interdependencies between urban form, transport, and health

Interdependencies between Urban Form, Transport, and Health | Karin Menges | 1

M.Eng. Karin Menges

Interdependencies between

Urban Form, Transport, and Health

Comparison between Germany and Vietnam

Source: Albert Speer &Partner Source: ÄRTER Architects Source: Wahdi Setiawan/Antara Foto/Reuters


Worldwide proportion of population living in cities is increasing to 60% till 2030.

Comparison developed country and developing country:

Introduction

Urbanisation

Percentage of population in urban and rural areas

Germany

Percentage of population in urban and rural areas

Vietnam

Source: United Nations, World

Urbanization Prospects 2018


General: jobs, education, …

Urban Form: facilities, heat islands, …

Transport: infrastructure, traffic demand, capacity constraints,…

Exposure: exercise, noise, air pollution, stress, …

Health: medical care, fitness, morbidity and premature deaths.

422.000 premature deaths due to air pollution in Europe in 2015,

26.000 people killed by traffic accidents in Europe in 2015.

Introduction

Urbanisation Effects

Source: 4.L.

Source: FGVV 2013

Source: Boltze 2006

Source: ARD-alpha Energie aus

Abwärme – Hitzeinseln unter Tage

(2019)

Source: www.istockphoto.com


Awareness of health is increasing due to growing prosperity of our societies.

Introduction

Awareness of Health

“The most important limitation to the transport development in the near future

seems to be the decreasing acceptance of negative side effects of transport.”

Source: Lübbe, 1993

Germany: low emission zones,

night driving ban for HGV,

diesel driving ban

Vietnam: car-free city centre during

the weekend, expansion of the

pedestrian zone, day driving ban for

HGV

Integrated transport planning and

urban planning approach

is needed. Source: Kantartns, Werte-Index, 2018

Nature [+3]

Health [-1]

Family [-1]

Freedom [-2]

Safety [+2]

Success [-3]

Community [-2]

Recognition [0]

Sustainab. [+1]

Justice [-1]

2009 2012 2014 2016 2018

Place

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


Motorised Individual

Transport …

Public Transport …

Non Motorised

Individual Transport …

Accidents

Air Pollution

Noise

Stress

Exercise

Social Isolation

Personal Security

Accessibility of

health-related

facilities

Waiting Time

(Stay at Bus/Train

Station)

Injury from traffic

accidents

Chronic

respiratory

diseases

Sensitization

Cardiovascular

diseases

High blood

pressure

Diabetes

Obesity

Mental illness

Medical supplies

Trip Generation …

Trip Distribution …

Mode Choice …

Route Choice …

Time Choice …

Saturation Grade

Traffic Density

Average Waiting

Time

Transport Speed

Chance of Failure

Average Speed

Average Travel

Time

Average Distance

Travelled

Number of

vehicles in

congestion

Size …

Density …

Land Use …

Layout –

Urban Structure …

Layout –

Access Structure …

Layout –

Housing and

Building/Type …

URBAN FORM TRANSPORT HEALTH

Transport Supply

Transport Demand

Traffic Flow Exposure Health Effects

Framework and Selected Chains of Effect

Overview


Trip Generation …


Mode Choice …

Route Choice …

Time Choice …

Accidents

Air Pollution

Noise

Stress

Exercise

Social Isolation

Personal Security

Accessibility of

health-related

facilities

Waiting Time

(Stay at Bus/Train

Station)

Injury from traffic

accidents

Chronic

respiratory

diseases

Sensitization

Cardiovascular

diseases

High blood

pressure

Diabetes

Obesity

Mental illness

Medical supplies

Saturation Grade

Traffic Density

Average Waiting

Time

Transport Speed

Chance of Failure

Average Speed

Average Travel

Time

Average Distance

Travelled

Number of

vehicles in

congestion

Size …

Density …

Land Use …

Layout –

Urban Structure …

Layout –


Layout –

Housing and

Building/Type …


Transport Supply

Transport Demand



Established Interdependencies


Transport …


Non Motorised




Transport …


Non Motorised



Less Considered Interdependencies

Accidents

Air Pollution

Noise

Stress

Exercise

Social Isolation

Personal Security

Accessibility of

health-related

facilities

Waiting Time

(Stay at Bus/Train

Station)

Injury from traffic

accidents

Chronic

respiratory

diseases

Sensitization

Cardiovascular

diseases

High blood

pressure

Diabetes

Obesity

Mental illness

Medical supplies

Saturation Grade

Traffic Density

Average Waiting

Time

Transport Speed

Chance of Failure

Average Speed

Average Travel

Time

Average Distance

Travelled

Number of

vehicles in

congestion

Size …

Density …

Land Use …

Layout –

Urban Structure …

Layout –


Layout –

Housing and

Building/Type …


Transport Supply

Transport Demand


Trip Generation …


Mode Choice …

Route Choice …

Time Choice …


“Sustainable and Health-Oriented Transport and Urban Planning”

Project Duration: 26 months

Project Start: 1st March 2019

Funded by: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research

Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology

Project Partners:

Darmstadt University of Technology

• Institute for Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering

• Chair of Land Management

Vietnamese-German University

• Vietnamese-German Transport Research Centre

The SHOTUP Project

Project Introduction

Source: FGVV 2007

Source: FGVV 2013

Source: Boltze 2006

Source: Boltze 2010


Objective: Development of guidelines for an health-oriented

urban and transport planning.

Approach:

• Identification of interdependencies between Urban Form,

Transport and Health,

• Identification of potential differences in interdependencies

and boundary conditions,

• Identification of future trends (e.g. electric vehicles,

autonomous driving),

• Investigation of selected urban districts in Frankfurt am

Main (Germany) and Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam),

• Extension of the existing framework and development of

recommendations.

Methods: Measurements and expert workshops.

The SHOTUP Project

Content and Methods

Source: FGVV 2007

Source: FGVV 2013

Source: Boltze 2006

Source: Boltze 2010


Topic of health has a major role for the population.

Large number of people affected due to increasing urbanisation.

Several individual studies have already investigated the effects of different

elements of urban form, transport, and health.

Details of transport planning and traffic engineering, e.g. elements of

traffic flow are not considered sufficient so far.

Differences between elements of transport planning and traffic

engineering in developed and developing countries have to be

investigated with regard to health effects.

Aim is to integrate new findings within the generic framework.

Application of this framework for a developed country and a

developing country.

Identification of specific needs for action as well as effective

approaches for improvements.

Conclusion

Source: Bezirksamt Wandsbek

Source: Liniennetzplan rmv.de

Source: IVV

Source: IVV


M.Eng. Karin Menges

Thank you for your attention!

Interdependencies between

Urban Form, Transport, and Health

Comparison between Germany and Vietnam

interdependencies between urban form, transport, and health

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