interactive digital media
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Apresentação de suporte às aulas da unidade curricular de Sistemas de Informação Multimédia da Licenciatura em Engenharia Informática da Universidade Lusófona do PortoTRANSCRIPT
Multimedia Information Systems
Interactive Media and Interaction Styles
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Part 1Interactive media
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Contents
Etymology
Essential characteristics
The environmental thesis and the anti-deterministic view
Technology acceptance models
Digital natives and digital immigrantsThe Millennials
Innovation adoption stages
A look into the future
Related careers
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The humanities
1978Computing in the humanities is a field dominated by
amateurs, in the best sense of this word. Nothing forces a critic to put texts on a computer; no composer is compelled to seek the aid of a machine; even the programmers employed on this kind of project are likely to be there by inclination rather than by accident. Economic motives are also largely absent: in general, nobody makes or saves money by using computers for such applications, and only occasionally can the machine save time.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Immersed
2010Interactive technologies are all around us…
Paying bills
Buying food
Fueling our cars
Opening doors
Global positioning systems
Closed-circuit television
Electronically recorded transactions
Mobile phones
Social networks
Information rivers
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Immersed
2010Interactive technologies are all around us…
Touch and multi-touch displays
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Immersed
2010Interactive technologies are all around us…
Augmented reality
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Immersed
2010Interactive technologies are all around us…
Ambient intelligence
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interactive media
InterAmong, between
ActionThe fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve
an aim
MediaThe plural form of medium, an agency or means of doing
something, something we use to communicate with
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interactive media
Interactive media is…The integration of digital media including combinations of
electronic text, graphics, moving images, and sound, into a structured digital computerized environment that allows people to interact with the data for appropriate purposes
Related to products and services on digital computer-based systems which respond to the user’s actions by presenting content such as text, graphics, animation, video, audio, etc…
Interactive media…allows users to participate and edit the content
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interactive media
But some argue that interactive media is not…limited to electronic media or digital media
They include board games, pop-up books and flip might be also considered examples of printed interactive media
Some will even argue that books with a simple table of contents or index may be considered interactive due to the non-linear control mechanism in the medium…
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interactive media
And interactive media is not…New media
On one hand, interactive media enables the dynamic life of the new media content and its interactive relationship with the prosumers
On the other, interactive media might just be use to “update” older media
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Essential characteristics
Interactive media retains some of the qualities of both artistic media and mass mediaHowever, the very nature of these older media forms has
been subjected to change by the qualities of computing devices
With the relationship between old and new interactive media in mindIt is important to establish the fundamental characteristics of
which aspects of old media still apply to interactive media and more importantly, what is new about interactive media
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Essential characteristics
The technological convergence of multiple mediaIntermedia
Multimedia
hypermedia
Generative content creation
The digitization, abstraction and simulation of old mediaIncreased fidelity
Quality of representation
Non-linearity
Immediacy
The interactive authoring and interpretation of meaningInteraction with and through the enabling technology
Relating production and interpretation
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Essential characteristics
The fact is that…Interactive media is changing the way in which we relate to
our surroundings by changing the nature of the media that we are already familiar with
One should ask, how do we establish what these changes and the resulting characteristics of interactive media are?
But today, we will only try to further elaborate on the environmental thesis versus the anti-deterministic view problem
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The environmental thesis
For McLuhan (1967) we are metaphorically fish that are unaware of the mediating water that surrounds usFish of course, having evolved to be perfectly adapted to the
life in the medium of water, are not aware of its existence
Water is the ecological niche into which they were born into
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The anti-deterministic view
For Williams (1974) it is human agency and the activities of societies and cultures that affect the nature of technology, not the other way aroundIn this case…
Technology is always developed with some human need or intention in mind
It is aimed at solving some problem or improving some pre-existing social situation
People are always in control of its development
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Technology acceptance modelDavis F. D. 1989. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quartely, 13/1989, pp. 319–339.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Extension of the acceptance model
Venkatesh, V. and Davis, F. D. 2000. Theoretical extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46: 2, pp. 186–204.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Unified theory of acceptance and use
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B. and Davis, F. D. 2003. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 27. No. 3, September, pp. 425–478.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Basic acceptance model concepts
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B. and Davis, F. D. 2003. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 27. No. 3, September, pp. 425–478.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Digital natives
Digital natives grew up using digital technology, and they’re often acting as guides for digital immigrantsThey are typically Millennials
http://abm.typepad.com/mediapace/2008/07/index.html
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Millennials?
Also named…Generation Now
has been used as well to reflect the urge for instant-gratification that technology has imparted
Computer Generation
Generation D
for Digital
Generation M
for Millennium or Multi-Task
Net Gen
a shortened form of Net Generation
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Millennials?
Some interesting facts…97% own a computer
94% own a cell phone
76% use Instant Messaging
15% of IM users are logged on 24/7
34% use Web sites as their primary source of news
28% own a blog and 44% read blogs
49% download music using peer-to-peer file sharing
75% of college students have a Facebook account
60% own some type of portable music or video device such as an iPod
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Digital immigrants
Digital immigrants like their information delivered in a linear, logical sequence, but digital natives prefer random access to hyperlinked informationThey already entered the digital world as adults
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Innovation adoption stagesRogers, E. M. 1995. The diffusion of innovations. Fourth edition. New York. Free Press.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Innovation adoption stages
InnovatorsInnovators are the first individuals to adopt an innovation.
Innovators are willing to take risks, youngest in age, have the highest social class, have great financial lucidity, very social and have closest contact to scientific sources and interaction with other innovators. Risk tolerance has them adopting technologies which may ultimately fail. Financial resources help absorb these failures.
Rogers, E. M. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe: Free Press.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Innovation adoption stages
Early AdoptersThis is the second fastest category of individuals who adopt
an innovation. These individuals have the highest degree of opinion leadership among the other adopter categories. Early adopters are typically younger in age, have a higher social status, have more financial lucidity, advanced education, and are more socially forward than late adopters. More discrete in adoption choices than innovators. Realize judicious choice of adoption will help them maintain central communication position.
Rogers, E. M. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe: Free Press.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Innovation adoption stages
Early MajorityIndividuals in this category adopt an innovation after a
varying degree of time. This time of adoption is significantly longer than the innovators and early adopters. Early Majority tend to be slower in the adoption process, have above average social status, contact with early adopters, and seldom hold positions of opinion leadership in a system.
Rogers, E. M. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe: Free Press.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Innovation adoption stages
Late MajorityIndividuals in this category will adopt an innovation after the
average member of the society. These individuals approach an innovation with a high degree of skepticism and after the majority of society has adopted the innovation. Late Majority are typically skeptical about an innovation, have below average social status, very little financial lucidity, in contact with others in late majority and early majority, very little opinion leadership.
Rogers, E. M. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe: Free Press.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Innovation adoption stages
LaggardsIndividuals in this category are the last to adopt an
innovation. Unlike some of the previous categories, individuals in this category show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents and tend to be advanced in age. Laggards typically tend to be focused on “traditions”, have lowest social status, lowest financial fluidity, oldest of all other adopters, in contact with only family and close friends, very little to no opinion leadership.
Rogers, E. M. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe: Free Press.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Innovation adoption chasmMoore, G. A. 1999. Crossing the Chasm. Second Edition. Capstone Publishing, Oxford.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A look into the future
Five powerful trendsMost growth in the interactive media market will occur outside of
today’s high income, or “advanced,” economies
Global governance of the Internet will remain substantially unchanged
Digital natives will relate to the Internet in markedly different ways than earlier generations
The QWERTY keyboard will not be the primary interface with the Internet
Consumers will pay for Internet connectivity in a much wider range of ways
(with flat pricing a rarity)
Monitor Global Business Network and Cisco. 2010. A Look Ahead to 2025 by Cisco and Monitor's Global Business Network.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A look into the future
Three areas of uncertaintyWill broadband network build-out be extensive as a result of
the combined effect of private and public investment, or more limited?
Will technological progress be characterized more by breakthroughs or mostly represent incremental advances?
Will user behavior, including the appetite for ever-richer interactive media applications, lead to demand growth being unbridled or more constrained?
Monitor Global Business Network and Cisco. 2010. A Look Ahead to 2025 by Cisco and Monitor's Global Business Network.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A look into the future
Four possible scenariosFluid frontiers
A world in which the Internet becomes pervasive and centrifugal
Technology continues to make connectivity and devices more and more affordable, in spite of limited investment in network build-out, while global entrepreneurship and fierce competition ensure that the wide range of needs and demands from across the world are met quickly and from equally diverse setups and locations
Monitor Global Business Network and Cisco. 2010. A Look Ahead to 2025 by Cisco and Monitor's Global Business Network.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A look into the future
Four possible scenariosInsecure growth
A world in which users, individuals and business alike, are inhibited from intensive reliance on the Internet
Relentless cyber attacks driven by wide-ranging motivations defy the preventive capabilities of governments and international bodies
Secure alternatives emerge, but they are expensive
Monitor Global Business Network and Cisco. 2010. A Look Ahead to 2025 by Cisco and Monitor's Global Business Network.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A look into the future
Four possible scenariosShort of the promise
A frugal world in which prolonged economic stagnation in many countries takes its toll on the spread of the Internet
Technology offers no compensating breakthroughs, and protectionist policy responses to economic weakness make matters worse both in economic terms and with regard to network technology adoption
Monitor Global Business Network and Cisco. 2010. A Look Ahead to 2025 by Cisco and Monitor's Global Business Network.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A look into the future
Four possible scenariosBursting at the seams
A world in which the Internet becomes a victim of its own success
Demand for IP-based services is boundless, but capacity constraints and occasional bottlenecks create a gap between the expectations and reality of Internet use
Meanwhile, international technology standards don’t come to pass, in part because of a global backlash against decades of U.S. technology dominance
Monitor Global Business Network and Cisco. 2010. A Look Ahead to 2025 by Cisco and Monitor's Global Business Network.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Related careershttp://www.skillset.org/interactive/careers/
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Related careershttp://www.skillset.org/interactive/careers/
Where the bars fade out, this indicates that career progression usually requires moving into a different role at this point - typically to one that is adjacent or nearby on the diagram above
Where the bars do not fade out, this indicates that career progression is possible within the role, with increasingly senior positions usually being available
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interactive media recap
Etymology
Essential characteristics
The environmental thesis and the anti-deterministic view
Technology acceptance models
Digital natives and digital immigrantsThe Millennials
Innovation adoption stages
A look into the future
Related careers
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
One final question
So… do we drive or are we driven by the development of interactive media?Does any of the initially presented models prevail?
Does the answer depend on our digital citizenship status?
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Product life cycle
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Part IIInteraction styles
Click icon to add picture
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Contents
Etymology
The relation between the evolution of computing and the main interaction styles
The technological hype cycle and adoption timings
Related knowledge domains
Beyond interacting with digital media
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Personal computing
1978It is generally thought that a computer must cost under USD
1000.00 to have mass-market appeal. A machine at that price today is a minimal computer system. It has as little as 8KB of user memory, uses audio cassettes for mass storage, and has a CRT display for output. Today’s computer is programmed in BASC. Small amounts of application software are available on cassettes.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Data storage
1978A new approach to storing data in computers, using a
tunable dye laser, is described in US Patent 4,101,976 awarded to scientists at IBM’s San Jose Research Laboratory. Based on a photochemical process called ‘hole burning’, the new system provides a unique method for increasing the amount of information that can be packed into a given space.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Mobile computing
1994Recent advances in technology have provided portable
computers with wireless interfaces that allow networked communication even while a user is mobile. Whereas today’s first-generation notebook computers and personal digital assistants are self-contained, networked mobile computers are part of a greater infrastructure. Mobile computing will very likely revolutionize the way we use computers.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interaction styles
InterAmong, between
Actionthe fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim
InteractionReciprocal action or influence
Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another
The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect
StyleA manner of doing something
A way of painting, a way of writing…
A way of interacting
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interaction styles
In our case…Ways of interacting with and through interactive media
Ways of communicating with and by means of computerized environments
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The evolution of computingWaldner, J-B. 2007. Nano-informatique et intelligence ambiante: inventer l'ordinateur du XXIe siècle. Hermes Science Publications, 2007
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The evolution of computingWaldner, J-B. 2007. Nano-informatique et intelligence ambiante: inventer l'ordinateur du XXIe siècle. Hermes Science Publications, 2007
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Main interaction styles
Command line interfaces
Graphical user interfaces
Natural user interfaces
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The evolution of computingWaldner, J-B. 2007. Nano-informatique et intelligence ambiante: inventer l'ordinateur du XXIe siècle. Hermes Science Publications, 2007
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Physical programming
In the beginning it wasall about interacting with the computer
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Card punching and reading
Batch processing
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A teletypewriter
The birth of the CommandLine Interface
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Early graphic workstation
An initial GraphicUser Interface
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A mouse prototype
Invented byDouglas Engelbart
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A video-display unit
The oN-Line System featuring a display, a keyboard and mouse
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The oN-Line System
…or the Augmentation of Human IntellectA system envisioned by Douglas Engelbart, to help Increasing the
capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems
Increased capability in this respect is taken to mean a mixture of the following: more-rapid comprehension, better comprehension, the possibility of gaining a useful degree of comprehension in a situation that previously was too complex, speedier solutions, better solutions, and the possibility of finding solutions to problems that before seemed insolvable
Complex situations we include the professional problems of diplomats, executives, social scientists, life scientists, physical scientists, attorneys, designers--whether the problem situation exists for twenty minutes or twenty years…
http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The oN-Line System
The system was called oN-Line System, because it was also networked between multiple computersComputers were no longer isolated
The display system was based on vector graphics technology and could display both text and solid lines on the same screen
Because of limited memory space in the mainframe computer, it could only display upper-case characters, although true upper-case was displayed by the use of a short horizontal line directly above any capitalized letters
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The evolution of computingWaldner, J-B. 2007. Nano-informatique et intelligence ambiante: inventer l'ordinateur du XXIe siècle. Hermes Science Publications, 2007
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The Xerox Alto
The Alto was not a microcomputer as such, although its components did fit under a desk
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The Xerox Star
The Star had some differences from the Alto, most significantly the ability to overlap windows was removed as it was thought too confusing for the general public…
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The Apple Lisa
The Lisa user interface invented some of the Graphical User Interface concepts we still use today. Icons could represent all files in the system and the drag and drop was used for file
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The Apple Macintosh
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The Apple Macintosh
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Other early graphic user interfaces
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The evolution of computingWaldner, J-B. 2007. Nano-informatique et intelligence ambiante: inventer l'ordinateur du XXIe siècle. Hermes Science Publications, 2007
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
A graphic user interface timeline
Examples of graphic user interface styles are…Menu selection
Forms fill-in
Direct manipulation
Metaphors (ie. The desktop)
Web navigation
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The evolution of computingWaldner, J-B. 2007. Nano-informatique et intelligence ambiante: inventer l'ordinateur du XXIe siècle. Hermes Science Publications, 2007
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
The evolution of computingWaldner, J-B. 2007. Nano-informatique et intelligence ambiante: inventer l'ordinateur du XXIe siècle. Hermes Science Publications, 2007
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Natural user interfaces
…is the common designation used by designers and developers of computer interfaces to refer to a user interface that is effectively invisible, or becomes invisible with successive learned interactions, to its usersThe word natural is used because most computer interfaces
use artificial control devices whose operation has to be learned
Such an interface relies on a user being able to carry out relatively natural motions, movements or gestures that they quickly discover control the computer application or manipulate the on-screen content
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Natural user interfaces
The most distinct identifier of a natural user interface is the lack of a physical keyboard and or mouseHence, the most common examples are…
(multi-)touch interfaces; and
voice-operated interfaces
The natural user interface removes the metaphors, and many of the artificially learned devices, to allow users to more directly manipulate content using more natural movements, motions and gestures
Enthusiast defend that these interfaces are fast to learn and, as such, freely apply the adjective 'intuitive’ to describe how users interact with them
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Perceptive pixel
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Microsoft Surface
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Xbox Kinect
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Natural user interfaces are… not natural
According to Don NormanFundamental principles of knowledge of results, feedback, and a good
conceptual model still rule
The strength of the graphical user interface has little to do with its use of graphics
It has to do with the ease of remembering actions, both in what actions are possible and how to invoke them
Visible icons and visible menus are the mechanisms, and despite the well-known problems of scaling up to the demands of modern complex systems, they still allow one to explore and learn
The important design rule of a GUI is visibility: through the menus, all possible actions can be made visible and, therefore, easily discoverable. The system can often be learned through exploration
Systems that avoid these well-known methods suffer.
Are natural user interfaces natural? No, he says, but they will be useful.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Other user interfaces
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Other user interfaces
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Other user interfaces
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Technological hype cycleLinden, A. and Fenn, J. 2003. Understanding Gartner's Hype Cycles. Strategic Analysis Report R-20-1971. 30 May 2003. Gartner Research.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Technological hype cycle
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Technological hype cycle and adoption timings
Linden, A. and Fenn, J. 2003. Understanding Gartner's Hype Cycles. Strategic Analysis Report R-20-1971. 30 May 2003. Gartner Research.
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Related knowledge domains
Human-computer interactionThe study of how people interact with computers and to what
extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings
Recent advances in mobile, ubiquitous, social, and tangible computing technologies have moved human-computer interaction into practically all areas of human activity
This has led to a shift away from the usual stress on usability to a much richer scope of user experience, where user's feelings, motivations, and values are given as much, if not more, attention than efficiency, effectiveness and basic subjective satisfaction
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Related knowledge domains
Interaction designA design discipline dedicated to defining the behavior of
artifacts, environments and systems
User experience designThe field of user experience was established to cover the
holistic perspective to how a person feels about using a system
The focus is on pleasure and value rather than on performance
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Human-computer interaction
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Human-computer interaction
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interaction design
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
User experience design
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
User experience design
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
But…
Interactivity is not limited to technological systemsPeople have been interacting with each other as long as
humans have been a species
From this broader viewpoint, reasoning about interaction styles should also address the interaction between human beings by means of a interactive media
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Interaction styles recap
Etymology
The relation between the evolution of computing and the main interaction styles
The technological hype cycle and adoption timings
Related knowledge domains
Beyond interacting with digital media
David Lamas, ULP, 2010
Two final questions
How do you see the evolution of interacting with and through interactive media?Are natural user interfaces the future or part of the future?
Are the previous interaction styles dead or condemned?
Should mobile user interfaces be regarded as a completely new interaction style?If so, what would their distinctive characteristics be?