intergovernmental transfers reform in russia: trends and perspectives washington, dc - may, 7 2004...

Intergovernmental Transfers Reform Intergovernmental Transfers Reform in Russia: Trends and Perspectivesin Russia: Trends and Perspectives

Washington, DC - May, 7 2004

Ilya TruninIlya Trunin

Institute for the Economy in Institute for the Economy in TransitionTransition

Regional Fiscal Technical Regional Fiscal Technical Assistance ProjectAssistance Project

www.iet.ruwww.iet.ru

Budgetary System in the Early Budgetary System in the Early Transition PeriodTransition Period

• Sharp decrease in the public revenue during transition to a new tax system

• Decentralizing public expenditures instead of cutting them down

• Need for preventing the federation from decay• Emerging of the practices of unfunded mandates as an

alternative to decrease public expenditures in accordance with revenue possibilities

• Using intergovernmental fiscal transfers and shared taxes in political process

Results: unstable and inefficient system of Results: unstable and inefficient system of intergovernmental fiscal arrangementsintergovernmental fiscal arrangements www.iet.ruwww.iet.ru

First Stage of the Intergovernmental First Stage of the Intergovernmental Fiscal Reform – 1993 ConstitutionFiscal Reform – 1993 Constitution

• New principles of federal-regional-municipal relations – formally close to the modern federations

• Legislative allocation of tax revenues and taxing powers across levels of government – to a possible extent

• New system of intergovernmental transfers with its key element – a formula based equalization grants

• Growing amount of unfunded mandates and political reasons (the federal government kept being dependent of strong regions) hampered the fiscal reform process

Results: Excessive decentralization in case of reach Results: Excessive decentralization in case of reach regions and strong centralization concerning the regions and strong centralization concerning the

majority of the subjects of the Federationmajority of the subjects of the Federation www.iet.ruwww.iet.ru

Second Stage of the Intergovernmental Second Stage of the Intergovernmental Fiscal Reform – 1998 CrisisFiscal Reform – 1998 Crisis

• The process of federal grants allocation went out of control sharp decline in tax revenue

• Introduction of new principles of equalization grants allocation

• Refraining from changing the results of formula-based calculations as well as from providing large discretionary grants

• Tax revenue allocation between the budgets• Conceptual programs of the fiscal federalism reform

Results: Hardening budget constraints for the Results: Hardening budget constraints for the regions, new psychology of grants allocationregions, new psychology of grants allocation www.iet.ruwww.iet.ru

Federal Grants to the Regions Since 1992Federal Grants to the Regions Since 1992

0,0%

0,5%

1,0%

1,5%

2,0%

2,5%

3,0%

3,5%

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

% G

DP

Other Federal Grants and Loans

Equalization Transfers

Compensation Grants

Other Formula-Based Grants


Horizontal Fiscal Imbalances in 2002Horizontal Fiscal Imbalances in 2002(Lorenz curves for main tax revenues per capita)(Lorenz curves for main tax revenues per capita)


The Main Features of the Federal Grants to The Main Features of the Federal Grants to the Regions at Presentthe Regions at Present

1.1. Equalization GrantsEqualization Grants – a formula-based mechanism, equalization of – a formula-based mechanism, equalization of regional fiscal capacity adjusted for expenditure needs differentialsregional fiscal capacity adjusted for expenditure needs differentials

2.2. Compensation GrantsCompensation Grants – formula-based specific purpose grants – formula-based specific purpose grants aimed at funding certain federal mandatesaimed at funding certain federal mandates

3.3. Regional Finance Reform GrantsRegional Finance Reform Grants – conditional grants to regions – conditional grants to regions performing regional finance reform programperforming regional finance reform program

4.4. Social Expenditure GrantsSocial Expenditure Grants – matching grants aimed at funding – matching grants aimed at funding certain most important regional expenditurescertain most important regional expenditures

5.5. Regional Development GrantsRegional Development Grants – specific purpose grants to finance – specific purpose grants to finance regional public investment in infrastructureregional public investment in infrastructure

6.6. Other Grants and LoansOther Grants and Loans – numerous grants (road construction, – numerous grants (road construction, compensation for changes in federal legislation, etc) allocated mainly compensation for changes in federal legislation, etc) allocated mainly on discretionary basison discretionary basis www.iet.ruwww.iet.ru

Adjusted Fiscal Capacity Equalization Adjusted Fiscal Capacity Equalization Principle in RussiaPrinciple in Russia


Positive Impacts of the ReformsPositive Impacts of the Reforms•The new system has been established that has got many features of The new system has been established that has got many features of an efficient system of intergovenmental fiscal equalizationan efficient system of intergovenmental fiscal equalization

•Federal government started to base its calculations on the fiscal Federal government started to base its calculations on the fiscal capacity and expenditure needs indicators rather than on the actual capacity and expenditure needs indicators rather than on the actual revenues and expenditures in the previous periods (revenues and expenditures in the previous periods (see see Kadotchnikov, Sinelnikov, Trunin (2002)Kadotchnikov, Sinelnikov, Trunin (2002)))

•The procedures of formula-based calculations has been elaborated The procedures of formula-based calculations has been elaborated and introduced to the budget planning practicesand introduced to the budget planning practices

• Compensation of unfunded mandatesCompensation of unfunded mandates

•Regional (and federal) governments started to get used to the new Regional (and federal) governments started to get used to the new philosophy of equalization – unified approach on the basis of the philosophy of equalization – unified approach on the basis of the independent statistics instead of the case by case ad hoc agreementsindependent statistics instead of the case by case ad hoc agreements


Current Deficiencies of the Transfers SystemCurrent Deficiencies of the Transfers System• No further improvement of the system since 2001• No improvement at the regional-local level• Grant allocation formulae due to various corrections have

become complex and non-transparent• Importance of discretionary grants increased again (formula-

based grants share in the total federal grants amount fell to 57-58 %)

• Changes to the federal budget act during the fiscal year lead to softening budget constraints of the regions (in 2003 two amendments in July and November increased total amount of grants by 30%, allocated at discretionary basis)

• Region still do have the opportunity of obtaining financial resources from the federal budget on a negotiable basis (loans on preparation to the winter season, wages in the public sector, liquidation of natural disasters) www.iet.ruwww.iet.ru

• Large amount of unfunded federal mandates that enable regions to apply for additional grants and federation – to influence regional fiscal decisions

• Unwillingness of the federal center to lose control over regional governments in political sense

• Many reforms in different sectors (taxation, natural monopolies etc.) at the same time lead to seeking compromise in less important areas

• Intergovernmental transfers reform should follow general federative reform that really started in 2003 only

Reasons for DeficienciesReasons for Deficiencies


Main Features of the Current Reform Plans Main Features of the Current Reform Plans Related to Intergovernmental TransfersRelated to Intergovernmental Transfers

• Elimination of unfunded mandates: normative Elimination of unfunded mandates: normative regulation, financing and administration powers will regulation, financing and administration powers will be assigned to different levels of governmentbe assigned to different levels of government

• This envisages increasing role of Compensation This envisages increasing role of Compensation Grants that will finance federal mandates imposed Grants that will finance federal mandates imposed on regionson regions

• Increasing fiscal autonomy of regional and Increasing fiscal autonomy of regional and municipal governments (more on expenditure that municipal governments (more on expenditure that on revenue side)on revenue side)

• Simplification of the transfers allocation formulaSimplification of the transfers allocation formulawww.iet.ruwww.iet.ru

Main Features of the Current Reform Plans Main Features of the Current Reform Plans Related to Intergovernmental TransfersRelated to Intergovernmental Transfers

• Actual start of the reform at the sub-regional level Actual start of the reform at the sub-regional level (implementation of a complicated system of (implementation of a complicated system of different grant types to municipalities of 2 types)different grant types to municipalities of 2 types)

• Need for education of regional authorities that will Need for education of regional authorities that will implement the new transfers system in a 2-type implement the new transfers system in a 2-type municipal structuremunicipal structure

• Normative regulation of the transfers mechanism Normative regulation of the transfers mechanism (federal laws and government acts)(federal laws and government acts)

• Introduction of “negative transfers” at the sub-Introduction of “negative transfers” at the sub-regional levelregional level


Further Reform AgendaFurther Reform Agenda

• Creating incentives for responsible behavior at the Creating incentives for responsible behavior at the regional and municipal levels of governmentregional and municipal levels of government

• Extensive usage of matching grants to pursuit Extensive usage of matching grants to pursuit federal objectives at the regional levelfederal objectives at the regional level

• Creating unified system of federal grants to regions Creating unified system of federal grants to regions including various kinds of present discretionary including various kinds of present discretionary transfers (road construction, investment programs, transfers (road construction, investment programs, ad hoc grants)ad hoc grants)

• Moving to real equalization of fiscal capacity from Moving to real equalization of fiscal capacity from grants allocation according to “normative” revenues grants allocation according to “normative” revenues and expendituresand expenditures


intergovernmental transfers reform in russia: trends and perspectives washington, dc - may, 7 2004...

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