning (V2V)Emergency Electronic Brake LampsApproaching Emergency Vehicle Warning…

Comm. Type: Broad/Unicast

Comm. Range:300 mRSUs: Aid AppSecurity: V2V Trust

Vehicles share information with each other about observed roadway information. Each vehicle can add value to the information.

image source: Hiller, WILLWARN: System and Warning Management, Car2Car App Working Group, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, March 2006.

(source: Car-to-Car Communication Consortium)

C2C-CC: 6 communication patternsPattern 3: V2V Decentralized Environmental Notification

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Use cases:Post-crash Warning (I2V)Low Bridge WarningTravel Time AdvisoryCurve Speed WarningLocation Based Shopping/Advertising…

Comm. Type: BroadcastComm. Range:0.3 to ?kmRSUs: RequiredSecurity: RSU Trust

Vehicles receive information from an RSU. The communication is one-way broadcast from the RSU to the vehicle(s).

RSU Sends:Curve Start/EndCurve Radius

(source: Car-to-Car Communication Consortium)

C2C-CC: 6 communication patternsPattern 4: Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (one way)

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Use cases:Free-flow TollingDrive-thru PaymentVehicles as Traffic ProbesSoftware UpdatesEmergency Vehicle Signal Preemption…

Comm. Type: UnicastComm. Range:100 mRSUs: RequiredSecurity: RSU/OBU Trust

Vehicles establish a trusted two-way connection to an RSU. The vehicle will communicate with the RSU and will not use the RSU as a direct router to a larger network. Vehicle connects to

RSU for service

RSU Accepts Connection

RSU Broadcasts Service Offering

Two-way communication connection established

(source: Car-to-Car Communication Consortium)

C2C-CC: 6 communication patternsPattern 5: Local Roadside Unit Connection

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Use cases:Fleet ManagementIn-Route Hotel ReservationsInternet Audio & VideoWeb BrowsingCrash Data to Public Service Answering Point…

A vehicle establishes a two-way connection to an RSU. The RSU routes Internet Protocol messages appropriately. The vehicle uses typical internet security for data protection.

Vehicle connects to RSU for service

RSU Accepts Connection

RSU Broadcasts Router Service

Vehicle connected to Internet

Inte

rnet

Comm. Type: UnicastComm. Range:100 mRSUs: RequiredSecurity: Inet Sec.

(source: Car-to-Car Communication Consortium)

C2C-CC: 6 communication patternsPattern 6: Internet Protocol Roadside Unit Connection

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Car-to-Car Communication ConsortiumFirst C2C-CC Demonstration (October 2008)

Demonstrate thefunctionality of CAR 2 CAR Communication Consortium system with 5 selected use cases

Warning of road worksEmergency vehicleBroken down vehicleMotorcycle use case / intersection scenarioSituation Monitor

interoperability between different communication platforms9 vehicle manufacturers (Opel, BMW, Daimler, Volvo, Renault, Fiat, Volkswagen, Audi, Honda, …)4 communication supplies (NEC, Hitachi / Renesas, Delphi, Denso)1 after market supplier(Alpine)

impact of vehicle-to-x communication

Objectives

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Demonstration self-restrictedto just two message types: CAM and DEN

Demonstration of technology although notfully specified yet. Thus, as compromise, mask layer 3..6 (i.e. APP on top of LLC)

Cooperative Awareness Message (CAM)Type of Vehicle, Position, Speed, HeadingBroadcasted by all vehicles with 1 Hz

Decentralized Environment Notification Message (DEN)Type of Event, Region of EventBroadcasted by RSU or Vehicle

No. of layer Data Plane

7

Demo-APP

6

5

4

3

2b 802.2 LLC

2a WAVE MAC

1b WAVE PLCP

1a WAVE PMD

M. Röckl and T. Strang, 2010

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Use Cases – Warning of Road Works

Construction sites and temporary maintenance working areas areaccident black spots:

Changed traffic flowMore traffic signs Lane width changes, lane merging, “stress”, and other factors

The CAR 2 CAR system informs the driver on the details of the situation well before entering the potentially dangerous area

Geographic extent and affected areaDuration of road worksReason of road works…

Use Case 1

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Use Cases – Emergency Vehicle (EV)

When it comes to situations affecting the safety of lives every minute and every second is crucial. Road users are obliged to make way forEmergency vehicles (EVs) like ambulances or police cars. Potentialproblems are:

Source of sirenCrossing emergency vehicles at “green” lightsDestination of emergency vehicle

The CAR 2 CAR system informs the driver about the location of the source of the sirenwhere the emergency vehicle is headingon what lane the emergency vehicle will be overtaking

only if the emergency vehicle is expected to cross his route

Use Case 2

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Use Cases – Broken Down Vehicle / Post Crash Warning

Accidents and break downs are dangerous for any involved orassisting person as well as for approaching vehicles. Problems are:

Line of sight obstruction, e.g. behind a curve or hill top or due to weather conditionsTimely warning of affected traffic participants

If a vehicle detects a incident based on emergency flasher status, crash sensors, or onboard diagnosis, it can use the CAR 2 CAR system toinform about the type and location of the incidentraise awareness and alertness to the traffic situationact as “modern warning vest”

Use Case 3

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Use Cases – Motorcycle Warning / Intersection Assistance

European In-depth motorcycle accident analyses highlights thathuman error, and more specifically not seeing the motorcycle comingor misinterpreting distance and speed is the primary cause ofaccidents involving motorcycles. Reasons are:

Motorcycles have a smaller silhouette and are easier to “overlook”Motorcycles do not have a crumble zone

The CAR 2 CAR system informs the drivers of the involved vehiclesabout the presence of other traffic participantsby sending a respective warning message if a crash is predicted

Use Case 4

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ETSI TC ITS

Standardization by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Technical Committee (TC) Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

ETSI is the relevant European standardization body for telecommunication protocols

Received the official “mandate” from the EC to standardize V2XFirst visible result: the European Profile Standard of IEEE 802.11p

ES 202 663PHY and MAC control layer of ITS operating at 5 GHz“communication outside the context of a BSS”

BSS: Basic Service Set (Infrastructure Mode) – see lecture unit on IEEE802.11 WLAN

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Profile Standard Requirements compared to IEEE 802.11 core

Dual Receiver ConceptStrong requirement to be able to simultaneously receive the G5CC in case receiving on one of the Service Channels excerpt while transmitting (different from US!)

No MAC multicast on G5CC, no MAC encryption or fragmentation Distributed Congestion Control (DCC)

essential to maintain network stability, throughput efficiency and fair resource allocationrequires mechanisms on all layers (cross-layer)

Part of DCC:CSMA/CA (incl. ACKs and RTS/CTS)Adjustment of transmit power (Transmit Power Control, TPC)Adjustment of data rate or packet rate (Transmit Rate Control, TRC)

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European Profile of IEEE 802.11pRecap: Frequency band

ITS

road

saf

ety

(ITS-

G5A

)

Futu

re IT

S ap

plic

atio

ns

ITS

non-

safe

ty a

pplic

atio

ns (I

TS-G

5B)

Cooperation required e.g. because of RADAR in same band: DFS+TPC

DFS: Dynamic Frequency Selection TPC: Transmit Power Control TRC: Transmit Rate Control DCC: Distributed Congestion Control

Fixed STA = DFS master, Mobile STA = DFS slaveNo communication between mobiles in ITS-G5C possible!

Cross-Layer DCC, includingCSMA/CA, TPC, TRC

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Profile Standard: Channel Allocation

1 Control Channel (G5CC) in G5ADefault data rate 6Mbit/s, max. 33 dBm EIRP transmit powerShall be used for road safety and traffic efficiency applications as well as service announcements for other channels (G5SC1..5)

2 Service Channels in G5AG5SC2: Default 12 Mbit/s, max. 23 dBm EIRPG5SC1: Default 6 Mbit/s, max. 33 dBm EIRPShall be used for road safety and traffic efficiency applications

2 Service Channels in G5B, 1 (questionable?) Service Channel in G5CG5SC3..5, any application

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Car-2-Car Communication Consortium / ETSI TC ITSRelationship

European industrial development of V2X communication driven by C2C-CCC2C-CC is not a formal standardization authority, so the C2C-CC initiated the establishment of new TC ITS within ETSIC2C-CC WGs still act as preparatory platforms & discussion fora for ETSI TC ITS WGs.

One critical issue with the transfer of standardization to ETSI are the ETSI voting rules, which may add a strong bias to the whole process

Formal decision Discussion

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Selected European ProjectsCo-operative ITS

Variable Message Sign

Terrestrial BroadcastRDS, DAB, DVB-H

UMTSWiMAX

Info-Broadcaster

GSM-GPRS

Sat-Comm

COOPERS CVIS SafeSpot SISTER

BroadcastTransmitter

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (M5, IR, MM)

Hot-Spot(Wireless LAN)

GPS, Galileo

Beacon•CALM-M5•CALM-IR•CEN-DSRC

[based on M. Böhm, T. Scheider, 2007]