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TRANSCRIPT
Intermediate Multi-Family
Energy Efficiency
Multi-Family Energy Training Series
Pacific Energy Center, San Francisco April 19, 2010
Tentative Agenda
9:00 am – 9:15 am Introductions 9:15 am – 10:00 am Title 24 Overview10:00 am – 10:30 am 2008 Title 24 Code Update10:30 am – 10:45 am BREAK10:45 am – 11:15 am Building Science11:15 am – 12:00 pm Energy Efficiency Measures Overview
2
11:15 am – 12:00 pm Energy Efficiency Measures Overview12:00 pm – 1:00 pm LUNCH1:00 pm – 1:30 pm Building Envelope 1:30 pm – 2:00 pm Domestic Hot Water (DHW)2:00 pm – 2:30 pm Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)2:30 pm – 2:45 pm BREAK2:45 pm – 3:15 pm Home Energy Rating System (HERS)3:15 pm – 4:00 pm Wrap up & Resources
Logistics
� Restrooms, Refreshments, Safety
– Refreshments now, lunch on your own
� Webinar participants – we will address your online
questions before each break
� Evaluation Forms in your folder
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� Evaluation Forms in your folder
in return for a CD of
presentation materials
� For webinar:
Type Questions
Questions will be taken in the
order received
Sponsored by PG&E
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2009
“PG&E” refers to Pacific Gas and Electric Company, a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation.
© 2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserved.
Introductions
The Heschong Mahone Group, Inc
� Consulting on energy efficiency for buildings
� Based in California:
– Headquarters in Sacramento region
– Offices in Bay Area and San Diego region
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– Offices in Bay Area and San Diego region
� Expertise in:
– Residential (multi-family and single-family) energy efficiency
program implementation throughout California (new
construction, whole-house rehabilitation)
– Building science and codes and standards
– Research and evaluation
www.h-m-g.com/multifamily
Training Implementer
Public service program:
� Cash incentives
� Energy design assistance
� Project roundtable
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� Project roundtable
� Educational opportunities
� Program coordination
Incentive InformationCMFNH 2010-12 Incentives
Incen
tive A
mo
un
t20%
$0.24/kWh
$0.97/therm
$38.96/kW
25%
$0.30/kWh
$1.22/therm
$50.29/kW
30%
$0.37/kWh
$1.46/therm
$61.63/kW
35%
$0.43/kWh
$1.70/therm
$72.96/kW
40%
$0.49/kWh
$1.94/therm
$84.29/kW
45%
$0.55/kWh
$2.18/therm
$95.63/kW
15%
$0.18/kWh
$0.73/therm
$27.63/kW
7
Developer Incentives:� Base: $100 per unit
� Escalating incentives based on energy savings: see chart
� HERS verification incentive: $60 per unit (max of $12,000 per project)
Energy Consultant Incentives:
� $50 per unit (max of $10,000 per project)
15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Percent Better Than Title 24 $/kWh $/therm $/kW
Title 24 Overview
8
Section 1
California’s 16 Climate Zones
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2009
California’s 16 Climate Zones
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October
2009
Title 24 Documents
� 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards
� 2008 Compliance Manuals
� 2008 Reference Appendices
– Joint Appendices
� Glossary, climate zones, construction assemblies, etc
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2009
� Glossary, climate zones, construction assemblies, etc
– Residential Appendices
� HERS protocols, HVAC sizing, thermal mass, etc
– Nonresidential Appendices
� HERS protocols, acceptance requirements etc
� 2008 Alternative Calculation Manuals
– Rulebook for Title 24 ‘performance approach’ software
Low Rise vs. High Rise
� The three-story designation as it relates
to multi-family buildings
� Less than 3 habitable floors
– Falls under the low rise residential standards
� More than 3 habitable floors
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2009
� More than 3 habitable floors
– Classified as residential high rise
– Falls under the nonresidential standards
Habitable Space
� A habitable floor
– Defined in the California Building Code (CBC)
– Is used with the energy efficiency standards
� A habitable story
– Contains space in which humans may live or work in reasonable comfort,
and that has at least 50% of its volume above grade
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2009
and that has at least 50% of its volume above grade
� A multi-family building
– Is a dwelling unit of occupancy group R (defined in CBC), that shares a
common wall and/or floor/ceiling with at least one other dwelling unit
� A single-family attached building
– Is a dwelling unit of occupancy group R that shares a common wall with
another dwelling unit (duplex and some townhomes)
Title 24 Review
� Mandatory Measures
– Building envelope efficiency minimums
– HVAC & DHW efficiency minimums
– Lighting efficiency minimums
� Prescriptive Approach
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2009
� Prescriptive Approach
– Pre-determined packages
– Simplest approach, but least flexible
� Performance Approach
– Energy budget calculation using CEC approved Title 24 software
– Complex, but allows trade-offs between measures
Prescriptive Approach
� Simplest and least flexible compliance path– Checklist methodology
– No trade-offs between measures
– Restrictive in nature
� 3 packages:– Package C
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2009
– Package C� Allows for electric resistance heat
– Package D� Serves as base for standard design budget in performance approach
– Package E (new for 2008)� Equivalent to Package D
� Offers alternatives for the use of metal framed fenestration
Prescriptive Approach cont.
� Package D (Table 151-C) Low Rise Residential
� Requirements by climate zone– Insulation
– Radiant Barrier
– Roofing Products (2008)
– Fenestration
– Thermal Mass
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2009
– Thermal Mass
– Space Heating
– Space Cooling
– Central Forced Air Handlers (2008)
– Ducts
– Water Heating
Time Dependent Valuation
� TDV changes the way energy is ‘valued’ based on the time of use of that energy
– Time of day or season is very important
– Higher value for on-peak savings
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2009
– Lower value for off-peak
– Neutral for savings that are both on and off peak
TDV Impact on Compliance
� TDV favors technologies that save energy on-peak
– Greater credit for:
� Higher EER air conditioners
� Lower SHGC glazing
� Better duct insulation (in unconditioned spaces)
– Greater penalties for:
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October
2009
– Greater penalties for:
� West-facing glass
� Oversized, un-shaded windows/skylights
– Generally neutral or lower credits for:
� Economizers
� Envelope insulation
� High efficiency water heating
Performance Approach
� Title 24 Performance Approach
– Estimated energy use of proposed design
– Compared to estimated energy use of standard design
– Difference expressed as percentage of the standard design
� Standard design energy budget = prescriptive package energy budget
� Title 24 determines simple compliance for new construction projects
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2009
� Title 24 determines simple compliance for new construction projects
– Is the proposed budget less than the standard budget?
Performance Approach cont.
� Title 24 building simulation software used to demonstrate
– Percentage compliance margin (usually 15% > T24)
� California Energy Commission certified Title 24 software
– MICROPAS (low-rise only)
– EnergyPro (low-rise and high-rise)
� Programs with compliance margin eligibility criteria
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2009
� Programs with compliance margin eligibility criteria
– PG&E’s California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH)
– PG&E’s California Advanced Homes Program (CAHP)
– Build It Green’s Green Point Rated (GPR)
– USGBC’s LEED for Homes
– Enterprise Community Partners - Green Communities
Performance Report Basics
� Does not represent ALL building energy usage
– Energy use by appliances and other electronic equipment
(TVs, computers, etc) is not included
� Only calculates energy usage regulated by Title 24
– Heating systems
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2009
– Cooling systems
– Domestic hot water systems
� Lighting not included in residential calculations
– Mandatory measures only
EnergyPro CF-1R Report
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2009
EnergyPro CF-1R Report
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October
2009
EnergyPro CF-1R Report
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October
2009
EnergyPro CF-1R Report
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October
2009
EnergyPro CF-1R Report
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2009
High-Rise Multi-Family Title 24
� High-rise multi-family buildings are modeled differently
– Envelope and HVAC = Nonresidential standards
– Lighting and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) = Residential standards
� Residential and Nonresidential Title 24 use different
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� Residential and Nonresidential Title 24 use different calculation engines
– High-rise calculations de-emphasize envelope measures
– HVAC and DHW become more important
� Only one HERS measure compliance credit opportunity
– Field Verification and Diagnostic Testing of Duct Sealing
Sample UTIL-1R
% Better
than Title 24
Incentive Eligibility
Incentive Rate
28
than Title 24
Energy Savings
Incentive Amount
per Energy Type
Base Incentive
($100/unit)
Total Project
Incentive
Sample Incentive Amounts
Project #
Units CZHR/ LR
% Better than
Title 24kW/
ProjectkWh/
ProjectTherms/ Project
2010-12 Incentive/
Unit
2006-09 Incentive/
UnitDifference/
Project
A 117 3 HR 16% 35 37,648 989 $178 $150 $3,307
B 12 11 LR 16% 2 2,566 719 $194 $200 $(68)
C 30 3 LR 16% 1 599 27 $105 $150 $(1,346)
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D 35 13 LR 17% 15 16,596 519 $225 $200 $864
E 233 12 LR 17% 31 33,625 7,378 $160 $200 $(9,220)
F 69 4 LR 26% 10 11,104 5,303 $256 $150 $7,310
G 80 3 HR 26% 42 45,598 2,894 $354 $150 $16,334
H 206 4 HR 26% 164 175,559 1,463 $421 $150 $55,754
I 39 3 LR 26% 0 404 1,977 $168 $150 $697
J 36 3 LR 37% 1 1,368 1,021 $171 $150 $749
K 129 3 LR 37% 14 15,010 16,469 $390 $150 $30,993
Title 24 Resources
� 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards:
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008standards/
� CEC Blueprint:
http://www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/blueprint/
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2009
http://www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/blueprint/
– Sign up for newsletter here
� Energy Efficiency Hotline:
– Phone: 916-654-5106 or 1-800-772-3300 (toll free in CA)
2008 Title 24 Code Update
31
Section 2
Key Changes in 2008 Title 24
� Lower u-factor and some SHGC changes
– Amount of credit available for high performance windows has been
reduced
– U-factors have been lowered to 0.40 in all climate zones
– SHGC requirements in some climate zones where they weren’t before
� Roofing products (cool roofs)
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� Roofing products (cool roofs)
– 2005 had no prescriptive requirements in any climate zone
– 2008 has requirements for 10 of the 16 climate zones , mostly in cooling
zones
– Cannot install a radiant barrier with a cool roof
� HERS duct testing prescriptively required in all climate zones
� Thermostatic expansion valves can no longer serve as an
alternative to refrigerant charge testing for split AC systems
Key Changes in 2008 Title 24
� New HERS Measures added– Low leakage ducts in conditioned space
– Low leakage air handlers (furnaces)
– Air conditioners with high EER
� ASHRAE 62.2 ventilation standards now mandatory in low rise residential T-24– Whole building mechanical ventilation system
33
– Whole building mechanical ventilation system
– Kitchens-bathrooms must vent to the outdoors
– Clothes dryers must vent to the outdoors
– Ventilation air must come from outdoors, controls labeled
– Number of other requirements
� Tankless water heater, large instantaneous indirect water heater, hot water supply boilers will be de-rated by a factor of 0.92 in the compliance software
Key Changes in 2008 Title 24
� Multi-family water heating systems now require:
– Air release valves
– Check valves to prevent backflow
– Pump isolation valves for pump servicing
– Pump priming valves to allow for bleeding of the system
� Credit for central hot water monitoring and hourly demand
34
� Credit for central hot water monitoring and hourly demand
controls
� Mixed occupancy
– If one occupancy is 80% or more the compliance may be run for
that major occupancy (envelope, HVAC and water heating)
– HOWEVER… the lighting requirements and mandatory measures
must be met by occupancy type
Key Changes in 2008 Title 24
� Compliance software ‘engine’ changes
– Unconditioned Zone Model (UZM)
� Models attic spaces
– New model for slab heat gains and losses
� Compliance forms – new look
35
– CF-1R Certificate of Compliance
– MF-1R Mandatory Measures Summary
– CF-6R Certificate of Installation
� CF-6R-ENV, CF-6R-LTG, CF-6R-MECH
Building Science
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Section 3
Building Science Introduction
� Buildings have evolved a long way from basic
shelter to elaborate climate controlled shelters
37
Building Science Disciplines
� Owners, architects, and
engineers
� HVAC contractor
� Interior designers,
38
lighting designers, and
landscape architects
� Construction tradesmen
� Maintenance crew
Building Process
� Project budget and client needs
� Occupant needs
� Site considerations and limitations
� Massing and layout
� Building
39
� Building
– Enclosure (walls and roof)
– Sub-systems and components (HVAC, electrical)
– Fit and finish (carpets, cabinets, paints, etc)
It’s Not Just Energy Efficiency
� Safety concerns
� Climatic conditions
� Moisture control
� Indoor air quality
� Building pressure
40
� Building pressure
and air flow
� Heat loss fundamentals
� Building codes
� Occupant comfort
System Cause and Effect
� Climatic conditions ->
moisture control
� Moisture control ->
indoor air quality
� Indoor air quality ->
41
� Indoor air quality ->
mechanical ventilation
� Envelope design ->
HVAC system selection
HVAC and IAQ Interaction
� Leaky ducts in attic can lead to moisture problems
42
Envelope & HVAC Interaction
� High performance
envelope system
can result in
smaller HVAC
equipment
43
equipment
� Tightly sealed
envelope and
residential
mechanical
ventilation per
Title 24-2008
Heat Loss Fundamentals
� Infiltration
� Conduction
� Convection
� Radiation
44
� Radiation
Thermal Mass Heat Transfer
� 1-D and 2-D heat transfer
� Thermal mass delay theory
45
Setting Goals and Objectives
� Understand California’s Title 24 Energy Standards
� Adopt whole-building design vs. a measure approach
– Where the sum is greater than the parts
– Individual building components are considered as part of integrated and interactive systems:
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2009
integrated and interactive systems:
� The building envelope design impacts HVAC sizing
� Skylights with daylighting controls can reduce electric lighting loads
� Electric lighting increases cooling requirements
� Waste heat from one system can power another
� Evaluate measure combinations for cost effectiveness
� Clearly define decision making criteria
Performance-Based Design
� Building energy simulation software makesperformance-based whole building analysis possible
– Buildings modeled using weather data specific to climate
� Same software can calculate:
– Code compliance
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2009
– Code compliance
– Energy efficiency design
� Same software can model:
– Specific energy measures
– Interactions between measures
Parametric Analyses
� Parametric analysis
– Design optimization method
– Take one variable type (e.g. window solar heat gain properties) and test with a series of values
– Results show relationships between elements
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– Results show relationships between elements
� Test sensitivities to
– Building orientation
– Window area and orientation distribution
– Hot water heating equipment efficiency, distribution system and controls…etc
Energy Efficiency Measures Overview
49
Section 4
Energy Measure Trade-Offs
Two trade-off approaches of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEM) in Title 24 energy modeling
�Non-tradable measures– Building characteristics modeled identically in the Standard
design and Proposed design
�Tradable measures
50
�Tradable measures– Building characteristics modeled as designed in the Proposed
design and as baseline in the Standard design
Non-Tradable: Zoning
� Zoning of building
� Interior and demising
partitions
51
partitions
� Unconditioned spaces
� Hourly schedules
Non-Tradable: Envelope
� Gross wall / roof / floor / slab / door areas
� Construction assembly types
� Glazing window to wall ratio (WRR) up to 40%
� Glazing skylight to roof ratio (SRR) up to 5%
52
Non-Tradable: Envelope
� Opaque absorptivity
(except roof)
� Heat capacity of walls
� Interior window shade
53
management
� Receptacle and process
loads
� Infiltration rate
� Proposed heating system
capacity over-sizing
– Up to 143%
� Proposed cooling system
capacity over-sizing
Non-Tradable: HVAC
54 54
capacity over-sizing
– Up to 121%
� Some design fan and pump
characteristics
� Fan system operation
� Ventilation rate
Non-Tradable: DHW
� Pipe gains and losses
� All system attributes except recovery efficiency
55 55
Tradable: Envelope
� Insulation levels – In exterior wall / roof-ceiling / raised floor assemblies
credit / neutral / penalty
� Insulation placement – In heavy or mass wall, roof, or raised floor assemblies
credit / penalty
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credit / penalty
� Wall fenestration area– In walls greater than 40% window to wall ratio (WWR)
penalty
� Roof fenestration area– In roofs greater than 5% skylight to roof ratio (SRR)
penalty Source: Canada Housing Assoc.
Tradable: Envelope cont.
� Fenestration SHGC value
credit / neutral / penalty
� Fenestration U-factorscredit / neutral / penalty
� Fenestration overhangs
57
� Fenestration overhangscredit
Source: House Energy
Source: NFRC
Tradable: HVAC
� HVAC system typecredit / neutral / penalty
� Primary equipment efficiency ratingcredit / neutral
� Equipment part load performance
58
credit / neutral / penalty
� Heat pump auxiliary electric heat strip sizingneutral / penalty
� Cooling tower sizing, temps, fan speeds, pumpscredit / neutral / penalty
� Premium efficiency fan and pump motorscredit
Source: BetterBricks
Tradable: HVAC cont.
� Fan system configurationcredit / neutral / penalty
� Design fan power in standard design – Up to 0.8 W/cfm for constant volume, 1.25 W/cfm for VAV
penalty
� Air-, water-, evaporative-cooled condenser
59
� Air-, water-, evaporative-cooled condensercredit / neutral / penalty
� Evaporative cooling & pre-coolingcredit / neutral / penalty
� HERS verified & testing measurescredit
Tradable: HVAC Controls
� System supply air control
credit / neutral / penalty
� Zone terminal controls
credit / neutral / penalty
� Chiller staging controls
credit / neutral / penalty
60
credit / neutral / penalty
� Fan volume control
credit / neutral / penalty
� Air economizers
credit / neutral / penalty
Source: BSD Solutions
Low-Rise Residential
� 20% Window-to-floor-ratio (WFR)
– Used instead of WWR
� 5% WFR for west facing glass
� Additional tradable EEM’s for domestic hot water
– Distribution system controls
61
– Distribution system controls
– Pipe insulation
Source: John Henry Architects
� Integrated design process
� Focus on measures that will
have greatest impact on T24
compliance margin TDV savings
� Be aware of impact on real
Energy Measure Selection
62
� Be aware of impact on real
energy savings
� EEM selection for multi-family
buildings
Integrated Design Process
� Engage all design team members early in design
63
Integrated Design Process
� Frequent interaction between disciplines
� Hire energy consultant early
� Preliminary energy modeling to inform building
massing and form
� Subsequent energy modeling to inform equipment
64
� Subsequent energy modeling to inform equipment
type and efficiency selection
Integrated Design Process
� Focus on building site conditions first
� Reduce heating and cooling loads with high
performance envelope system and lighting
� Install high efficiency HVAC and DHW equipment
� Install solar thermal DHW system
65
� Install solar thermal DHW system
� Install ENERGY STAR® appliances
� Install solar PV
� Educate owners/tenants in
conservation
TDV vs. Site Energy Savings
� Time Dependant Valuation (TDV)
� Site Energy: kWh and kBtu
66
Source: Energy Design Resources (EDR)
TDV vs. Site Energy Savings
� Credit in T24 analysis….occasionally little or no impact on realized site energy savings
– A cool roof on a MF high-rise building w/out cooling improves compliance margin, zero cooling energy savings since cooling is not installed
– Low-e window with a low SHGC in coastal building without
67
– Low-e window with a low SHGC in coastal building without cooling
TDV vs. Real Energy Savings
� PERF-1 and CF-1R report TDV
� ECON-1 reports annual energy cost
� UTIL-1 reports annual site energy consumption
68
� UTIL-1 reports annual site energy consumption
� Life Cycle Cost tool in EnergyPro
PERF-1 and CF-1R
69
ECON-1 Report
70
UTIL-1 Report
71
Simple Payback Analysis
Identify cost-effective energy efficiency measures
Specify EE measures in building energy simulation software
Find utility rates and multiply by kWh and Therm savings
Find incremental cost estimate for each measure (DEER database)*
72
Use simulation software output for kWHand Therm savings
Divide estimated annual utility savings by incremental measure costs to get the number of year payback
measure (DEER database)*
If the cost-benefit numbers aren’t satisfactory, change the mix of measures and begin again
Building Envelope
73
Section 5
� High performance (HP) envelope means that each
component is designed to minimize the transfer of
thermal energy which in turn creates an energy
efficient building
– Glass that lowers the amount of heat transfer in or out while
still allowing enough light into the space
High Performance Building Envelopes
74
still allowing enough light into the space
– Walls, roofs and floors that maintain their thermal integrity
� Examine function first, let the aesthetics evolve
HP Building Envelope – Roofs, Ceilings
� Cool and sustainable roofing
– Energy efficient design practices (don’t lose the energy
savings via construction changes)
– High thermal insulation
– Cool roofing
75
� A cool roof reflects the sun’s heat back to the sky instead of
transferring the heat to the building
HP Building Envelope – Roofs, Ceilings
� Reflectance: the ability of a material to bounce back
solar radiation
� Emittance: the ability of heat to escape from a surface
once it is absorbed
76
HP Building Envelope – Roofs, Ceilings
� Cool roof
77
HP Building Envelope – Roofs, Ceilings
� Cool roof Title 24 requirements
– Low Sloped Roof = pitch less than 2:12
– Steep Sloped Roof = pitch more than 2:12
� Prescriptive requirements depend on
– Climate zone
78
– Climate zone
– Roofing material
� Compliance credit considered equivalent to radiant
barrier
HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls
Considerations � Heat Transfer - Insulation
� Air Infiltration – Air Barrier
� Framing
– Advanced Framing
� Current industry standard wall = 2x4
frame, 16”o.c., double top plates, 3
stud corners, jack studs, cripples
79
stud corners, jack studs, cripples
and double headers
� Advanced Framing = 2x6 frame, 24”
o.c., single top plates, 2 stud
corners, no jack studs, no cripples
and single headers
– Advantages: cheaper, faster,
saves energy
HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls
Typical Framing Advanced Framing
80
HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls
� Structural Insulating Panels (SIP)
� Made by bonding OSB, plywood, fiber-cement onto
both sides of expanded polystyrene (EPS) or
polyurethane foam core
– Reduced labor
81
– Reduced labor
– Increased R-value
– Reduced air infiltration
– Increased construction costs
� Need for careful design as changes are costly
� Higher material cost
HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls
� Structural Insulating Panels (SIP)
82
HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls
� Structural Insulating Panels (SIP) - roofing
83
HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls
� Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF)
� Interlocking modular units that stay in place filled with
concrete (Lego bricks)
– Increased R-value
– Reduced air infiltration
84
– Reduced air infiltration
– Higher first costs
– Offset by energy cost savings
� Need for careful design as changes are costly
HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls
� Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF)
85
HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls
� Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF)
86
HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors
� Considerations
– Heat transfer
– Shading opportunities
– Ventilation
– Size
87
HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors
� Glass windows and doors can be 10-25% of the
exterior wall
– Can account for 25% of heating load
– Can account for 50% of cooling load
� Windows with lower U-factors minimize heat loss in
88
� Windows with lower U-factors minimize heat loss in
heating dominated areas
� Windows with lower solar heat gain coefficients
minimize heat gain in cooling dominated areas
– SHGC = amount of solar energy allowed through the window
HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors
� 2008 Window U-factor:
– 0.40 for all climate zone
� 2008 Window SHGC:
– 0.40 for climate zones 5 and 6
– 0.35 for climate zone 15
89
� High-performance windows
– Compliance credit still possible
– Other compliance options may be more cost-effective
� Model overhangs and fins
HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors
� Fenestration Title 24 Issues
– Allowable west-facing glass is limited to 5% of floor area
(performance trade-off)
– Standard multi-family design is based upon actual glazing
area instead of 16% or 20% (up to 20%)
90
area instead of 16% or 20% (up to 20%)
HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors
� Operable types
– Casement
– Awning
– Hopper
– Slider
91
– Double-hung
HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors
� Shading opportunities
92
HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors
� Fixed overhangs
93
Site Built Fenestration
� Component Modeling Approach (CMA)
� New concept:
– Build based on predefined & certified components
– Simulate energy performance (rather than using default values)
� For more information:
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October
2009
� For more information:
– www.h-m-g.com/CMAProgram.aspx
Domestic Hot Water
95
Section 6
DHW Measures
� Residential Title 24 Standards apply to DHW
systems in low-rise and high-rise residential buildings
� Three main EEM categories
– Equipment type and efficiency
96 96
– Equipment type and efficiency
– Distribution efficiency
– Solar thermal systems
DHW Equipment Efficiency
Small water heater is defined as a gas storage water
heater with an input of 75,000 Btu per hour or less, or
electric water heater with an input of 12 kW or less
� Energy factor: small storage and instantaneous WH
97
� Energy factor: small storage and instantaneous WH
and accounts for overall efficiency including standby
losses
� Recovery efficiency: large storage WH and doesn’t
account for standby loss
� Thermal efficiency/AFUE: boilers
DHW Equipment Type
� Small storage water heaters
– Gas or electric
� Large storage water heaters
– Gas or electric
� Instantaneous water heaters
98
� Instantaneous water heaters
– Gas or electric
� Boilers
� Heat pump water heaters
Source: ArchiExpo, DailyGreen, Housing and Building Dept. New Zealand
DHW Equipment Type
99
Condensing Boiler
� Captures latent heat from
moisture in the flue
� Standard water heaters
have EF of 0.58 – 0.65
� Condensing water heater
100
� Condensing water heater
technologies have EF of
0.90 – 0.96
� Extracts heat out of the ambient
air to supplement the
compressor and increase
efficiency to an Energy Factor
approaching 2.0
Heat Pump Water Heater
101
� HPWH reject cold condenser air
into the space for small cooling
interactive effects in cooling
dominated climates
Hot Water Distribution
102
Hot Water Distribution EEM’s
� Pipe insulation: extra
half inch
� Pipe location: indoors
� Distribution pump
controls: demand
103
controls: demand
Solar Thermal Systems
� Does give credit in Title 24 (Solar PV does not…yet)
� Most coastal projects at > 25% above code threshold
are using solar hot water (2005)
� Alternative to high-efficiency boilers
104
� Alternative to high-efficiency boilers
� Particularly complimentary to central systems
� Title 24 consultant inputs the Solar Savings Fraction
(OG-300, OG-100, f-chart) and solar water heating
designer sizes the actual system
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
105
Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Section 7
HVAC Measure Types
� HVAC system type
� Primary equipment
efficiency ratings
� System correct sizing
� Air and hydronic
106
� Air and hydronic
distribution systems
� Controls
HVAC System Types
� Unitary systems have all cooling equipment in one component
– Packaged and split system AC and HP
– Packaged terminal AC and HP (PTAC/PTHP)
– Also loosely groups space heating including wall furnaces and electric baseboards
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electric baseboards
� Built-up systems are typically hydronic systems using a central plant located separate from the fan coils and air distribution equipment
– Hydronic hot water heating only
– Four-pipe fan coil units, heating and cooling
– Not a “central” furnace or “central AC”
Equipment Efficiency Ratings
� Increased efficiency ratings for the primary heating and
cooling equipment
– Furnace and Boiler efficiency (AFUE and/or TE)
– Heat pump efficiency (COP, HSPF)
– Packaged and split AC efficiency (EER, SEER)
108
– Chillers and heat rejection equipment (COP, kW/ton)
� Standard case modeled with equipment efficiency as
prescriptively required by Title 24 Package D, typically
mandatory minimum
Furnace & Boiler Efficiency
� Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) and Thermal Efficiency
(TE) ratings used for efficiency of combustion heating
equipment
� Typically one and the same for nameplate ratings
– 78% is minimum required furnace
– 80% is minimum required for boilers
109
– 80% is minimum required for boilers
– Up to ~85% is achievable with standard combustion furnace or boiler
technologies
– Up to ~97% AFUE is achievable with condensing furnace or boiler
� Increased furnace or heating boiler may have minimal energy
cost savings in south coastal climates
� Extra first cost of condensing boilers/furnaces from required
flue that needs to vent to exterior
Cooling Efficiency: SEER vs. EER
� Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) rating is used to rate cooling efficiency on A/C units 5 tons and less– Accounts for seasonal variation of system operation
– SEER used on manufacturer labels for units 5 tons and less
� EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) is the full load efficiency at specificoperating conditions
110
operating conditions
SEER test = 82º F: Southeast US; warm, humid climates
vs.
EER test = 95º F: California conditions; hot, dry climate
� In California’s climate design to high EER criteria
– And receive Title 24 credit (with HERS verification)
Hydronic Heating System Type
� Dedicated hydronic heating system
– A boiler or water heater circulated hot water to the building
for use in radiators, baseboards, or fan coils
– Separate system for domestic hot water needs
� Combination-hydronic heating system
111
– One boiler or water is used for the space heating and DHW
needs
� Frequently used in both HR and LR applications
Hydronic Heating System Type
112
Hydronic Heating System Type
� No credit for avoidance of fan energy (LR, HR)
� Credit for locating pipes indoors (LR, HR)
� Credit for avoidance of air distribution losses only
– Reduces heating load (LR)
113
Alternative HVAC Systems
� Variable refrigerant flow systems
� Evaporatively cooled condensers
114
� Ground source heat pumps
� Ice storage air conditioners
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems
� Multiple size indoor fan coil units (20)on one remote condenser
– Allows flexibility in design
– 2-pipe fan coil system
– Allows simultaneous heating and cooling
115
– Allows simultaneous heating and cooling
� Multiple compressors = high part load efficiency
� Potential for heat recovery from one loop to another loop
Mitsubishi City-Multi VRF System
116
Evap. Cooled A/C Condensers
� Wet-bulb temp is lower than dry-bulb
temperature, increasing compressor efficiency
� Performance credit for indirect or direct-
indirect system types only, typically 20%-30% of
cooling budget
117
cooling budget
� Hot-dry climates
� Used with high EER credit requiring HERS
verification
Ground Source Heat Pump
� Heat pumps utilizing the ground as heat source
for heating, and heat sink during cooling mode
� Typically more effective in heating dominated
climate zones
� Increased EER and COP ratings
118
� Increased EER and COP ratings
– 13.4 EER and 3.4 COP are min federal requirements
for GSHP
� Used with high EER credit requiring HERS
verification
Ground Source Heat Pump
119
Ice Storage Air Conditioner
� The ISAC system consists of a water tank
containing refrigerant coils that cool the water
and convert it into ice
� Compressor operates at night reducing peak
cooling demand = large cooling compliance
120
cooling demand = large cooling compliance
credit
� Requires HERS verification and acceptance
testing
Ice Storage Air Conditioners
121
HVAC System Sizing
� Right-sizing HVAC equipment reduces energy usage – Air conditioners – up to 35%
– Furnaces – up to 16%
� Required HERS testing to take credit for properly sized cooling system in Title 24 analysis
� Lower efficiency equip properly sized
122
� Lower efficiency equip properly sized
can be more efficient than
� Higher efficiency equip improperly sized due to over cycling of equipment to meet loads
� Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) promotes high efficiency specifications and proper installation
http://www.cee1.org/
Air Distribution System
� Premium efficiency fan motors
� VFD fan control for systems serving common areas
� Duct measures not requiring HERS verification
123
� Duct measures not requiring HERS verification
� Duct system measures requiring HERS visual and
diagnostic testing
Non-HERS Duct Measures
� Increased duct insulation
� Ducts located in basement or crawlspace
� Ducts located in attic with radiant barrier
124
� Ducts located in attic with radiant barrier
Hydronic Distribution
� Pipe insulation
� Locate all pipes in doors
125
HVAC Controls
� Multi-zone thermostat control (LR residential only)
– Credit for controlling the sleeping and living zones with
separate thermostats, or separate systems
126
� Hydronic heating recirculation pump control
– Credit for demand control circulation pump control
– Penalty for all other recirculation pump controls
Home Energy Rating System (HERS)
127
(HERS)
Section 8
HERS & Utility Verification
� Title 24 HERS measures result in compliance credit
– To meet minimum code compliance (building permit)
– To exceed the code by 15% (incentive programs)
� Utility programs also use HERS rater to inspect
128
October
2009
– Insulation levels
– Window area and performance specifications
– Water heater and boiler specifications
– Conditioned floor area
– Radiant barriers
HERS & Utility Verification
3rd Party Verification & Testing
� Building department focus is Health and Life Safety
� Energy savings not realized unless measures are installed properly
� HERS rater verifies measures and
129
� HERS rater verifies measures and reports to developer
� Three C-HERS providers: CHEERS, CalCERTS, CBPCA
– www.cheers.org
– www.calcerts.com
– www.cbpca.org (retrofit only)
October
2009
HERS Verifications & Inspections
� Building envelope measures
� Air conditioning measures
� Duct measures
130
� Duct measures
HERS Building Envelope Measures
� Building envelope sealing
� High Quality Insulation Installation (QII)
� High QII for spray polyurethane foam (new)
131
� High QII for spray polyurethane foam (new)
HERS Building Envelope Sealing
� Building leakage is the unintended flow of outside air
into and out of a building
� Leakage will typically take place through:
– Joints, gaps and cracks in the building construction
– Cracks around doors and windows
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– Cracks around doors and windows
– Leaks around recessed lights, pipes, exhaust vents
� Can greatly impact the heating and cooling loads
� Verified using the blower door test
HERS Building Envelope Sealing
133
� Blower door test used to
determine the pressure
difference between inside
and outside
� Caulk and seal all
penetrations through walls,
HERS Building Envelope Sealing
134
penetrations through walls,
ceilings, floors to reduce
leakage
� High QII (wood-framed buildings only unless using a
closed cell foam)
– Insulation must be installed in contact with the air barrier
(such as wall or ceiling sheetrock)
– No voids, no gaps that result in portions of walls, ceilings or
floors un-insulated
HERS Building Envelope Measures
135
floors un-insulated
– No compressed insulation (reduces thickness of insulation
thus reducing effective R-value)
– Split insulation, then seal around pipes and wires (reducing
air gaps)
Compressed with gaps
and/or voids
HERS Building Envelope Measures
136
� Missing insulation under
ductwork
� Electrical cord creating air
gap between air barrier and
insulation
HERS Building Envelope Measures
137
HERS Building Envelope Measures
138
HERS Building Envelope Measures
139
HERS Building Envelope Measures
140
� High QII for spray
polyurethane foam
(new)
– Medium density closed
cell foam
HERS Building Envelope Measures
141
cell foam
– Applied to wood framed
buildings only
– Can be an effective way
to deal with all the odd
spaces around pipes,
electric cables, etc.
HERS Building Envelope Measures
142
� Improved refrigerant charge
� Installation of charge indicator display (new)
� Verified cooling coil airflow (new)
Air handler fan watt draw (new)
HERS Air Conditioning Measures
143
� Air handler fan watt draw (new)
� High Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
� Maximum rated total cooling capacity
� Improved refrigerant charge
– Refrigerant charge refers to the actual amount of refrigerant present in
the AC or heat pump system
– An excessive or insufficient amount reduces system efficiency
� Cause premature compressor failure
� Cause compressors to overheat
– Replaces the thermostatic expansion valve
HERS Air Conditioning Measures
144
– Replaces the thermostatic expansion valve
– Proper charge improves equipment life
� Installation of charge indicator display (New)
– Provides real time information to occupant about the status of the
system
– Mounted clearly visible to the occupant and close to the thermostat
– Equipment not currently available
� Verified cooling coil airflow
(new)– Split system AC and Heat Pump units
– 350 cfm air flow/ton
– Tied to the Air Handler Fan Watt
Draw
HERS Air Conditioning Measures
145
Draw
� Air handler fan watt draw
(new)– Fan wattage to be less than 0.58
watts/cfm
– Achieve by selecting a high efficiency
air handler fan and careful attention
to duct design
� High Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
– Energy Efficiency Rating is the full load efficiency at specific operating conditions.
– 95° F outdoors according to ARI procedures
– HVAC condenser and cooling coil correctly matched
– More effective for saving energy in hotter climate zones
HERS Air Conditioning Measures
146
– More effective for saving energy in hotter climate zones
� Maximum rated total cooling capacity
– Avoids over-sizing cooling equipment, increases efficiency by decreasing the frequency of equipment cycling on and off
– Triggers: cooling coil air flow, duct sealing and high EER
– Must use loads calculated by compliance software
– Challenge: Getting HVAC contractors to agree to sizing
� Duct sealing
� Supply duct location, surface area and R-value (high
efficiency duct design)
� No more than 12 linear feet of supply duct outside the
HERS Duct Measures
147
� No more than 12 linear feet of supply duct outside the
conditioned space (including the air handler and
plenum length)
� Low leakage ducts in conditioned space (new)
� Low leakage air handlers (new)
� Duct sealing
– Required across all climate zones prescriptively
– Helps to ensure proper duct system operation
HERS Duct Measures
148
Properly sealed furnace
� Duct testing
HERS Duct Measures
149
� Supply duct location, surface area and R-value (high efficiency duct design)
– Requires ACCA Manual D duct layouts
– Deviations from the approved duct design are not allowed
– Very detailed for the HVAC contractor and the HERS rater
� No more than 12 linear feet of supply duct outside the
HERS Duct Measures
150
� No more than 12 linear feet of supply duct outside the conditioned space (including the air handler and plenum length)
– Requires a visual verification
� Low leakage ducts in conditioned space (new)– Ducts tested
– Triggers the blower door test
– Has implications for the Title 24 modeling approach
– Fan coils installed in a sheet-rocked space:� California Building Code, (CBC) Title 24, Part 2, Volume 1, Chapter 7
HERS Duct Measures
151
� California Building Code, (CBC) Title 24, Part 2, Volume 1, Chapter 7 for fire-resistance-rated construction.
� T24 Standards, Section 150(m) states as follows: “Building cavities, support platforms for air handlers, and plenums defined or constructed with materials other than sealed sheet metal, duct board or flexible duct shall not be used for conveying conditioned air.”
� So if not a ducted return, plenum or building cavity
Non-ducted ceiling returns for fan coils to meet fire code (Res Manual)
Must demonstrate that
this is within the
conditioned space:
HERS Duct Measures
152
conditioned space:
•It is within the bldg
envelope.
•Air leakage pathways
are sealed.
•Duct test on the ‘fan
coil enclosure’
� Low leakage air handlers (new)
– Furnaces
– Heat pumps (indoor unit)
– Certified to leak less than 2% of it’s nominal delivered cfm
– Triggers duct testing
HERS Duct Measures
153
– Manufacturer must certify through the CEC
Wrap-Up and Resources
154
Section 9
ENERGY STAR® High-Rise
California Pilot Program:
� Currently only applies to
3 stories or less (LR)
� Being rolled out by EPA to
include 4 stories+ (HR)
155
include 4 stories+ (HR)
multi-family buildings
� Goal:
– Determine cost-
effectiveness requirements
– Translate national
requirements to Title 24
Call for Pilot Participation
� California Multi-Family High-Rise Pilot Program:
– A variety of multi-family building types:
• Studios, apartments, condominiums
• 4 story, mid-rise, high-rise
– Varying project types
• Affordable
Program Partners:
156
October
2009
• Affordable
• Market rate
• Mixed-income
– Varying climates
• Coastal and inland climate zones.
– MF buildings with cooling and without cooling
� Contact: Julieann Summerford [email protected]
Participation Requirements
� Meet energy performance guidelines (20% better than
ASHRAE 90.1-2004)
– Exceeding Title 24 also applicable
� Provide incremental costs
– To identifying actual incremental costs of building an ENERGY
157
October
2009
– To identifying actual incremental costs of building an ENERGY
STAR home
� Provide 2 years of building energy performance data
� Qualify and participate in California Multi-Family New
Homes (CMFNH)
– Exceed Title 24 by 15% with positive electric savings
Pilot Participation Benefits
� Free building simulation & technical assistance
– To identify cost-effective energy efficiency measures and
verify the building performance
� Utility program incentives for project team
� Maximized energy savings, reduced GHG emissions.
158
October
2009
� Maximized energy savings, reduced GHG emissions.
� Marketing benefits, including national recognition
– Potential use as a case studies for program marketing
� Quality assurance through program protocols
– Home energy raters (HERS raters) conduct onsite testing and
inspections to verify the energy efficient measures
Building Energy Code Training
Program Type Training (Classroom & Field)
Implementer BII - Building Industry Institute (PG&E third-party)
Market Sector Single-Family & Multi-Family
159
Training
Title 24 Overview of Title-24Lighting DesignQuality Control practices and proceduresQuality Insulation Installation benefits & creditsCommon insulation installation problemsDuct installation & diagnostic testingField Verification opportunities, benefits and requirementsUtility and other marketing programs
ContactAndrew Au, [email protected] (209.473.5049)
http://www.bect.ws/
Upcoming Trainings
� Introduction: CMFNH Webinar
– Webinar: Tuesday, June 22, 2010
� Intermediate: Multi-Family Energy Efficiency
– West Sacramento: Wednesday, July 14, 2010
160
– West Sacramento: Wednesday, July 14, 2010
� Advanced: Multi-Family Building Simulation
– San Ramon: Wednesday, May 19, 2010
Register: www.h-m-g.com/multifamily/training
Design Resources
� DOE Building America Program
– www.buildingamerica.gov
� EPA ENERGY STAR® Program
– www.energystar.gov
� US Green Building Council
161
� US Green Building Council
– www.usgbc.org
� Energy Design Resources (Savings By Design)
– www.energydesignresources.com
� American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Engineers
– www.ashrae.org
Energy Efficiency Resources
� California Association of Building Energy Consultants
– www.cabec.org
� Home Energy Magazine
– www.homenergy.com
� Title 24 Energy Standards
– www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008standards
162
– www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008standards
� Title 24 Energy Standards
– www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings
� Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association
– www.gamanet.org
� National Fenestration Rating Council
– www.nfrc.org
Renewable Energy Resources
� Solar Ratings & Certification Corporation
– www.solar-rating.org (SRCC)
� California Solar Energy Industries Association
– www.calseia.org (CalSEIA)
� Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Office
– www.eere.energy.gov (EERE)
163
– www.eere.energy.gov (EERE)
� National Renewable Energy Laboratory
– www.nrel.gov (NREL)
Thank you!
164
Thank you!
Heschong Mahone Group 916.962.7001
Linda Murphy [email protected]
Jeff Staller [email protected]