Intercollegiate SportsIntercollegiate Sports

Chapter 14Chapter 14

NCAA’s CreationNCAA’s Creation

1905 President Theodore Roosevelt 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to regulate footballwanted to regulate football

Prisoner’s Dilemma Prisoner’s Dilemma If all teams played by the rules, then any one If all teams played by the rules, then any one

school could benefit at the expense of its school could benefit at the expense of its rivals by breaking the rulesrivals by breaking the rules

NCAA’s Original PurposeNCAA’s Original Purpose

Reduce violenceReduce violence Standardize playStandardize play Became a rules enforcerBecame a rules enforcer

Concerned with ethicsConcerned with ethics

Organizational OverviewOrganizational Overview

Voluntary organization Voluntary organization Over 1,150 member schoolsOver 1,150 member schools

Pay duesPay dues Maintain ethical and academic standingsMaintain ethical and academic standings Comply by the rulesComply by the rules

Controls all major revenue-producing collegiate Controls all major revenue-producing collegiate eventsevents

Most of the revenues are from conducting Most of the revenues are from conducting championshipschampionships

Not-for-profit organizationNot-for-profit organization

ConferenceConference

Groups of schools that compete to Groups of schools that compete to determine a conference champion in each determine a conference champion in each sportsport

Revenue sharing within conferencesRevenue sharing within conferences

DivisionsDivisions

Size of financial baseSize of financial base Number & type of sports offeredNumber & type of sports offered Focus of the programFocus of the program Existence of athletic grants-in-aidExistence of athletic grants-in-aid

Division IDivision I

Must offer football & men’s basketballMust offer football & men’s basketball Provide full grants-in-aid based on athletic Provide full grants-in-aid based on athletic

abilityability Highly competitive, focus is on national Highly competitive, focus is on national

prominenceprominence Financed through: student fees, gate Financed through: student fees, gate

receipts, TV revenues & licensing receipts, TV revenues & licensing revenuesrevenues

Division IIDivision II

Offer grants-in-aid based on athletic abilityOffer grants-in-aid based on athletic ability Goal of the program is regional Goal of the program is regional

prominence prominence

Division IIIDivision III

Largest divisionLargest division Focus is on participationFocus is on participation No grants-in-aid for athletic abilityNo grants-in-aid for athletic ability Goal of the program is conference Goal of the program is conference

prominence prominence

Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members

Steering Committees

Committee on Infractions

NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)

NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting

Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)

Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members

Steering Committees

Committee on Infractions

NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)

NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting

Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)

Members vote on:Members vote on: PoliciesPolicies OfficersOfficers Committee Committee

assignmentsassignments

President’s President’s Commission:Commission: Advise the association Advise the association

on selected issueson selected issues

Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members

Steering Committees

Committee on Infractions

NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)

NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting

Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)

NCAA CouncilNCAA Council Board of DirectorsBoard of Directors Interpret the Interpret the

constitution and constitution and bylawsbylaws

Arbiter of last resort on Arbiter of last resort on enforcement actionsenforcement actions

Steering CommitteesSteering Committees Consider matters Consider matters

within each divisionwithin each division

Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members

Steering Committees

Committee on Infractions

NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)

NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting

Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)

Executive CommitteeExecutive Committee Headed by the NCAA Headed by the NCAA

PresidentPresident 14 members14 members Handle financial Handle financial

mattersmatters Oversee Oversee

championshipschampionships

Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members

Steering Committees

Committee on Infractions

NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)

NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting

Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)

Infractions CommitteeInfractions Committee 6 members6 members Investigate possible Investigate possible

violationsviolations Determine penalties Determine penalties

Investigation ProcessInvestigation Process

Allegations are made by Allegations are made by another school or another school or evidence that strongly evidence that strongly suggest problemssuggest problems

Investigative staff Investigative staff searches for evidence searches for evidence and takes depositions and takes depositions

If investigation turns up If investigation turns up questionable practices, a questionable practices, a more detailed more detailed investigation followsinvestigation follows

Institution is notified Institution is notified Infraction committee Infraction committee

reviews evidence, reviews evidence, questions questions institutions/players, and institutions/players, and issues findings or issues findings or sanctionssanctions

Institutions may make an Institutions may make an appeal to NCAA Councilappeal to NCAA Council

Critical AspectsCritical Aspects

NCAA staff is not large enough to monitor NCAA staff is not large enough to monitor member schoolsmember schools

NCAA acts on information given by NCAA acts on information given by coaches and competitor schoolscoaches and competitor schools

NCAA may start an investigation on NCAA may start an investigation on probabilistic evidenceprobabilistic evidence

NCAA ManualNCAA Manual

RecruitingRecruiting Eligibility Eligibility EnforcementEnforcement

RecruitingRecruiting

““A member of an institutional athletic staff A member of an institutional athletic staff or a representative of its athletic interest or a representative of its athletic interest shall not recruit a prospect except as shall not recruit a prospect except as permitted by this association”permitted by this association” NCAA BylawNCAA Bylaw

Recruiting (cont.)Recruiting (cont.)

Contact with prospective athletesContact with prospective athletes Publicity of potential recruitsPublicity of potential recruits Personnel who may scoutPersonnel who may scout TryoutsTryouts Transportation for visitationTransportation for visitation Number of contacts with a recruitNumber of contacts with a recruit Behavior at sport camps/clinicsBehavior at sport camps/clinics

New Rules for D-INew Rules for D-I

Must use commercial aircraft & not upgrade from Must use commercial aircraft & not upgrade from coach to first-class coach to first-class

Recruits and host sign agreements not to Recruits and host sign agreements not to engage in inappropriate activities during visitsengage in inappropriate activities during visits

Colleges cannot use “special vehicles” for Colleges cannot use “special vehicles” for recruitsrecruits Modified with TVs, special decorModified with TVs, special decor

Recruits must stay in standard hotel rooms and Recruits must stay in standard hotel rooms and receive standard mealsreceive standard meals

New Rules (cont.)New Rules (cont.)

No personalized jerseys or simulating game-No personalized jerseys or simulating game-day experiencesday experiences Announcing a player’s name or showing a Announcing a player’s name or showing a

fake highlight film on the stadium or arena fake highlight film on the stadium or arena scoreboard.scoreboard.

Host to recruits must also host non-athletesHost to recruits must also host non-athletes Coaches, administrators, recruits, and host Coaches, administrators, recruits, and host

are subject to the NCAA’s unethical conduct are subject to the NCAA’s unethical conduct rules if recruits drink, use drugs, or otherwise rules if recruits drink, use drugs, or otherwise behave inappropriately during visits.behave inappropriately during visits.

University RepresentativeUniversity Representative

““An individual who is known (or should An individual who is known (or should have been known) by members at the have been known) by members at the institution to have promoted or financially institution to have promoted or financially contributed to athletics at the university, or contributed to athletics at the university, or has been asked to recruit or assist a has been asked to recruit or assist a prospective student athlete”prospective student athlete” NCAA BylawNCAA Bylaw

University RepresentativeUniversity Representative

Once an individual is identified as a rep, Once an individual is identified as a rep, the person retains that identity indefinitelythe person retains that identity indefinitely

University Representative University Representative

No arrangement of employment of No arrangement of employment of relativesrelatives

No gifts of clothing or equipmentNo gifts of clothing or equipment Cannot co-sign loansCannot co-sign loans No gifts of cash or merchandiseNo gifts of cash or merchandise Cannot grant free or reduced rate housingCannot grant free or reduced rate housing

EligibilityEligibility

““The student athlete shall complete his/her The student athlete shall complete his/her season of participation within 5 calendar season of participation within 5 calendar years from beginning of the semester the years from beginning of the semester the student is first registered”student is first registered”

Must also complete 12 semester hours of Must also complete 12 semester hours of academic course workacademic course work

Freshman EligibilityFreshman Eligibility

Sliding GPA scale & test scoresSliding GPA scale & test scores Must pass 14 core H.S. coursesMust pass 14 core H.S. courses

College EligibilityCollege Eligibility

New standards require:New standards require: Pass 40% of degree courses before 3rd yearPass 40% of degree courses before 3rd year Pass 60% of degree courses before 4th yearPass 60% of degree courses before 4th year Pass 80% of degree courses before 5th yearPass 80% of degree courses before 5th year

EnforcementEnforcement

Administrators & coaches must provide full Administrators & coaches must provide full & complete disclosure & complete disclosure

Burden of proof is on the accused Burden of proof is on the accused 4-year statute of limitation on allegations4-year statute of limitation on allegations

College Recruiting ViolationsCollege Recruiting Violations

The bottom line in Division I is winningThe bottom line in Division I is winning Make $$$Make $$$ Attractive to TV & MediaAttractive to TV & Media Increases school’s notorietyIncreases school’s notoriety Help coaches keep their jobsHelp coaches keep their jobs Attract higher quality athletesAttract higher quality athletes

NCAA Structure FlawsNCAA Structure Flaws

Focus on outputs rather than inputsFocus on outputs rather than inputs Break-even teams that attract quality athletes Break-even teams that attract quality athletes

and produce winning records will cause rivals and produce winning records will cause rivals to infer illegal practicesto infer illegal practices

Rivals will initiate an investigationRivals will initiate an investigation Rules work in favor of programs with long Rules work in favor of programs with long

histories of winning/losinghistories of winning/losing

NCAA Athletic ServicesNCAA Athletic Services

Education/Training: Advance Degree, 2/3 Education/Training: Advance Degree, 2/3 have law degreehave law degree

Assist member institutions with Assist member institutions with interpretations of rules & regulationsinterpretations of rules & regulations

Investigate/enforce compliance Investigate/enforce compliance procedures with member institutions procedures with member institutions

Athletic DirectorAthletic Director

Focus is provide student-athletes with Focus is provide student-athletes with facilities & opportunities to compete at the facilities & opportunities to compete at the highest level of their abilityhighest level of their ability

Raise money from alumniRaise money from alumni Insure athletes are making satisfactory Insure athletes are making satisfactory

academic progressacademic progress Keep the program within NCAA Keep the program within NCAA

regulationsregulations

Associate/Assistant Athletic Associate/Assistant Athletic DirectorDirector

Oversee specifics for:Oversee specifics for: Marketing Marketing Sports Information/Public Relations Sports Information/Public Relations University RelationsUniversity Relations Operations/Facilities Operations/Facilities Fund RaisingFund Raising

Booster Club CoordinatorBooster Club Coordinator

Boosters: Groups of alumni who support Boosters: Groups of alumni who support the athletic department financiallythe athletic department financially

Coordinator work with alumni on a day-to-Coordinator work with alumni on a day-to-day basis for fundraisingday basis for fundraising

Makes sure that everyone knows and Makes sure that everyone knows and follows the rulesfollows the rules

Enforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/Compliance

Make sure the athletic department is Make sure the athletic department is operating within the rules of the NCAA, the operating within the rules of the NCAA, the conference & collegeconference & college

Equipment ManagerEquipment Manager

Responsible for buying, maintaining & Responsible for buying, maintaining & keeping track of all the equipment used by keeping track of all the equipment used by the athletesthe athletes

Sports Information Director (SID)Sports Information Director (SID)

Must be an expert in media relations, Must be an expert in media relations, publishing & personnel managementpublishing & personnel management

Arrange interviewsArrange interviews Responsible for printed materialsResponsible for printed materials

Senior Woman AdministratorSenior Woman Administrator

Top executive female administratorTop executive female administrator Often just a titleOften just a title

TicketsTickets

Backbone for Division I athletic Backbone for Division I athletic departmentdepartment

Coordinate ticket plansCoordinate ticket plans