INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION SLIDES FOR INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY

Table of Contents

Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning

Thorndike and the Law of Effect

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

Reinforcers

Biological Constraints

Observational Learning

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Fact or Falsehood?false

false

false

false

false

Humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them.

Negative reinforcement is another term for punishment.

Psychologists agree that punishment, regardless of its form, has little effect on behavior.

Animals learn only when rewards are given.

Animals can learn to make virtually any response if consistently rewarded for it.

trueResearch indicates that televised violence leads to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch the programs.

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are both forms of associative learning.

Quick Check

If the organism is learning associations between events that it does not control, it is...

If the organism behavior is influenced by the rewards or punishing consequences, it is...

Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning Example

Edward Thorndike (1898) ▪Placed cats in a puzzle box with a food reward outside the box ▪Recorded the amount of time that it took them to figure out how to escape ▪Concluded that rewarded behavior is likely to recur, which he called the law of effect.

Thorndike and the Law of Effect

▪ Successive approximations:

▪ Reward behavior that approaches the desired behavior

▪ Allows animal trainers to get animals to perform complex behaviors

▪ Helps us understand what nonverbal organisms perceive

Shaping behavior

Reinforcer: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Positive strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response. Ex: hug, TV time, wash dishes to drive family car.

Increases frequency, intensity, or duration of behavior. Or, it increase the rate of operant responding

Reinforcer: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Negative strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus.

Ex: Seatbelt buzzer, Alarm clock buzzer, stress reducing behaviors (running after work).

Ex: Increases frequency, intensity, or duration of behavior.

Both increase the rate of operant responding

Responses are sometimes

reinforced and sometimes not

reinforced.

The desired response is

reinforced every time it occurs.

Continuous reinforcement

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Water when thirsty

Primary reinforcers are naturally reinforcing.

Taking medication to stop painFood when hungry

Good grades

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers are effective through learned association with primary reinforcers.

Money

Light in a Skinner box signals the arrival of food

Skinner’s Ideas:

Human behavior is controlled primarily by external influences.

He neglected the importance of the individual's personal freedom

He called personal freedom an “illusion.”

Are internal and external processes/experiences always separate?

B. F. Skinner(1904 – 1990)

Is gambling continuous reinforcement or partial

reinforcement?

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

Punishment decreases the frequency of a behavior.

Ways to Decrees BehaviorType of Punisher Description Possible Examples

Positive Punishment Administer an aversive stimulus

Spray water on a barking dog; give a traffic ticket for speeding.

Negative Punishment Withdraw a rewarding stimulus

Take away a teen’s driving privileges; revoke a library card for nonpayment of fines.

Punished behavior may not be forgotten, it gets suppressed: behavior returns when punishment is no longer eminent.

Models aggression- shows that aggression is a way to cope with problems.

Explains why aggressive delinquents and abusive parents come from abusive homes

Problems with Punishment

Leads people to fear and avoid the punishing agent.

Creates fear that can generalize to desirable behaviors.

Ex: fear of school, learned helplessness, depression

Punishment teaches how to avoid it

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of reinforcement over punishment

Problems with Punishment

Dire threat:

“You clean up your room this minute or no dinner!”

Positive incentive:

“You’re welcome to join us for dinner after you get your room cleaned up.”

Transforming Punishment into incentives

Latent learning Learning that

becomes apparent only when there is

an incentive to demonstrate it

Cognitive map A mental

representation of the physical

features in the environment

Observational Learning▪ Learning by observing others ▪ Learning by imitating models ▪ Learning without direct experience

▪ Example: Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents.

Are neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when performing certain actions or observing others perform those actions Enable imitation and empathy Underlie humans’ social nature

Mirror Neurons

Experiencing pain

Observing a loved one

experience pain

Albert BanduraIn his classic Bobo Doll Experiment, Bandura explored observational learning in children. Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, an environmental influences. The component processes underlying observational learning are: (1) Attention (2) Retention(3) Motor Reproduction (4) Motivation

Pro-social influence

Antisocial Influence

Applications of Observational LearningModels all around affect us both positively and negatively.

▪ Violence is committed by attractive perpetrators.

▪ Most of the violence is “unpunished.”

▪ Victims’ pain is not portrayed. ▪ Many of the incidents involve

“justified” violence. ▪ Through desensitization,

children become indifferent to violence.

▪ Even the very young imitate what they see on TV.

Violence viewing effect

Video Review

• Who do you think are most likely to re-enact the scripts of violent video games?

• What does this research suggest regarding the catharsis hypothesis, that is, that we feel better and become less aggressive if we vent our anger?

SLIDE DESCRIPTION CREDITSlide 1 Brain graphic NLshop/ Fotolia.comSlide 2 Brain graphic NLshop/ Fotolia.comSlide 5 Boy covering ears dr_evil/ Morguefile.comSlide 6 Puzzle box photo Robert M. Yerkes Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University LibrarySlide 8 Cat Photodisc/ Getty ImagesSlide 10 Girl with dog Photodisc/Getty ImagesSlide 12 Teacher giving kid an apple Photodisc/Getty Images

Dairy Queen sign Courtesy Dairy QueenSlide 13 Burger Photodisc/Getty Images

Water glass Photodisc/Getty ImagesPills Carlos Paes/Morguefile.com

Slide 14 Grades Photodisc/Getty ImagesMoney Michael Connors/Morguefile.com

Slide 15 Gumballs A. Declerk/Morguefile.comBalls Jane M Sawyer/Morguefile.com

Slide 16 Gambler Seemann/ Morguefile.comSlide 21 Parking ticket Joseph M. Zlomek/Morguefile.com

Kid Photodisc/Getty ImagesSlide 22 Rat in maze Will & Deni McIntyre/Photo ResearchersSlide 25 Hamster nacu/ Morguefile.com

Pigeon Manuel José Alves/Morguefile.comSlide 28 Monkey graphic Copyright Herb TerraceSlide 29 2 sides of brain Reprinted with permission from The American Association for the Advancement of

Science. Subiaul et al., Science 305: 407-410 (2004) c2004 AAASSlide 30 Bandura Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford UniversitySlide 34 Kid with video game and gun iStockphoto/ThinkstockSlide 36 Teenagers playing video games Jupiterimages/Thinkstock

Photo Credits