INTERMEDIATE EQUIPMENT FOR LABOUR-BASED ROADWORKS

ACCRA, GHANA

19 & 20 APRIL 1996

Workshop Report

MART WORKING PAPER No 5

MART - ASIST - DFR, Ghana

CONTENTS Page No LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 1. PREFACE 4 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 3. WORKSHOP SUMMARY 6 4. WORKSHOP STRATEGY 7 5. SUMMARY OF EQUIPMENT ITEMS 9 6. EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES 11 Haulage Compaction Structures Others 7. CLOSING COMMENTS 16 8. NEXT STEPS 17 ANNEXES 1. WORKSHOP PROGRAMME 2. DIRECTOR DFR’s OPENING ADDRESS 3. PARTICIPANT’S EXPECTATIONS 4. ILO/ASIST - OBJECTIVES AND ROLE © Institute of Development Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU ISBN 1 900930 05 6

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ACRONYMS ASIST BPWA CRRI CSIR CTP DBSA DCP DFR EQP EU ILO ITEAN ITT KTC/KTS LB LCU LGED LR MART MRP ODA PIARC PTO R&D RARP RSA SWKP TDR TRL UK UST WB 2WD 4WD

Advisory Support, Information Services and Training British Public Works Association Central Road Research Institute (India) Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research (RSA) Construction Technology Paper (ILO Geneva) Development Bank of Southern Africa Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Department of Feeder Roads (Ghana) Equipment European Union International Labour Organisation A small truck powered by a 5-15 hp two stroke engine, capable of carrying up to 2 m3, manufactured in Thailand and used throughout S.E. Asia I. T. Transport (Consultants) Kisii Training Centre/School Labour-based Labour Construction Unit (Lesotho) Local Government Engineering Department Laboratory Report (TRL) Management of Appropriate Road Technology Minor Roads Programme Overseas Development Administration (UK) Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (now known as “World Road Association”) Power Take Off Research and Development Rural Access Roads Programme Republic of South Africa Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick and Partners Technology Development and Research (ODA) Transport Research Laboratory (UK) United Kingdom University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (Ghana) World Bank Two Wheel Drive Four Wheel Drive

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1. PREFACE Since the early 1970's the ILO and other organisations have promoted the development of efficient labour based roadworks, initially through the road administrations and more recently encouraging the development of domestic private contractors. Although the road programmes are based on the use of labour, certain intermediate types of equipment are required to support the labour operations. These include, for example, items required for compaction and haulage, for which labour is not well suited. INTERMEDIATE EQUIPMENT Simple or intermediate equipment designed for low initial and operating costs, durability and ease of maintenance and repair in the conditions typical of a limited-resource environment, rather than for high theoretical efficiency. It is preferable if the equipment can also be manufactured or fabricated locally.

It has been realised that the development of intermediate equipment is lagging behind other aspects of the sector. Since the 5th Regional Labour-based roadworks seminar was to be held in Accra during April 1996 under the joint auspices of DFR and ASIST, the opportunity was taken to promote a 2-day workshop immediately preceding the seminar to discuss these issues. The Accra workshop jointly run by MART and ILO and supported by DFR provided a unique opportunity for experts to come together to review the current situation and further development needs for intermediate technology equipment. Participants included representatives of road authorities, agencies, contractors, consultants and manufacturers involved in the equipment aspects of the labour based roadworks sector. It is intended that the results of the workshop set out in this working paper, together with follow up research, will enable recommendations to be made and disseminated to practitioners in road authorities, advisory organisations, contractors and suppliers. The aim is to improve knowledge, availability, acceptance, diversity and quality of intermediate equipment for use on roadworks. Both the ILO and the MART initiative will welcome comments on this working paper, including information on successful (and unsuccessful) operational experience with intermediate equipment. Suggestions are also welcome for other topics which should be tackled in order to enable labour-based technologies to be fully competitive and sustainable.

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2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The MART team are grateful to Mr C. D. Antwi, Director of Feeder Roads for his opening address and support of the workshop. We wish to acknowledge the contribution made by all the participants listed below and particularly to Mr R. Abban and Mr C. Williams for their work in organising the workshop facilities. We are also grateful to Sammy Akiwumi for his work in producing the tables in this report. The active cooperation of the ASIST personnel under the direction of David Mason enabled the effective planning, organisation and successful outcome of the workshop in conjunction with the MART team. Dr. S. K. Ampadu, University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Mr. E. N. K. Ashong, National Co. LB. Projects, Ghana Mr. S. Fosberg, Mechanical Specialist, Department of Feeder Roads, Ghana Mrs. L. Gbedemah, Managing Director, Buro-Ruro Ltd, Ghana Mr. J. Gbolonyo, Managing Director, Gamma Mechanical Engineering, Ghana Mr. J. Hamper, Mechanical Engineer, Ministry of Public Works & Housing, Kenya Mr. J. E. Hewton, Contractor - Johaze Ltd, Ghana Mr. H. Hlaing, International LB Consultant, Ghana Mr. W. Illi, Training Consultant, Norconsult A.S. Kenya Mr. P. Larcher, Research Associate, Institute of Development Engineering, Loughborough University, UK Mrs. M. Lennartson, Technical Adviser, ILO-ASIST, Zimbabwe Mr. G. Mackay, Managing Director, Arthur Garden Engineering, Zimbabwe Mr. D. J. Mason, Training And Information Services Manager, ILO/ASIST, Kenya Mr. D. Miles, Director, Institute of Development Engineering, Loughborough University, UK Mr. S. Opoku-Aikins, Mechanical Engineer, DFR, Ghana Mr. E. Opoku-Mensah, Chairman, Labour-Based Contractors Association, Ghana Mr. K. Osei-Bonsu, Chief Technical Adviser, ILO-Mwanza, Tanzania Mr. R. C. Petts, Principal, Intech Associates, UK Mr. M. Shone, Senior Technical Adviser, ILO/ASIST, Zimbabwe Mr. G. Simba, Lecturer, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya Mr. G. Taylor, Director, I.T. Transport, UK Dr. Y. Tuffour, University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Mr. A.Twumasi, Dep. Director, Department of Feeder Roads, Ghana Mr. C. Williams, ILO Training Adviser, Department of Feeder Roads, Ghana This report has been compiled by Paul Larcher, Derek Miles and Robert Petts under the MART initiative funded by ODA under TDR programme arrangements.

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3. WORKSHOP SUMMARY The workshop approach and conclusions can be summarised as follows:- APPROACH • Identification of Issues related to Intermediate Equipment for Labour Based Roadworks • Identification of Equipment Items to be covered by the MART guidelines • Identification of available information/useable designs/specifications on each Equipment Item • Identification of items on which more R&D work is required - prioritised • Agreement on actions required to promote R&D, standards, and availability of intermediate equipment The workshop follow-up should support the development of:- • Guidelines on specification, procurement and management/support of intermediate equipment

A number of key issues were identified as influencing the availability, cost and performance of intermediate equipment. These can be grouped as:- KEY ISSUES • Institutional • Operational • Training

Due to the time constraints of the workshop, following identification of key topic areas, the participants focused on the operational issues relating to the priority groups of Intermediate Equipment. Intermediate Equipment items suitable for use in labour based roadworks were identified and grouped in the following categories for assessment and development of MART guidelines:- EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES (PRIORITISED) • Haulage • Compaction • Structures • Others

Further actions on R&D and dissemination were agreed for the priority equipment items.

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4. WORKSHOP STRATEGY The workshop programme is attached as Annex 1, and the opening address by Mr C D Antwi is attached in Annex 2. The objective of the workshop was to produce “Detailed recommendations and action plan regarding the production of a document setting out guidelines on Intermediate Equipment for Labour-based Small Scale Contracting in the road sector” (Reviewing & Consolidating experiences to date). The guidelines are to cover both rural and urban road sectors. The initial expectations of the participants are set out in Annex 3. After explanation of the respective roles and roles of ILO/ASIST (see Annex 4) and MART, the workshop reviewed the following background documentation:- • ILO - MART questionnaires on intermediate equipment - results and analysis of returned questionnaires received to date (draft MART Working Paper No 2). • Papers submitted for BPWA/MART competition under the headings “Intermediate Equipment” (Messrs Hamper, Hancox, Hodge and Wedd) and “Handtools” (Murty)1. The workshop identified topics under the three headings of Institutional, Operational and Training issues as set out on the following page. Although participants recognised the importance of both institutional and training issues, it was agreed that, in the limited time available, it would be most productive for the workshop to focus on the detailed identification of operational issues and priorities. Both MART and the ILO recognise the need to stimulate conceptual work on the various topics that were identified under the institutional heading. This work will proceed in parallel with the work programme on operational issues set out in Sections 6 and 8. Conceptual work on institutional issues will aim inter alia to draw attention to the importance of practical research and development on intermediate equipment; this can rarely be achieved within the context of operational projects with out additional dedicated resources, however it is essential if those projects are to be effective. Several participants drew attention to the need for teaching and training material based on comparative operational data on equipment performance.

1 An edited version of these papers has been issued as MART Working Paper No 4.

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DONOR EQUIPMENTFUNDING POLICY

R & D

TRAINING

INTERMEDIATE EQUIPMENT ISSUES

DESIGNS

MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT

OPERATIONAL

GOVERNMENT FISCALPOLICY

CREDIT / LEASEARRANGEMENTS

USE OF LOCALRESOURCES

PROCUREMENT

TECHNOLOGYENVIRONMENT

INSTITUTIONAL

QUALITY ASSURANCECONTROL

JOB CREATION

FINANCEAVAILABILTY

DONOR (TIED)FUNDING

AVAILABILITY OFEQUIPMENT FOR HIRE

LOCAL MANUFACTURE EQP. MAINTENANCETRAINING

EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT

USE OF EQUIPMENT

PERFORMANCEDATA

SPECIFICATION

PROCUREMENT

COSTING

APPROPRIATE MIX OF EQUIPMENT

RECOMMENDEDMODELS

PERFORMANCEASSESMENT

EQUIPMENT FOR MAINTENANCE

EQUIPMENT CHOICE(CULTURAL)

OPERATORTRAINING

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5. SUMMARY OF EQUIPMENT ITEMS Following the identification of key issues, the workshop proceeded to discuss problems, practices and needs related to specific items of intermediate equipment. This was initially carried out by compiling a list of 11 roadworks operations. In order to facilitate discussion these operations were ranked in order of importance. The top 5 operations were agreed to be: 1. Haulage 2. Compaction 3. Structures 4. Spreading 5. Supervision For each of the 11 operations the workshop prepared a list of all intermediate equipment items that were known to the group. These lists are shown on the chart overleaf. The number of equipment items was considered too large for the participants to discuss every item within the two day workshop. This resulted in an additional ranking exercise which identified items of equipment that were not considered a high priority, and would therefore not be discussed during the workshop. These low priority items, that include a number of standard "off the shelf" items, are shown in shaded boxes on the chart.

SPRAY EQUIPMENT

ROTAVATOR

SCARIFIER

TINE PLOUGH

SCOOP

SCRAPER

ROCK DRILL

DISC PLOUGH

TRACTOR4WD

HARROW

SOILSTABILISATION

BITUMENHAND SPRAYER

BITUMEN TRUCK SPRAYER

CHIPPINGDISTRIBUTION

SLURRYBOX

BITUMENHEATER

BITUMEN

WATER PUMP

JACK HAMMER

COMPRESSOR

CUTTINGTOOL

FUEL BOWSER

CHAIN SAW

ANCILLARYEQUIPMENT

VULCANISINGEQUIPMENT

MOBILECRUSHER

CRUSHING

TIPPER TRUCK

BICYCLE

MOTORBIKE

2WD PICKUP

4WD PICKUP

CARAVAN

TOWED GRADER

TIPPINGTRAILER

TOWEDDRAG

GRADERPLATE

TIPPERTRUCK

SURVEY & TESTING EQP.

TEMPLATE

D.C.P

SCHMIDTHAMMER

DUMPY LEVEL

DENSITY METER

SUPERVISIONSPREADING

FLAT TRUCK

DUMPERS

TRACTOR2WD

HAULAGE

TOWEDDEADWEIGHT

ROLLER

RIDE ON VIBRATING ROLLER

TOWED VIBRATING ROLLER

HAND DRAWNROLLER

EXCAVATION

PEDESTRIANVIBRATING ROLLER

STRUCTURES

CULVERT MOULDSWOOD

PREFABRICATEDFORMWORK

CONCRETEMIXER

CONCRETE VIBRATOR

CULVERT MOULDSSTEEL

COMPACTION

POWER TILLER

ITEAN

TRAILER

HITCHING SYSTEMS

STAND FOR TOWED ITEMS

WHEELBARROW

HAND CART

ANIMAL CARTS

LADEN TRUCK/ TRAFFIC

WATER PUMP

VIBRATING PLATE

GENERAL

SIMPLE CRANE

CONCRETEDUMPER

CONCRETE PAVER PRESS

WATER PUMPS

HAND OPERATEDMOBILE CRUSHER

TOWED BOWSER

INTERMEDIATE EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES

6. EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES The items of equipment that were considered by participants to be of a high priority were discussed in four categories, representing what were seen as the three most important operations in labour-based roadworks: • Haulage • Compaction • Structures plus a group referred to as: • Other Priority Items For each of these four categories the workshop: • Identified the information that is currently available. • Highlighted areas for further research and development. • Agreed the action required and the organisation(s) that should undertake the work. These findings are summarised in the charts on the following four pages.

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HAULAGE

TRACTOR 2WD

TRACTOR4WD

TIPPER TRUCK

FLAT TRUCK

DUMPERS

POWER TILLER

ITEAN

TRAILER

HITCHING SYSTEMS

STAND FOR TOWED ITEMS

Kenya Report on 3 tractors '87Asist brief no 1 page 16WB 1978 studyTrailer Offloading study '94KenyaFrans Blokhuis Tanga 1990Photographic report

None

Kenya RARP (Walter Illi)KTS study 1985WB 1978 study

Frans Blokhuis reportTanga 1990

No experience on L B projectsin Africa

Lars Karlsson CTP 44 , 62, 63 & 64CRRI I.T.Transport Studies in Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia

Draft Report by Shone & Edmonds - Cambodia

ILO document Tech Brief No 1Jim Hamper PaperPeter Bentall Paper July 1993Namibia Shone Makoriwa reportVasin Gishu Self -TippingTrailer Trial Jim HamperNepal Trailer - Dr T Jones

MART-ILO working paper on equipment selection,procurement, management &support

Individual Technical briefs onequipment items - Asist-Martplan of action

Write up experiences of procurement & mechanical support Ghana

Write up exisiting projects experiences - force account &contractor

Determine situations (limited) where 4wd req'd for haulage

Write up Lesotho & TanzaniaexperiencesCould lead to more R & D

Comparative performance Flat- bed \ Tipper \ Tractor-Trailer

Not a priority

DFR propose trials 1997

African Trials (Ghana?) Req'd

WHEELBARROW

ANIMAL CARTS

HAND CART

ILO technical brief No 1Jim Hamper paperBill Hancox paper

ILO HandbookUrban Infrastructure unitLoughborough (Ongoing)IT Transport load carryingdevices 1995Literature review by R. DennisIT Transport (Bearings and tyres issues)Norconsult modifed Armstongwheelbarrow April 1994

WB 1978 studyMcCutcheon Walter Illi Feb '89 KenyaKarlsson - CTP 62-64 & 44Blokhuis '95 Donkey PanniersBarwell IT - Harnessing systemsHowe J - Tools & Eqp. Study '83Starky '85 Animal tractor

Use of Handcarts in Kisumu - IT KenyaRon Dennis References

No written up documentation

Literature Review Req'd

Monitoring trials required e. g. Kenya coast

Write up experiences

Asist will publish Norconsult report + write up experiences

ACTIONREQUIRED

MORE R & D

INFORMATIONAVAILABLE

ILO-DFR/Kenya to investigatetrial project possibilities

MART to carry out reviewComments by all to ILO/ASIST on technical brief No1 immediately Published May '96

Charles Williams discussionpaper

ASIST Finalise Technical BriefMART(ITT) to consolidate data for MART guidelines

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COMPACTION

PEDESTRIAN VIBRATING ROLLER

TOWED DEADWEIGHTROLLER

RIDE ON VIBRATING ROLLER

Roads 2000 Trials continue

HAND DRAWN ROLLER

TOWED BOWSER

LADEN TRUCKTRAFFIC

Review Supplier's Information

WATER PUMP

VIBRATING PLATE

INFORMATIONAVAILABLE

Lars KarlssonCTP 44 & 62/63/64ILO Lesotho seminar 1991ASIST Seminar 1996 paperLesotho, Guthrie, SWKP pre 1984TRL ? Silsoe ?

Karlsson CTPs.Kenya Roads 2000 1994Bangladesh LGEDXEN BOGRASimon Done Silsoe '95Lesotho databaseCRRI documentsTractor AttachmentIndia+Ferguson

TOWED VIBRATING ROLLER

Lars Karlsson Reports

Kenya- Jacob Jensma '88 - '91- Roads 2000 '95BangladeshO'Sullivan - ITT

Options-Portable Open Impeller-Portable closed Impeller(clean water)Tractor PTO

Lars Karlsson Report(Specialist use e.g. Urban BlockPaving & around culverts)

MORER & D ?

ACTIONREQUIRED

Review experiencesGhana + LesothoFurther Trials if necessaryITEAN experiencesOptimum weight, Minimum weight, Whole life cost, Life span , Cost / Producitvity data

Review Zambia experiences(Sturla Elvsveen) Roads 2000, follow upZimbabwe experiences(Review)

Kenya MRP Technical Manual Vol II

Review Hydraulic / Engine Vibration systems

Specifications -corrosion protection-valves-spray barinvestigate potentialtrailer removable tankDocument - animal drawnbowers in Kenya

Department of Transport RSAResearch on Compaction

Review Supplier's Information

No documentation Review Ghana (Benford)experiences

RARP Technology Unit Report

MART-ILO to produce a review document of existing experiences Discuss future R & D with TRL/CSIR

Issues:-Appropriate CompactionSpecificationsCompaction OptionsPerformanceCosts

GENERALReview of all options

Trial on Effectiveness

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STRUCTURES

CULVERT MOULDSSTEEL

CULVERT MOULDSWOOD

PREFAB.FORMWORK

CONCRETEMIXER

CONCRETEVIBRATOR

SIMPLE CRANE

CONCRETEDUMPER

CONCRETEPAVER PRESS

WATER PUMPS

HAND OPERATEDMOBILE CRUSHER

Steam curing - MalawiGraham WilliamsILO guide to handtoolsKenya MRP Technical Manual IINorconsult Report on Jig systemASIST document Sept 96600mm + 900mm

Uganda 600mm Odenigbo 1992KTC currently carrying out trialsILO ASIST document Sept '96

Arch culvert KenyaMRP structures manualGhana Standard Culvert Slabs- ILO report Mehta

Labour operated mixerSwazilandFor Concrete & Slurry SealingStandard item

Standard item

ILO Tools & EquipmentRoyal Engineers' Field HandbookGin Pole & Shear Legs

See Dumpers

Dr. Jones ThailandKumasi University ResearchFly PressI.T. Workshops PressDBSACement & Con AssociationRSA & Australian documents

ASIST 1996 Drainage Options documentTechnical briefs on each optionASIST

ASIST 1996 document on Steel & Wooden mould systems

ASIST will obtain Swazi documentation

Guidelines on options & costs(under issue)- pipe / box / arch- masonry / brick- corrugated steel- R. conc.

None required

None required

None required

Include in ILO Options Assesment document

Trials R&D requiredDevelop mouldsVibration (simple)Testing apparatus

ACTIONREQUIRED

MORE R & D

INFORMATIONAVAILABLE

ASIST will obtain Swazi information

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OTHER PRIORTYITEMS

TOWER GRADER

TOWED DRAG

BITUMENHEATER

BITUMEN HAND SPRAYER

FUEL BOWSERDetermine copyright issue &disseminate if possible - ILO

Technology report MRP 1987KenyaField Trials Kenya Jensma 1991KTC - MOPWH - KenyaTrials 1996TRL Research report LR91,LR1112Roads 2000 ReportsPetts Jones 1991- Low volumeroad c.T.Jones Unpaved roads review 1984 Manufacturers dataShrestha Ghana 88/9 DFR

OS Road notesTRL LR 1112, RR 91(Ghana DFR ongoing trials)

ILO Handtools ManualCRRI ?CSIR ?Transportation Research BoardNational Academy of SciencesReport 12, Washington 1980Sabita Manuals 11 & 12

Standard Production Item

MRP Technical Manual Vol II

TRL linkKenya EU monitoringMART-ILO initiative- Kenya, Zimbabwe, GhanaMART investigateTRL link & TDR bid by July 96or other funding

DFR report on trialsMART consolidate this & existing TRL data

Ghana 6 AG 4000 + 1 SimbaZimbabwe Gitech, DDFKenya, Tanzania various experiences General review & update on various models- trials- producitvity/reliablity/cost

DFR write up trials, experiences,design, fabrication, performance,costs

Review DocumentDisseminate

Review DocumentDisseminate

None required

MART

ACTIONREQUIRED

MORE R & D

INFORMATIONAVAILABLE

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7. CLOSING COMMENTS Before the official closing of the workshop and the expressions of gratitude to the organisers and participants, the participants were given the opportunity to make any further comments relating to the workshop and its follow-up. The following comments were made: • Training is required on the handling and management of intermediate equipment for contractor’s personnel. • When new equipment is delivered, there should be pre-delivery training of operators and mechanics. The cost of this training should be allowed for. • Manufacturers should be encouraged to understand the equipment needs of the LB roadworks sector and to cooperate with LB programmes in the development and testing of intermediate equipment. • Practitioners should feed back experiences of technical problems to the equipment manufacturers, to enable improvements to be made. • The MART questionnaires will be an important feedback on the experience of LB projects. • The possible roles of universities and training institutions in equipment R&D should be investigated.

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8. NEXT STEPS A. INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES As the MART initiative proceeds, conceptual papers and case studies will be generated in order to provide a broad perspective on institutional issues related to intermediate equipment. It is intended that these items should eventually be consolidated to provide a comprehensive overview of action required in order to secure a productive environment which will encourage continuing development of appropriate equipment. MART’s work on institutional issues related to intermediate equipment will link closely to handtools and the promotion of the private sector. MART also recognises the need to coordinate closely with other organisations with an interest in institutional issues, including the ILO, the World Bank, international assistance agencies and the World Road Association (PIARC). B. OPERATIONAL ISSUES GENERAL B1 MART/ILO to discuss proposal to prepare a working paper on equipment selection, procurement, management and support. B2 ASIST/MART to collaborate on plan of action for preparation of technical briefs on individual equipment items. B3 A document describing the experiences of procurement of intermediate equipment, its use and mechanical support in Ghana to be prepared as a case study by Soren Fosberg, DFR. This document will act as a model for further case studies to generate productivity and operational data. HAULAGE B4 MART to carry out a review of trailers. B5 ASIST to finalise and distribute Technical Brief No 1 (Standard Trailer and Hitch). B6 Charles Williams to prepare a discussion paper on stand for towed items. B7 ASIST to finalise Technical Brief on wheelbarrows. B8 MART (I T Transport) to consolidate data for guidelines on wheelbarrows, handcarts and animal drawn carts.

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COMPACTION B9 MART/ILO to discuss proposal to prepare review document on experiences with pedestrian vibrating rollers and other compaction equipment. B10 R&D requirements to be discussed with TRL/CSIR and other interested organisations under the headings: • Appropriate levels of compaction for labour-based roadworks • Guidelines for preparing appropriate compaction specifications • Compaction options • Generating realistic performance and cost data. STRUCTURES B11 ASIST to publish a document on options for small drainage structures (by end 1996). B12 ASIST to formulate future work programme for technical briefs on individual drainage options. B13 ASIST to publish document on steel and wooden culvert mould systems (by end 1996). B14 ASIST to obtain information from Swaziland on hand operated concrete mixer and hand operated mobile crusher. TOWED GRADER B15 Following a review of existing information, MART to discuss with TRL the preparation of a 1996 TDR bid based on R&D and field trials in (tentatively) Ghana, Kenya and Zimbabwe. TOWED DRAG B16 DFR, Ghana to write up experiences of ongoing trials (design, fabrication, performance and cost data) for MART to consolidate with existing TRL data. BITUMEN HEATER AND HAND SPRAYER B17 MART to prepare review document based on existing information. MART will also run an equipment challenge competition to design a bitumen heater-distributor. FUEL BOWSER B18 MRP Technical Manual Vol. II has hitherto been distributed by ASIST. However it is now out of print. ILO/ASIST to determine copyright issue and arrange for reprinting if possible.

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CONCRETE PAVER PRESS AND TESTING EQUIPMENT B19 Designs and trials are required to develop manually operated concrete paver presses for manufacturing concrete paving bricks by small enterprises for urban and village application. A simple field system of testing the strength of pavers is also required. MART will run an equipment challenge competition to design a concrete paver press and testing equipment. NOTE: Some of the foregoing actions have cost implications which cannot be met with the existing resources of MART, ILO or other partners. Where necessary, project proposals will be prepared once work programmes can be defined and quantified. C. TRAINING Participants highlighted the dearth of basic information, manuals, case studies, performance and cost data for use in teaching and training as well as project planning, regarding intermediate equipment. The lack of opportunities for training and professional development in the procurement, use and maintenance of intermediate equipment is seen as a severe long term constraint to sustainability of the technology. Although training issues could only be briefly reviewed in the course of the Accra workshop, both MART and ILO recognise the need to emphasise this aspect of dissemination. The preparation of a plan of action should be facilitated by inter-university network contacts and the emerging results of the proposed R&D programme under sections A & B above.

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Annex 1 Workshop Programme

Day 1 08.00-08.30 Registration 09.00 Official Opening Mr. C. D.

Antwi 09.15 Introduction, The Workshop & Programme, arrangements Messrs Miles

and Williams 09.30 Objectives, Introductions, Process, Expectations Derek Miles 10.30 Coffee / Tea Break 11.00 ILO-ASIST Objectives and Role David Mason 11.15 MART Objectives and Role Robert Petts 11.30 ILO-MART Questionnaire results Paul Larcher 11.45 BPWA Paper competition and review Derek Miles 12.00 Introduction to Intermediate Equipment Issues Robert Petts 12.15 Questions and Disscussions on Presentations Plenary 12.45 Discussion and identification of issues for working groups Plenary 13.00 Lunch 14.00 Presentation on towed graders Gavin MacKay 14.15 Continue Discussion and identification of Issues Plenary 15.30 Coffee / Tea Break 16.00 to 18.00

Working Groups - topics could include • Issues and items of equipment to be covered by the

guidelines • What information is available • Items on which we have useable designs/specifications • Items on which more R&D work is required -

prioritised • Actions required to promote R&D, standards and

availability of intermediate equipment • Guidelines on specification, procurement and

management of intermediate equipment

Day 2 08.30 Continue working group discussions Action Plan Draft Outline of Intermediate Guidelines Table of

Contents

17.00 Official Closing Derek Miles & David Mason

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Annex 2 OPENING ADDRESS

MR. C.D. ANTWI, DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FEEDER ROADS

Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the organisers of this Seminar for inviting me to give the keynote address on this very important occasion, to take a critical look at matters relating to the labour-based small-scale contracting industry in general. I would also wish to take this opportunity to welcome those of you who have travelled from far and near to attend this august seminar, which is dear to the hearts of the Government of Ghana, the Ministry of Roads and Highways and the Department of Feeder Roads. As you are all aware, the objective of the seminar is to provide detailed recommendations in the action plan regarding the production of a document setting out guidelines for intermediate equipment for Labour Based Small Scale contracting for the road sector. The scope of the ensuing document should cover both the rural and urban centers. This is the first attempt at providing a document to provide uniform guidelines to the much touted labour based small scale Industry relating to equipment. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, I find the objective of this seminar very appropriate especially as related to the guidelines affecting intermediate equipment for Labour Based Small-Scale contracting industry, at this time in our development, and for that matter all developing economies. Mr. Chairman, distinguished ladies and gentlemen, in the transfer and absorption or adaptation of any type of technology there are certain factors that should be taken into consideration. These factors may include the following: 1. the new technology should not interfere or contradict with the cultural pride and patriotic urges of the

beneficiaries. 2. the technological changes should be reasonably ambitious and progressive in character. 3. technological changes should avoid fragmentation of human faculties and promote creativity, 4. technological changes should be supported by appropriate organization and socio-economic factors. 5. technological growth should not lose sight of small and medium scale industries. And this I believe is

what this seminar eventually aims at. Ladies and gentlemen, transfer and assimilation of technology is an integral part of national development involving the same basis and infrastructure. The successful transfer and assimilation of technology is directly related to the absorptive, reproductive and innovative aspects of national technological framework.. It should be acceptable and also conform to the general national vision, aspirations and objectives. A technological framework is, however, sustained by a socio-economic framework particularly, its all-important human elements. When therefore one talks about intermediate technology for developing economies, this becomes very relevant in the context of acute shortage of capital and surplus unemployed labour. In many of the developing economies, technological excellence could be maintained by substituting capital with labour up to a technically feasible breakeven point. Beyond this, the employment of too many people begin to take toll upon the technical efficiency and profitability. Every type of technology has a saturating point for effective and economic use of labour. In selecting equipment in the contracting, the human element and the capacity to adapt and adopt should not be overlooked.

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Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen I have made an attempt to point out some of main criteria for technology transfer, I would wish to make a cursory remark that Ghana is poised to accept and assimilate the appropriate intermediate technology so as to enhance the development of roads in the country. Development of roads to all intents and purposes is a capital intensive venture as those of us in the current age have seen over the years. Therefore, in an economy like ours we need to find a mean between intense capitalization and surplus labour. At this juncture, I will wish to share briefly the Ghanaian experience with you. Ghana as a country has created the enabling environment to accept both small and medium scale technology in the road sector. The institutions are available, the skills are there and the Socio-political will is also assured. Ghana's experience in this area could therefore be exploited for the preparation of this document. Mr. Chairman, Ghana, like many developing countries, is characterised with the problem of deteriorating economic conditions, a crippling scarcity of foreign exchange and an abundant supply of cheap labour. Efforts have, consequently been directed to developing and disseminating technologies which made more effective use of local resources (particularly human resources). As part of its efforts to improve rural access in Ghana, the Department of Feeder Roads has adopted the labour-based technology. This strategy involves training and equipping of small and medium sized local contractors to enable them undertake road rehabilitation and maintenance activities using a mix of selected plant/equipment and employing a lot of labour that have been found more appropriate. In our efforts to adopt the appropriate technology for the enhancement of our developing economy, the UNDP through ILO has been of much assistance in this direction. Mr Chairman, ladies and gentlemen we salute them. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, the UNDP through the ILO have been the major agencies which has propelled the labour intensive programme to is present status. Under the pilot project the World Bank also provided the funding for the light construction equipment to be used by the contractors, as well as the costs of the project. The Government of Ghana contributed local costs and provided the counterpart and support staff for the project. This Pilot Project was first established in 1986 in the forest areas of the Western Region with Sefwi Wiawso as the center of operations. This is a major cocoa growing area producing around 100,000 tonnes annually. The severe climatic and topographic conditions ensure some of the worst feeder roads in the country. This is a rather very high rainfall area with usually only two dry months. If the project succeeded in this very difficult terrain, then it would work anywhere. The project did succeed and other areas were also taken up. I therefore pause to state that the merits and demerits of Western Region experience in Ghana could be analysed in detail to assess the type of equipment that were used in the difficult terrain. This study is important to enable us avoid all the pitfalls and capitalise on the positive aspects. The labour intensive programme has been so successful that over 1400km of roads have been constructed whilst more than 93 small-scale contractors have been trained of which 54 are fully equipped. Meanwhile, there are 356 applicants in waiting to participate in the programme. Other contractors registered with the Ministry of Works and Housing having realized the importance of the labour-based programme, expressed interest in having their staff trained. Mr, Chairman, it must be noted that the training included the use of light equipment. After completion of the contractors training, the ILO team together with the DFR Engineers continued to provide technical advice and close supervision of the trainees' work until 1990 when they handed over completely to our Local Engineers. The Department of Feeder Roads still has an ILO Training Adviser with us helping with our general training and development programmes. Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, the relevance of this seminar can be seen in the lenses of the Ghanaian success story. Although the programme has seen marked improvement one cannot claim excellence, there is still room for improvement. It is assumed that when there is improvement in equipment and tools, the modus operandi of the system will also assume the same dimension. Mr. Chairman, those gathered here are mostly professionals who have a common objective to improve the prevailing Labour Based System. Participants from other Countries and with national experiences will have

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serious bearing on the outcome of this seminar. I entreat you to interact freely without reservations or hiding anything under the carpet. Fortunately, the experiences we have are mostly in the African region where work cultures are not diametrically opposite but are closely interrelated. These are the advantages that we have to exploit to come up with a more cogent and futuristic document which will stand the test of time and be acceptable internationally. The other point worthy of notice is that this seminar should recommend equipment that may be easily maintained and managed, with the least of skills. You should also relate to equipment that may have local capacity for production and maintenance in terms of availability of plant. The seminar may consider improvement on existing hand tools, simple implements and even other non-motorized means of transport so as not to come into conflict with other traditional norms that may hinder the progress of the labour intensive programme. Mr. Chairman, I wish all participants who have travelled from outside the country to attend this seminar a happy stay. It is my wish that they will have good sampling of the proverbial Ghanaian hospitality. I wish you all the best in your deliberation and hope that in the end, we all have lasting document to guide us in the provision and management of intermediate equipment in the Industry. Thank You.

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Annex 3 Expectations of Workshop Participants • Expert data is available, we need to stop reinventing ‘the wheel’ • How should LB contractors compete with equipment based contractors • Produce equipment specifications • Gain information on training issues • Share expertise on graders • Produce proper costing procedures • Obtain feedback from those participants working ‘in the field’ • Improve strength of equipment materials • Discuss training issues • Investigate the possibility of developing a research centre • Discussion on the specification, design and manufacture of equipment • Produce definitive equipment designs and specifications which may be confidently

offered to third parties • Information is available in many different documents - collate it into one manual • Produce guidelines which are ‘simple, direct and to the point’, that would avoid any

pitfalls • Advice for Project Managers on equipment to keep it running • Exchange equipment ideas • Obtain information on equipment for use in highway engineering course • Produce a list of essential equipment that is required • Gain information on machinery and tools to pass on to other contractors • Share experience of equipment use • Develop a more cost effective operation • Guidelines on procurement • Guidelines on local manufacture (including quality control) • Guidelines for assessing and monitoring performance of equipment in the field • Facilitate exchange of ideas

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Annex 4 ILO/ASIST — Objectives and Role

Background ASIST stands for Advisory Support, Information Services and Training. The ASIST project evolved from the post of the ILO Regional Roads Adviser, based in Nairobi, Kenya. The first phase of ASIST was set up to run from July 1991 to August 1994, with funding from the Government of Norway, the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) and the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC). The same three donors have continued funding for the second phase which runs from September 1994 to December 1996.

The project is operated under the auspices of the ILO’s regional structure for Africa with technical support from the Development Policies Branch (POL/DEV) in Geneva, and in close cooperation with the ILO’s Multi-Disciplinary Advisory Team in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Development objective The development objective of ASIST is to achieve a wide-scale adoption of employment-intensive approaches in national transport and infrastructure investment policies and programmes.

This is within the context of the ILO’s programme to promote employment-intensive investment policies as a strategy to alleviate poverty.

Immediate objective The increased use and efficiency of labour-based methods to carry out road construction and maintenance activities in the project’s area of influence.

Structure In order to meet the immediate objective, the project was divided into three components, as implied by its acronym: advisory support (technical and policy advice, and project backstopping), information services (networking, technical enquiry service, publications, research), training (international courses for engineers, senior technicians and trainers).

The role of ASIST in respect of intermediate equipment for labour-based small-scale contracting

Information services • Standards and designs for roads, structures, equipment and tools • Sources and suppliers of equipment and handtools • Ongoing research.

Standards and designs for intermediate equipment • The aim is to make available to practitioners tried and tested designs for equipment to support labour-

based methods of road construction, rehabilitation and maintenance

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• We have collected material from around the world and this is catalogued in our commercially-available document database called ASISTDOC (on sale next week)

• We have published designs and specifications for a standard 3m³ trailer, and a second (revised) edition is due out very soon. This is the result of many years of development in Kenya

• In the pipeline are technical briefs on wooden culvert moulds (developed and used in Uganda) and steel culvert moulds (from Kenya).

Standards and designs for handtools • The same applies to handtools. ASISTDOC contains 95 references on handtools • ASIST helped the Kenyan Ministry of Public Works to publish a technical manual that included

specifications for handtools • In preparation is a technical brief on wheelbarrows (a design by Armstrong, modified by Norconsult).

Sources and suppliers of equipment and handtools • The Document Centre collects and catalogues designs and specifications from manufacturers of tractors,

tractor-drawn equipment and handtools, and small self-propelled equipment such as pedestrian rollers

Research • While not having funds to commission research, ASIST encourages and monitors research done by third

parties • In collaboration with the Department of Staff Training (Kenya) and the Jomo Kenyatta University of

Agriculture & Technology, ASIST oversees research carried out by Swiss students at Kisii Training Centre. Over the past three years, these students have investigated handtools management and maintenance (this is an issue deemed to be of more interest to contractors than to force account operations); compaction; and the performance of hand-drawn rollers. This year they will look at tractor-drawn rollers

• Collaboration between the ILO and African universities promotes research: e.g. JKUAT research into effectiveness of tractor-drawn rollers.

• ASIST has an agreement with MART to collaborate in research in the fields of intermediate equipment and handtools.

• ASISTDOC includes reports of research conducted by various organisations such as TRL; Ministry of Public Works Technology Unit, Kenya; University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa

• ASIST collects experience from projects and users about equipment and handtools

The way ahead

Intermediate equipment • We think we have a good product in the standard trailer and hitch (Technical Brief No 1) • There is still work to be done on equipment for compaction: we should like to be able to offer standard

designs for hand-drawn and tractor-towed rollers • We await the results of trials on towed graders being carried out by the Ministry of Public Works in

Kenya • Trials are continuing with various designs of culvert moulds. We expect to offer designs for both

wooden and steel moulds as tried and tested products, but not necessarily to be regarded as ‘standard’ • Very little work has been done on intermediate equipment management

Handtools • There doesn’t seem to be much interest in handtool research at present. This may be a hangover from the

force account system where there was no real incentive to use and maintain good quality handtools. Government procurement procedures often make it impossible to obtain quality products

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• However, with the move to contracting, the quality and management of handtools ought to be of concern to a cost-conscious contractor

• Plenty of designs and specifications exist already, but it is difficult to find manufacturers who can meet them

• There has been very little research into handtool management, and this is an area where we should like to see published guidelines for users