intermediate meeting of subgroup: emerging techniques for ... · 5/5/2011 · emerging techniques...

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Intermediate meeting of Subgroup:

Emerging techniques for combustion

installations between 50 and 500 MWth

Chaired by Emmanuel Fiani (ADEME)

–

Work programme

Michael Hiete (EGTEI Secretariat)

Simon Schulte Beerbühl (EGTEI Secretariat)

UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

EGTEI Subgroup "EmTech50-500", Rome, 5 May 2011 2

• Background

• Mandate

• Motivation

• Definition of “emerging”

• Aim of sub-group

• Expected Outcomes

• Biomass Gasification

• Lignite Predrying

• Organisation of future work

Structure

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Background

47th Session of WGSR:

Draft 2011 Workplan for the Implementation of

the Convention:

1.7 Techno-Economic Issues

...(g) Continue the work on emerging technologies for

combustion plants lower than 500 MW;

Mandate for the subgroup

EGTEI Subgroup "EmTech50-500", Rome, 5 May 2011

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Motivation for the subgroup’s work


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What does “emerging” mean?

idea scaleplan

process

feasibility

process

testing

piloting

full scale

production

bench scale

pilot plant scale

demonstration plant scale

commercial plant scale

Emerging

(technically or

commercially)


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Emerging technologies/techniques and applications

Structure of emerging developments:

• improvements of existing abatement techniques, e.g. ESP

• improvement of existing technologies, e.g. efficiency of a

gas-fired power plants

• techniques/technologies applied in other domains (emerging

applications)

• new (emerging in the narrow sense) abatement techniques

• new (emerging in the narrow sense) technologies, e.g. IGCC

Is this structure adequate for our work?


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Aim of the subgroup’s work

Provide technical and economical information on

• emerging technologies and

• on evolution of abatement measures (primary and secondary)

for the coming 20 years (time horizon of 2030)

Provide information for modelling work (IIASA) and

EIPPCB with focus on:

• Environmental performance of techniques/technologies

• Rate of penetration for new or existing plants

• Applicability for new or existing plants

• Energy consumption and CO2 impact

• Costs


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Possible structure for information collection


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Expected outcomes

• Identification of general trends in the

sectors with relevance for air

emissions

• Identification of candidate emerging

techniques/technologies and

applications

• Data on environmental performance,

costs and penetration rates including

estimate of quality of the data

>>> report of the subgroup to WGSR


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Biomass Gasification


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Coal and biomass gasification

Background:Gas cleaning before and after combustion.

Example: Dust requirements for gas turbines.

Emerging abatement techniques:• Hot dust filter (pre-turbine)

• Catalytic additives in furnace

Emerging technologies:• Absorption Enhanced Reforming (AER)

• etc.


Discussed at the Kick-Off meeting

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Why is Biomass Gasification interesting?Worlwide use of solid biomass: 40,000-60,000 PJth/a used for heating

600-1,000 PJth/a used for electricity generation

Mainly used in small installations (see SCI subgroup)

BUT

Growing use in medium scale plants (currently 10-50 MWth)

Technically similar to Coal Gasification

REASON

- increasing use of renewable energy sources

- increasing use of biomass residuals (straw, digestates, wood residues, etc.)

WHY GASIFICATION

- gas combustion has higher efficiency rates than solid combustion

- additional research in further biogas use (biogene fuels, FT synthesis, …)

- biogas combustors are cheaper, more flexible, CHP use is easily achievable

- fewer emissions (esp. NOx, PCDD/F, VOC and other organic compounds)


Total Efficiency of Gasification and

Combustion

Source: Gellert (IET): Vergleich von Verfahren zur

thermochemischen Erzeugung von Wasserstoff aus Biomasse

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Electrical Efficiency of Gasification and

Combustion

Source: Gellert (IET): Vergleich von Verfahren zur

thermochemischen Erzeugung von Wasserstoff aus Biomasse


Possible roles of Biogas

What is Biogas?Gasified solid biomass, i. e. mainly CO, CO2, H2 and CH4

Biogas as a gaseous fuel for electricity generation- IGCC / CCGT (relevant for EGTEI)

-gas engines (moreover small sizes, 1-10 MWth)

- CHP use

- fuel cells

- highly flexible power plants (high ramp rates, operating reserves, etc.)

Biogas as input for BtL processes- raw material for secondary energy carriers (SNG, „biofuels“, etc.)

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Components of Gasification Plants

Provision Gasification Gas Cleaning

FT Synthesis

CombustionClean Gas

- Drying

- Storage

- Conditioning

- Transportation

Fixed Beds Reactors

Fluidised Bed Reactors

Entrained Flow Reactors

- Dedusting

- Tar removal

- Gas conditioning

for FT processes


ParametersCombustion

enginesGas Turbines

Synthesis

reactors

Fuel Cells

(SOFC)

PM content < 50 mg/Nm³ < 30 mg/Nm³ < 0.1 mg/Nm³ n/a

Particle size < 3 μm < 5 μm n/a n/a

Tar content < 100 mg/Nm³ n/a < 0.1 mg/Nm³ < 100 mg/Nm³

Alkaline content < 50 mg/Nm³ < 0.25 mg/Nm³ < 10 ppb n/a

NH3 content < 55 mg/Nm³ < 55 mg/Nm³ n/a < 0.1 mg/Nm³

S content < 1,150 mg/Nm³ n/a < 0,1 ppm < 200 ppm

Cl content < 500 mg/Nm³ n/a < 0,1 ppm < 1 ppm

Clean Gas Specifications for

various uses of Biogas

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Gasification Systems

allothermal autothermal

Selected processes and pilot plants

- Carbo-V Process by CHOREN

- Harboøre by DTU

- Viking by DTU

- AER by ZSW

- CHRISGAS by VVBGC

- Bioliq by KIT

- CFB-gasifier by CUTEC

- BioHPR by TU Munich

- VERENA by KIT


Carbo-V Process

- Autothermal entrained

flow gasification

- Low temperature

gasifier (NTV) plus

high temperature

gasifier (Carbo-V)

- Quenching with

biomass char

Product gas:

Combustion Air Oxygen

H2 16% 30-45%

CH4 <0.1% <0.1%

CO2 11% 20-30%

CO 21% 20-40%

N2 53% 0.2%

Hu 4 MJ/m³ 7-8 MJ/m³

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Carbo-V Process

-Pilot plant since 1998 in Freiberg

(Germany) size 1 MWth

- Since 2003: 45 MWth

- Fuels: Wood chips, straw pellets, plastics

- Gas Cleaning: FF + 2-step wet gas

scrubber

- Up to 2003: Gas used in block-CHP

- Since 2003 (new plant): BtL test plant

CHOREN and CNIM1 plan to built a Carbo-V process + BtL plant (capacity

23,000 tons BtL). Start of operation planned in 2014.

(1): Constructions Industrielles de la Méditerranée SA

Source: Company data from CHOREN Industry


Harboøre Gasifier

Sources: Houbak (DTU), Biomass conversion technologies

Teislev (B&W), Harboøre Plant Project

- Fixed bed, one-stage, updraft gasifier

- Counter current flow

-Fuelled by wood chips

- Gasifier size 5.2 MWth

- Wet ESP for tar and aerosol removal

Problem: Tar + Water handling

product gas:

19% H2

22.8% CO

11.9% CO2

5.3% CH4

40.7% N2

5.6 MJ/Nm³

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Harboøre Plant Scheme

CHP system:

-1.5 MW Jenbacher engines

-Connection to district heating system

First tests started in 1993

CHP use available in 2002


Viking Gasifier

-Separate pyrolysis and

gasification

- Partial oxidation of

pyrolysis gases

(autothermal)

-Commissioned in 2002

-Fabric filters installed

- Dust emissions (incl. tar)

< 5 mg/Nm³

-Fuelled with wood chips

- Size 75 kWth

- Condensate acceptable for

sewadge plants

Source: Houbak (DTU), Biomass conversion technologies

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Viking Process Data

Product gas (wood chips):

30.5% H2

19.6% CO

15.4% CO2

1.2% CH4

33.3% N2

5.6 MJ/Nm³

Total unconverted carbon:

0.3% of energy in fuel

Engine efficiency

32%

Overall electrical efficiency

25%

Gasifier efficiency

93%

Source: Houbak (DTU), Biomass conversion technologies

26EGTEI Subgroup "EmTech50-500", Rome, 5 May 2011

Absorption Enhanced Reforming

Source: Company data from ZSW

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- 2-bed CFB boiler

- Fuelled with woodchips

- CaO containing calcit or dolomite as

CO2 sorbens

- Athmospherical pressure

- Electrical efficiency > 25%

(ORC > 30%)

-Total CHP efficiency > 75%


AER-Process Data

Source: Company data from ZSW

Gellert (IET): Vergleich von Verfahren zur thermochemischen Erzeugung von Wasserstoff aus Biomasse

Product gas (8 MWth Güssing):

50.6% H2

16.5% CO

12.5% CO2

12.9% CH4


CHRISGAS(Clean Hydrogen Rich Synthesis Gas)

-Fuelled with wood and staw pellets

- Size 18 MWth

- Demonstration Plant started in 2005

- major modifications in 2010

- CHP use with integrated IGCC

- autothermal circulating fluidised bed

gasification

- air and steam / oxygen mixture can be

used for gasification

- operating pressure 18 bar

Source: Company data from CHRISGAS


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CHRISGAS Process Data and Plant Layout

Product gas (18 MWth):

18.9% H2

19.1% CO

44.8% CO2

13.2% CH4

11.7 MJ/Nm³

Source: Company data from CHRISGAS



Summary

Carbo-V

(comb. air)

Carbo-V

(oxygen)Harboøre Viking

AER

(Güssing)CHRISGAS

Size 45 MWth 5.2 MWth 75 kW th 8 MWth 18 MW th

ηel n/a n/a 32% 25% >25% 32%

H2 vol-% 16 30-45 19 30.5 50.6 18.9

CO vol-% 21 20-40 22.8 19.6 16.5 19.1

CH4 vol-% < 0.1 < 0.1 5.3 1.2 12.9 13.2

CO2 vol-% 11 20-30 11.9 15.4 12.5 44.8

N2 vol-% 53 0.2 40.7 33.3 n/a n/a

LHV

(MJ/Nm³)4 7-8 5.6 5.6 n/a 11.7

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Lignite Predrying



Source: RWE, Presentation „WTA Technology“

Potential of Lignite use

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Lignite

Predrying

May increase efficiency by up to 4%-points,

i. e. ressource savings of up to 10%

Prototype already in place since 2007

in Niederaussem, Germany (RWE)

Important for lignite post combustion

CO2 capture

Investment increases by approx. 5%

Planned for commercialisation at the 3rd

generation of „optimised lignite plants“ (BoA)


Source: RWE, Presentation „WTA Technology“

Scheme of Dryer

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Boiler Construction Changes

predried lignite„wet“ lignite

Additional equipment:

mills and FGR ducts

Source: RWE, Presentation „WTA

Technology“

intermediate meeting of subgroup: emerging techniques for ... · 5/5/2011 · emerging techniques...

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