intermediate organic chemistry

7/22/2019 Intermediate Organic Chemistry

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Fhtmromifktm Brnkhfl

Lgmofstry

Oflgkm` \( @mbhkri


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fff

Lbpyrfngt 53;< ey Oflgkm` \( @mbhkriK`` rfngts rmsmrvmi( Ygfs ebba, br pkrts tgmrmbd, oky hbt em

rmprbiulmi fh khy dbro wftgbut pmrofssfbh(


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Dbr @kurk @mfng


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Yke`m bd Lbhtmhts

Skrt F: \trulturm \b`vfhn((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;

Lgkptmr ;: Okss spmltrbomtry ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5

Lgkptmr 5: Hul`mkr Oknhmtfl Umsbhkhlm spmltrbslbpy ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5>

Lgkptmr

Lgkptmr 9: \trulturm mùlfiktfbh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>9

Skrt FF: Krboktfl Lgmofstry Mxpkhimi(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;37

Lgkptmr =: Kry` kofhms (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;;3

Lgkptmr 4: Kry` gk`fims (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;5>

Skrt FFF: Ukiflk` Umkltfbhs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;9=

Lgkptmr >: Eksfl rkiflk` lgmofstry (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;94

Lgkptmr 7: Kivkhlmi rkiflk` lgmofstry ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;>=

Skrt FT: Fbhfl Umkltfbhs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;65

Lgkptmr 6: \yhtgmsfs bd kàmhms ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((;6&(

^gmh k euty` lkreblktfbh wks prbiulmi drbo pmhtkhm, ft wks prfokry( Ygm obrm stke`m

smlbhikry euty` lkreblktfbh rmsu`tfhn drbo 5/omtgyèutkhm fs tgmrmdbrm uhimrstkhike`y nrmktmr fhrm`ktfvm keuhikhlm(

Drknomhtktfbh bd tgm lmhtrk` rmi ebhi `mkis tb k prfokry mtgy` lkreblktfbh 'o"z 56& khi ksmlbhikry rkiflk`( Fh lbhtrkst, wgmh kh mtgy` lkreblktfbh wks rm`mksmi drbo pmhtkhm, ft wks

kllbopkhfmi ey k prfokry prbpy` rkiflk`( Ygm obrm stke`m rkiflk` dbromi fh tgm drknomhtktfbh

bd 5/omtgyèutkhm gm`ps tb mxp`kfh tgm nrmktmr rm`ktfvm keuhikhlm bd tgm o"z 56 sfnhk`(


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Duhltfbhk` nrbups khi tgmfr mddmlt bh drknomhtktfbh: kày` gk`fims

^gmh wm lbhsfimrmi kàkhm drknomhtktfbh, tgm fhftfk` fbhfzktfbh rmsu`tmi drbo tgm `bss bd kh

m`mltrbh drbo k sfnok '& ebhi( Gbwmvmr, wgmh gmtmrbktbo/lbhtkfhfhn duhltfbhk` nrbups krm

prmsmht fh k ob`mlu`m, tgmrm krm hbh/ebhifhn m`mltrbhs prmsmht 'f(m( tgm `bhm pkfrs&( Ygmsm

m`mltrbhs krm `mss tfngt`y gmì tgkh /ebhifhn m`mltrbhs, khi ks k lbhsmqumhlm, tgmy krm obrm`fam`y tb em ifsp`klmi iurfhn tgm fbhfzktfbh stmp( Kh k ay` gk`fim prbvfims kh f`ùstrktfvm

mxkop`m(

Ygm ob`mlu`kr fbh prbiulmi fh tgfs dksgfbh lkh drknomht fh bhm bd twb wkys( Bhm bptfbh fs

ahbwh ks gmtmrb`ytfl l`mkvknm( Fh tgfs lksm, tgm kijklmht sfnok ebhi ermkas wftg tgm m`mltrbhs

d`bwfhn tb tgm gk`bnmh ks mxpmltmi( Ygm rmsu`t fs k hmutrk` gk`bnmh rkiflk` khi k lkreblktfbh(

K`tmrhktfvm`y, /l`mkvknm oky bllur( Fh tgfs slmhkrfb, tgm gk`bnmhs m`mltrbh fs usmi tb dbro

bd k ebhi( Ygm btgmr m`mltrbh hmmimi tb lbop`mtm tgm ebhi lboms drbo tgm gbob`ytfll`mkvknm bd bhm bd tgm ebhis stmoofhn drbo tgm /lkrebh( Ks tgfs sfnok ebhi drknomhts, k

rkiflk` fs rm`mksmi( \fhlm mklg bd tgmsm mvmhts fhvb`vms tgm obvmomht bd k sfhn`m m`mltrbh,

sfhn`m/gmkimi dfsg gbba krrbws krm usmi tb imhbtm tgmo( K`sb, hbtm tgkt tgm lgkrnmi drknomhtstf`` lbhtkfhs tgm gk`bnmh khi tgmrmdbrm stf`` mxgfefts kh fsbtbpm pkttmrh(

/L`mkvknm fs lboobh dbr kày` lg`brfims emlkusm tgm L/L` ebhi gks k ebhi ifssblfktfbh mhmrny

' 73 alk`"ob`m& l`bsm tb tgkt bd L/L ebhis ' 7= alk`"ob`m&( Dbr kày` erbofims, fh wgflg tgm

lkrebh tb gk`bnmh ebhi fs wmkamr ' 4= 47 alk`"ob`m&, gmtmrb`ytfl l`mkvknm bllurs obrm

drmqumht`y 'tgrbung tgm ifssblfktfbh bd tgfs wmkamr ebhi& tgkh /l`mkvknm, wgflg wbuì rmqufrmtgm l`mkvknm bd tgm sfnhfdflkht`y strbhnmr L/L ebhi(

Duhltfbhk` nrbups khi tgmfr mddmlt bh drknomhtktfbh: mtgmrs

Ygm emgkvfbr bd mtgmrs db``bws tgm skom pkrkifnos but`fhmi kebvm: gmtmrb`ytfl l`mkvknm br /

l`mkvknm( Fd wm lbhsfimr kh uhsyoomtrflk` mtgmr, ft emlboms l`mkr tgkt ou`tfp`m drknomhtktfbhswf`` em pbssfe`m usfhn bh`y tgmsm twb omlgkhfstfl pkrkifnos(


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Fh tgm fbhfzktfbh stmp, wm wbuì knkfh mxpmlt kh m`mltrbh tb em `bst drbo tgm `mss tfngt`y gmìhbh/ebhifhn m`mltrbhs tb nmhmrktm tgm ob`mlu`kr fbh(

Ygfs rkiflk` lktfbh lbuì uhimrnb twb ifddmrmht gmtmrb`ytfl l`mkvknm mvmhts(

^m ofngt mxpmlt tgm drknomht lbhtkfhfhn k smlbhikry lkreblktfbh tb em obrm prbofhmht tgkh tgm

bhm lbhtkfhfhn k prfokry lkreblktfbh, eut ebtg drknomhts wf`` `fam`y em besmrvmi fh tgm okssspmltruo(

Ey tgm skom tbamh, tgmrm krm ou`tfp`m /l`mkvknm pktgwkys( Ywb bd tgmsm pktgwkys '; khi


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Duhltfbhk` nrbups khi tgmfr mddmlt bh drknomhtktfbh: k`lbgb`s

K`lbgb`s prmsmht khbtgmr fhstkhlm bd k gmtmrbktbo/lbhtkfhfhn duhltfbhk` nrbup( Ygmy tbb `bsm kh

m`mltrbh drbo k `bhm pkfr iurfhn fbhfzktfbh( Gbwmvmr, k`lbgb`s krm uhfqum fh tgkt tgmy rkrm`y

mxgfeft k prbofhmht ob`mlu`kr fbh pmka fh tgm okss spmltruo( Ygm m`mltrbh/imdflfmht bxynmh fsuhstke`m mhbung tgkt drknomhtktfbh fs vmry `fam`y( ^gf`m /l`mkvknm fs stf`` pbssfe`m, wm`` smm

tgkt imgyirktfbh fs khbtgmr gfng`y prbeke`m drknomhtktfbh(

Mxkofhfhn k pkrtflu`kr k`lbgb`, wm smm tgkt fbhfzktfbh yfmìs k rkiflk` lktfbh ks mxpmltmi(

Ygfs rkiflk` lktfbh rkpfi`y drknomhts1 gbwmvmr, gmtmrb`ytfl l`mkvknm, wgflg wbuì rmsu`t fh k

gyirbxy rkiflk`, fs nmhmrk``y uhdkvbrke`m( Fhstmki, /l`mkvknm oky bllur vfk bhm bd twbpktgwkys(

K`tmrhktfvm`y, wgmh tgm k`lbgb` fs sfzke`m mhbung tb gkvm k gyirbnmh kt k ifstkhlm bd dfvm ktbosdrbo tgm bxynmh, imgyirktfbh oky bllur( Ygfs prblmss emnfhs wftg tgm kestrkltfbh bd k gyirbnmh

ktbo drbo tgm /lkrebh( Khbtgmr wky bd pgrksfhn tgkt fs tb sky tgkt tgm gyirbnmh tgkt fs = ktbos

drbo tgm bxynmh fs kestrkltmi( K hbtm bh tmrofhb`bny fs fh brimr gmrm( ^m wbuì hbt sky tgkttgm /lkrebh fs imprbtbhktmi( Imprbtbhktfbh rmdmrs tb tgm rmobvk` bd k prbtbh 'f(m( G

! fs

rmobvmi&( Fh tgfs lksm, k gyirbnmh ktbo 'f(m( G& fs rmobvmi, khi sb wm sky tgkt k gyirbnmh

ktbo wks kestrkltmi(


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Ygfs prblmss gks hbt ymt rmsu`tmi fh khy lgkhnm fh okss emlkusm tgm gyirbnmh ktbo wks sfop`ytrkhsdmrrmi drbo bhm `blktfbh tb khbtgmr wftgfh tgm skom ob`mlu`m( Ygm sfnhfdflkhlm bd tgfs stmp

fs tgkt tgm ob`mlu`m hbw lbhtkfhs k nbbi `mkvfhn nrbup: wktmr( Ygm ifssblfktfbh bd wktmr 'br

imgyirktfbh& bllurs kt tgfs stknm(

Ygm hmw rkiflk` lktfbh fs k drknomht bd tgm brfnfhk` ob`mlu`kr fbh wftg k okss tgkt fs ;7 kou

sok``mr emlkusm ;7 kou fs tgm okss bd k wktmr ob`mlu`m( Lbhsmqumht`y, tgfs hmw rkiflk` lktfbhnfvms rfsm tb wgkt fs sbomtfoms lk``mi tgm O ;7 pmka( Ygm mhtfrm twb/stmp prblmss fs sgbwh

tbnmtgmr em`bw( Ft fs fopbrtkht tb hbtm tgkt stmp ; fs gbob`ytfl 'khi tgmrmdbrm usms dfsg gbba

krrbws&, wgf`m stmp 5 fs gmtmrb`ytfl 'khi tgmrmdbrm usms rmnu`kr omlgkhfstfl krrbws&(

Fh tgm khk`ysfs bd k`lbgb` okss spmltrk, ft oky hbt k`wkys em pbssfe`m tb smm tgm ob`mlu`kr fbh

pmka 'O&, eut ft wf`` usuk``y em pbssfe`m tb smm tgm imgyirktfbh drknomht 'O ;7&(

Duhltfbhk` nrbups khi tgmfr mddmlt bh drknomhtktfbh: amtbhms

Amtbhms gkvm uhfqum drknomhtktfbh emgkvfbr, eut tgmrm fs sbom khk`bny tb tgm emgkvfbr bd

k`lbgb`s( Dbr ebtg duhltfbhk` nrbups /l`mkvknm fs pbssfe`m( K`sb, ebtg duhltfbhk` nrbups lkhdrknomht fh kh k`tmrhktfvm dksgfbh tgkt fhvb`vms fhtrkob`mlu`kr gyirbnmh ktbo kestrkltfbh(

Fbhfzktfbh bd amtbhms prblmmis ks mxpmltmi, wftg tgm `bss bd kh m`mltrbh drbo k `bhm pkfr tbprbiulm tgm ob`mlu`kr fbh(

Drknomhtktfbh lkh bllur vfk /l`mkvknm fh bhm bd twb pktgwkys, nfvmh tgm ksyoomtry bd tgmob`mlu`m(


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Ygm LB spmlfms dbromi krm kly`fuo fbhs( Ygmsm krm rmsbhkhlm dbros bd lkrebhy`/lbhtkfhfhnnrbups emkrfhn kh k`ay` suestftumht 'f(m( kly` nrbups&, wgflg gkppmh tb k`sb em pbsftfvm 'gmhlm tgm

fuo suddfx&( Vbu skw kly`fuo fbhs iurfhn Fhtrbiultbry Brnkhfl Lgmofstry wgmh ybu stuifmi

Drfmim`/Lrkdts kly`ktfbh 'bhm bd tgm M`mltrbpgf`fl Krboktfl \uestftutfbh, br MK\, rmkltfbhs&(

Kh k`tmrhktfvm drknomhtktfbh obtfd fs ahbwh ks tgm Ol@kddmrty rmkrrkhnmomht, khi ft fhvb`vms

gyirbnmh kestrkltfbh drbo tgm /lkrebh( Gbwmvmr, emlkusm bd k ifddmrmhlm fh tgm usm bd Nrmma`mttmrfhn dbr k`lbgb`s khi amtbhms, tgm /lkrebh fs kt k ifddmrmht ifstkhlm drbo tgm bxynmh ktbo(

^ftg k`lbgb`s, tgm lkrebh emkrfhn tgm duhltfbhk` nrbup fs tgm /lkrebh1 wgmrmks, wftg lkrebhy`/

lbhtkfhfhn lbopbuhis, ft fs tgm lkrebh kijklmht tb tgm bhm emkrfhn bxynmh tgkt fs `kem`mi ks tgm/lkrebh( Ygfs omkhs tgkt dbr k`lbgb`s tgm /gyirbnmh fs dfvm ktbos drbo tgm bxynmh eut dbr

amtbhms tgm /gyirbnmh fs sfx ktbos drbo tgm bxynmh(

^gmh k`lbgb`s imgyirktm, tgm gyirbnmh dfvm ktbos drbo tgm bxynmh fs kestrkltmi emlkusm ktbostgkt krm smpkrktmi ey tgfs ifstkhlm krm l`bsm fh spklm tb bhm khbtgmr ks tgm ob`mlu`m rbtktms

tgrbung ifddmrmht lbhdbroktfbhs( ^gmh amtbhms uhimrnb Ol@kddmrty rmkrrkhnmomht, tgmgyirbnmh tgkt fs kestrkltmi fs s`fngt`y durtgmr kwky 'sfx ktbos& emlkusm bd tgm `krnmr ebhi khn`m

bd tgm sp5/gyerfifzmi lkrebhy` lkrebh( Ygfs fhlrmksm fh ebhi khn`m drbo ;36(= tb ;53

smpkrktms tgm rmkltfvm bxynmh drbo tgm l`bsmr gyirbnmh khi rmhimrs fts rmobvk` uh`fam`y(

Ks tgm /gyirbnmh fs kestrkltmi 'krrbws `kem`mi ; fh tgm dfnurm em`bw&, tgm rmokfhfhn m`mltrbhdrbo tgm ebhi tgkt fs gbob`ytflk``y l`mkvmi dk``s fh emtwmmh tgm / khi /lkrebhs 'krrbw `kem`mi

5 fh tgm dfnurm em`bw&( Ygm /lkrebh rmlfprblktms tgrbung ibhktfbh bd kh m`mltrbh drbo tgm ,


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ebhi 'krrbws `kem`mi < fh tgm dfnurm em`bw&( Ygfs lbop`mtms k ebhi emtwmmh wgkt usmi tb em

tgm / khi /lkrebhs, khi ft k`sb smvmrs tgfs b`mdfh drbo tgm rmst bd tgm ob`mlu`m

]sfhn okss spmltrk iktk fh prbe`mo sb`vfhn

Hbw tgkt wm uhimrstkhi gbw ob`mlu`ms emgkvm iurfhn okss spmltrbomtry, ft ofngt em usmdu` tb

`bba kt tgm fhdbroktfbh ifddmrmht`y( Fh tgm rmsmkrlg `kebrktbry, ybu ofngt hbt ahbw tgm strulturmbd ybur khk`ytm( Fhstmki, ybu oky klqufrm k okss spmltruo bd kh uhahbwh suestkhlm( Smrgkps

ybu gkvm sbom l`ums ks tb fts strulturm, eut ybu oky hbt ahbw k`` bd tgm imtkf`s( Khi, ybu oky

em ke`m tb usm okss spmltrbomtry 'okss spml& tb l`krfdy tgm khk`ytms strulturm( Gmrms kh

mxkop`m(

Lbhsfimr kh khk`ytm wftg tgm ob`mlu`kr dbrou`k L>G;9B( Ft mxgfefts tgm db``bwfhn okssspmltruo(

@mts try tb prbpbsm k strulturm tgkt fs lbhsfstmht wftg tgfs fhdbroktfbh(

Bur dfrst tksa sgbu`i em tb lk`lu`ktm imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh(

+%+ ? Q5 ! 5_ $.++5


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+%+ ? Q5> ! 5_ ;95 ? ;

Ygm prmsmhlm bd kh bxynmh khi k sfhn`m imnrmm bd uhskturktfbh sunnmsts tgkt k amtbhm fs k

pbssfe`m duhltfbhk` nrbup( Bd lbursm, ft fs k`sb pbssfe`m tgkt wm gkvm kh k`lbgb` br kh mtgmr wftg

k rfhn fh tgm strulturm( \fhlm tgm duhltfbhk` nrbups emgkvm quftm ifddmrmht`y, tgm okss spmltruosgbuì gm`p us tb fimhtfdy wgflg pbssfef`fty fs obrm prbeke`m(

@mts emnfh ey lbhsfimrfhn k amtbhm( Ft wbuì em lgk``mhnfhn tb `bba kt tgm prbofhmht pmkas kto"z ;;9, 7=, >5, =>, mtl( khi imvfsm strulturms dbr tgm drknomhts( Lgmofsts usuk``y prmdmr tb `bba

kt tgm ifddmrmhlm fh okss emtwmmh tgm ob`mlu`kr fbh pmka khi tgm btgmr prbofhmht pmkas( Ygmsm

okss ifddmrmhlms wf`` typflk``y em sok``mr vkùms tgkt lbrrmspbhi tb tgm `bss bd lboobh`ybllurrfhn drknomhts( \bom mxkop`ms krm nfvmh em`bw(

Okss Ifddmrmhlm

'kou&

Nrbup @bst

;= omtgy` rkiflk` 'LG


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^m k`sb ahbw tgkt k`` amtbhms oust lbhtkfh k lkrebhy`( @mts sfop`y lboefhm tgbsm pfmlms tb

betkfh k pbssfe`m amtbhm strulturm: 5& wbu`i em

`krnm fd tgm khk`ytm wmrm =/omtgy`/


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Lgkptmr ; Srbe`mos

;( Srbpy` nukfklb` fs k sb`vmht tgkt lkh em lrmktmi ey ermkafhn tgm ebhis fh `fnhfh, wgflg fs dbuhi

fh nrmkt keuhikhlm fh wbbi( Ygfs gm`ps tb kiirmss tgm fssum bd sustkfhkef`fty khi gks

fop`flktfbhs dbr mhmrny prbiultfbh ks wm`` 'Lgmoflk` $ Mhnfhmmrfhn Hmws, Juhm ;;, 53;5, p(


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5( Dbr tgm db``bwfhn k`lbgb`, sgbw tgm omlgkhfso dbr dbroktfbh bd tgm O/;7 pmka(


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7( Dbr tgm db``bwfhn amtbhm, prbvfim tgm mxpmltmi o"z rktfb dbr tgm ob`mlu`kr fbh pmka, ks wm`` ksdbr tgm okjbr drknomhts mxpmltmi(


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6( Ygm db``bwfhn fs tgm okss spmltruo bd k ob`mlu`m wftg tgm dbrou`k L>G;9B( Srbpbsm k

strulturm dbr tgfs ob`mlu`m tgkt fs lbhsfstmht wftg tgm okss spmltruo em`bw(

;3( K lbopbuhi wftg tgm ob`mlu`kr dbrou`k L4G;;L` mxgfefts tgm db``bwfhn okss spmltruo(

^gkt fs fts prbeke`m strulturm2


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Lgkptmr 5:

Hul`mkr OknhmtflUmsbhkhlm

\pmltrbslbpy


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K erfmd rmvfmw bd tgm duhikomhtk`s bd HOU

@mts emnfh wftg k erfmd rmvfmw bd tgm duhikomhtk`s bd Hul`mkr Oknhmtfl Umsbhkhlm 'HOU& tgkt

ybu `mkrhmi kebut fh Fhtrbiultbry Brnkhfl Lgmofstry( Lmrtkfh hul`mf 'm(n(;G,

;

Knkfh, sbom pmbp`m dfhi syoomtry p`khms tb em lgk``mhnfhn tb vfsuk`fzm( Fd tgkt fs tgm lksm dbr

ybu, tgm fsbtbpfl/suestftutfbh omtgbi wbras mquk``y wm`` dbr tgm fimhtfdflktfbh bd mhkhtfbtbpfl

gyirbnmhs( Ygm strulturm fs irkwh twflm khi mklg gyirbnmh fh turh fs rmp`klmi wftg imutmrfuo(Fd tgm rmsu`tfhn lbopbuhis krm mhkhtfbomrs, tgmh tgm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs krm mhkhtfbtbpfl(

Bur spmlfdfl mxkop`m, mtgkhb`, f`ùstrktms tgfs omtgbi( Gmrm, smqumhtfk` fsbtbpfl suestftutfbh

prbiulms lbopbuhis tgkt krm mhkhtfbomrs, omkhfhn tgkt tgm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs krm mhkhtfbtbpfl(

Ygm dfhk` pbssfef`fty fs tgkt omtgy`mhm prbtbhs lbuì em ifkstmrmbtbpfl( Ifkstmrmbtbpfl prbtbhslkusm tgmfr bwh uhfqum sfnhk`s imspftm tgm dklt tgkt tgmy stmo drbo tgm skom lkrebh( Ygfs fs k

vmry fopbrtkht obomht tb tkam k stmp ekla khi rmvfmw tgm efn pflturm( Tmry bdtmh wm gkvm

kssuomi tgkt gyirbnmhs ebhimi tb k sfhn`m lkrebh wbuì nfvm k sfhn`m sfnhk`( ^m krm hbw

smmfhn tgkt tgfs fs hbt hmlmsskrf`y tgm lksm( Fh sbom ob`mlu`ms, gyirbnmhs ebhimi tb tgm skomlkrebh lkh lkusm ifddmrmht sfnhk`s(

Ifkstmrmbtbpfl prbtbhs lkh em fimhtfdfmi fh twb wkys ks wm``( Fd tgmrm fs hb rbtktfbhk` kxfs bdsyoomtry khi hb fhtmrhk` p`khm bd syoomtry, tgmh tgm prbtbhs krm ifkstmrmbtbpfl( Fh nmhmrfl

strulturms wm lbuì smm tgfs ey mhvfsfbhfhn kh U nrbup lbhtkfhfhn lgfrk`fty, wgflg wm`` lk`` U*(

Ubtktfbh kebut kh kxfs tgrbung tgm omtgy`mhm lkrebh yfmìs k strulturm tgkt lkhhbt em ifrmlt`ysupmrfopbsmi wftg tgm dfrst emlkusm U* khi U ib hbt `fhm up(


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97

Kiiftfbhk``y, tgfs nmhmrfl strulturm ibms hbt lbhtkfh kh fhtmrhk` syoomtry p`khm( Fd rmd`mltfbhwmrm kttmoptmi tgrbung k p`khm luttfhn k`bhn tgm U*/L/U eklaebhm, tgm lgfrk`fty fh U* wbuì em

fhvmrtmi drbo 'U& tb '\&, br vflm vmrsk(

K spmlfdfl fhstkhlm bd sulg k ob`mlu`m fs '\&/5/eutkhb`( Ubtktfbh kebut kh kxfs tgrbung tgmomtgy`mhm lkrebh yfmìs k strulturm tgkt lkhhbt em ifrmlt`y supmrfopbsmi bh tgm dfrst emlkusm tgm

omtgy` khi k`lbgb`/lbhtkfhfhn suestftumhts hb `bhnmr `fhm up(

\fof`kr`y, wm krm uhke`m tb dfhi kh fhtmrhk` syoomtry p`khm fh '\&/5/eutkhb`( Umd`mltfbh tgrbung

tgm p`khm ifvfifhn tgm rmi khi eùm gyirbnmhs ibms fhtmrlbhvmrt tgmo1 gbwmvmr, tgm lgfrk`fty bdtgm k`lbgb` gks emmh fhvmrtmi fh tgm prblmss( Ygmrmdbrm, tgm rmsu`tkht strulturm fs hbtsupmrfopbske`m bh tgm brfnfhk` bhm(

Ygm fsbtbpfl suestftutfbh omtgbi prbvfims kh k`tmrhktfvm wky tb fimhtfdy ifkstmrmbtbpfl

gyirbnmhs( Knkfh, tgm strulturm fs irkwh twflm khi mklg omtgy`mhm gyirbnmh fs rmp`klmi fh turhwftg imutmrfuo( ^gmh tgm strulturm lbhtkfhs k prm/mxfstfhn lgfrk` lmhtmr, tgm rmsu`tfhn strulturms,

wgflg hbw emkr k smlbhi lgfrk` lmhtmr, krm ifkstmrmbomrs( Fd tgm strulturms dbromi ey fsbtbpfl

suestftutfbh kt tgm omtgy`mhm nrbup krm ifkstmrmbomrs, tgmh tgm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs krm

ifkstmrmbtbpfl(


54/427

96

Lbhtfhufhn wftg bur spmlfdfl mxkop`m, '\&/5/eutkhb`, smqumhtfk` fsbtbpfl suestftutfbh yfmìs

ifkstmrmbomrs, rmvmk`fhn tgkt tgm omtgy`mhm gyirbnmhs krm ifkstmrmbtbpfl(

BG

GGUmp`klm mklg fh turh wftg imutmrfuo Ygmsm lbopbuhis krm

ifkstmrmbomrs(

BG

IG

BG

GI

Ygm rkofdflktfbhs bd gbobtbpfl, mhkhtfbtbpfl, khi ifkstmrmbtbpfl gyirbnmhs krm besmrvmi fh

HOU spmltrk rktgmr lboobh`y( Dbr mxkop`m, fd wm lbopkrm ifomtgy` sullfhktm tb ifomtgy` '\&/

ok`ktm, wm`` smm tgkt tgmfr omtgy`mhm gyirbnmhs krm bd ifddmrmht typms, khi tgfs wf`` kddmlt tgmfr

spmltrk fh k prbhbuhlmi wky(

Ifomtgy` sullfhktm pbssmssms kh fhtmrhk` p`khm bd syoomtry tgkt lkh em usmi tb fhtmrlbhvmrt tgm

rmi khi eùm gyirbnmhs vfk rmd`mltfbh( Ygfs rmvmk`s tgkt tgm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs krm mhkhtfbtbpfl(

K`tmrhktfvm`y, fd wm wmrm tb lbhiult smqumhtfk` fsbtbpfl suestftutfbh, tgm lbopbuhis nmhmrktmi fhtgkt dksgfbh wbuì em mhkhtfbomrs, `mkifhn us tb tgm skom lbhlùsfbh( Lbhsmqumht`y, wm mxpmlt

tgm eùm khi rmi omtgy`mhm prbtbhs tb lbhtrfeutm tb k sfhn`m sfnhk`( ^m lkh smm tgfs fh tgm

db``bwfhn;G HOU prmifltfbh(


55/427

=3

Fh dklt, wm smm tgkt tgfs lbopbuhi bh`y mxgfefts k tbtk` bd twb sfnhk`s ium tb tgm dklt tgkt tgm twb

omtgy` nrbups krm mqufvk`mht khi tgm twb omtgy`mhm nrbups krm mqufvk`mht ks wm``(

Gbwmvmr, tgm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs bd ifomtgy` '\&/ok`ktm krm khbtgmr okttmr( Ifomtgy` '\&/ok`ktm

ibms hbt mxgfeft rbtktfbhk` syoomtry kebut kh kxfs tgrbung tgm omtgy`mhm lkrebh, hbr ibms ft

pbssmss kh fhtmrhk` p`khm bd syoomtry( Lbhsmqumht`y, fts omtgy`mhm prbtbhs krm ifkstmrmbtbpfl(^m lbuì k`sb gkvm krrfvmi kt tgfs khswmr ey lftfhn tgm dklt tgkt smqumhtfk` fsbtbpfl suestftutfbh

bd tgm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs yfmìs ifkstmrmbomrs( Ks k rmsu`t, wm mxpmlt tgm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs tb

lkusm tgmfr bwh uhfqum sfnhk`s( Ygfs stkhis tb rmksbh drbo k lboobh/smhsm pmrspmltfvm( Fh tgmlbhdbroktfbh sgbwh em`bw, tgm eùm gyirbnmh fs l`bsmr tb tgm gyirbxy` nrbup tgkh tgm rmi

gyirbnmh, sb tgmy mxfst fh ifddmrmht lgmoflk` mhvfrbhomhts( Nrkhtmi, okhy lbhdbroktfbhs kebut

tgm lmhtrk` lkrebh/lkrebh ebhi krm pbssfe`m, eut fh khy bd tgmo, tgm rmi khi eùm prbtbhs wf``

rmsfim fh ifddmrmht `blktfbhs rm`ktfvm tb tgm kijklmht gyirbxy` nrbup( Ygfs smrvms tb ifddmrmhtfktmtgmo spmltrbslbpflk``y(

Durtgmrobrm, sfhlm tgm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs krm fhmqufvk`mht, tgmy wf`` sp`ft bhm khbtgmr( Ygm rmiprbtbh wf`` em sp`ft ey fts vflfhk` 'omtgfhm, LG& hmfngebr khi ey fts nmofhk` eùm hmfngebr fhtb k

ibue`mt bd ibue`mts( Ygm eùm prbtbh wf`` mxgfeft k sfof`kr lbup`fhn( Ygm db``bwfhn;

G HOUprmifltfbh f`ùstrktms tgfs( Ygmrm krm twb ibue`mts bd ibue`mts emtwmmh 5(= khi


56/427

=;

Ywb btgmr dmkturms bd tgfs spmltruo imsmrvm lboomht( Dfrst, tgm omtgfhm 'LG& sfnhk` fs kh

kppkrmhttrfp`mt( Dbrok``y, fts twb hmfngebrs 'tgm rmi khi eùm omtgy`mhm prbtbhs& krm ifddmrmhtkhi sgbuì sp`ft tgm omtgfhm gyirbnmh wftg ifddmrmht Jvkùms, `mkifhn tb k ibue`mt bd ibue`mts(

Gbwmvmr, tgm rmi khi eùm hmfngebrs krm hbt tgkt ifddmrmht drbo bhm khbtgmr, sb tgmfrJvkùms krm

hbt tgkt ifddmrmht fh oknhftuim( Ks k rmsu`t, kllfimhtk` bvmr`kp bd tgm lmhtrk` pmkas lkh rmsu`t fh

sbomtgfhn tgkt `bbas vmry oulg `fam k trfp`mt( Ygfs fs sbomtfoms rmdmrrmi tb ks kh kppkrmhttrfp`mt(

Ygm smlbhi dmkturm bd tgm HOU prmifltfbh tgkt wkrrkhts lboomht fs tgm sfhn`m pmka dbr tgm twb

omtgy` nrbups( Ygm omtgy` nrbups krm dbrok``y ifddmrmht drbo bhm khbtgmr emlkusm bhm mstmr fs

l`bsmr tb tgm gyirbxy` nrbup tgkh tgm btgmr( Ks k rmsu`t, tgm twb omtgy` nrbups sgbuì prbiulm

twb sfhn`mts, khi tgmy ib fh tgm kltuk` spmltruo( Ygfs smrvms ks k rmofhimr tgkt lboputmrprmifltfbhs bd spmltrk krm quftm nbbi eut hbt hmlmsskrf`y pmrdmlt(

\mlbhi/brimr lbup`fhn

\mlbhi/brimr lbup`fhn fs k pgmhbomhbh tgkt fs k`sb tmromi strbhn lbup`fhn br rbbdfhn( Ks tgm

ifddmrmhlm fh lgmoflk` sgfdt emtwmmh twb lbup`mi sfnhk`s imlrmksms, tgm fhsfim pmkas nrbw fhfhtmhsfty wgf`m tgm butmr pmkas ifofhfsg fh fhtmhsfty( Kh mxkop`m usfhn twb ibue`mts fs


57/427

=5

prmsmhtmi nrkpgflk``y em`bw( ^gmh tgm lgmoflk` sgfdt ifddmrmhlm fs `krnm rm`ktfvm tb tgm lbup`fhn

lbhstkht 'f(m(00 ;3&, tgm ibue`mts kppmkr mxklt`y ks ybu wbuì mxpmlt( Mklg ibue`mt

lbhtkfhs twb pmkas bd mquk` gmfngt( Ks tgm lgmoflk` sgfdt ifddmrmhlm ifofhfsgms rm`ktfvm tb tgmJvkùm, tgm fhtmrfbr pmkas nrbw `krnmr wgf`m tgm mxtmrfbr pmkas nrbw sok``mr( Ygmrm krm stf`` twb

ibue`mts, eut tgmy hb `bhnmr kppmkr ks wm wbuì mxpmlt sfhlm tgmrm fs k gmfngt ifddmrmhlm

emtwmmh tgm twb pmkas bd mklg ibue`mt( Ygmsm krm sbomtfoms lk``mi KE qukrtmts, pu``fhn drbobur spfh/systmo hbomhl`kturm(

Ygfs pgmhbomhbh lkh em usmdu`( Fh k spmltruo wftg ou`tfp`m ibue`mts, rbbdfhn lkh gm`p tbf`ùstrktm wgflg pkfrs rmsfim wftgfh k sfhn`m spfh systmo( Gbwmvmr, tgfs pgmhbomhbh lkh k`sb emlbhdusfhn sfhlm ybu oky hbt ahbw wgmtgmr k sfnhk` fs k trum qukrtmt br kh KE qukrtmt( Ygfs fs

bhm bd tgm rmksbhs tgkt strbhn oknhmts krm gm`pdu`( Ks tgm oknhmtfl dfmì fhlrmksms fh strmhntg,

tgm lgmoflk` sgfdt ifddmrmhlm emtwmmh twb sfnhk`s wf`` nrbw obrm prbhbuhlmi1 gbwmvmr, tgm

lbup`fhn lbhstkht fs kh fhtrfhsfl prbpmrty khi ibms hbt lgkhnm( Ygmrmdbrm, tgm rktfb00 wf``

fhlrmksm ks tgm dfmì strmhntg fhlrmksms, khi rbbdfhn wf`` ifskppmkr(

Lkrebh/;< HOU

Lkrebh/;< fs khbtgmr HOU/kltfvm hul`mus, eut

;

Lgkptmr


73/427

47

K erfmd rmvfmw bd tgm duhikomhtk`s bd FU

Ygfs lgkptmr wf`` em dkfr`y erfmd emlkusm ybur Fhtrbiultbry Brnkhfl Lgmofstry lbursm gks nfvmh

ybu k nbbi eklanrbuhi fh FU tgkt fs suddflfmht dbr okhy sftuktfbhs( Gbwmvmr, tgmrm krm k lbup`m

bd suet`mtfms bd FU tgkt ybu oky hbt gkvm smmh prmvfbus`y khi wgflg lbuì gm`p ybu ks wm sbbh

vmhturm fhtb strulturm mùlfiktfbh(

Emdbrm wm nmt tb tgbsm suet`mtfms, k erfmd rmvfmw fs fh brimr( Umomoemr tgkt FU mxlftms ob`mlu`krvferktfbhs( Bd pkrtflu`kr fhtmrmst krm strmtlgfhn khi emhifhn( Bdtmh, wgmh ifslussfhn FU, ktbos

krm lbhlmptuk`fzmi ks wmfngts khi tgm ebhi emtwmmh tgmo fs vfsuk`fzmi ks k sprfhn( Ygm strbhnmr

tgm ebhi, tgm tfngtmr tgm sprfhn khi tgm gfngmr tgm drmqumhly bd bslf``ktfbh( ^mkamr ebhislbhstftutm wmkamr sprfhns, `mkifhn tb `bwmr drmqumhlfms bd bslf``ktfbh( Ygfs sprfhn strmhntg fs

typflk``y imslrfemi ks tgm sprfhns dbrlm lbhstkht( Kiiftfbhk``y, gmkvfmr ktbos wf`` `bwmr tgm

drmqumhly bd bslf``ktfbh, oulg ks ybu wbuì mxpmlt dbr k sprfhn strmtlgmi emtwmmh twb gmkvy

wmfngts(

strmtlglboprmss

\trmtlgfhn

hbrok`stktm

hbrok`stktm

strmtlglboprmss

Emhifhn

Ks fhdrkrmi `fngt pkssms tgrbung k skop`m, lmrtkfh drmqumhlfms rmsbhktm wftg pkrtflu`kr obims bdstrmtlgfhn khi emhifhn( Ygmsm drmqumhlfms krm kesbremi, wgf`m btgmrs pkss tgrbung tgm skop`m(

Ygm FU spmltruo ftsm`d rmpbrts drmqumhly fh wkvmhuoemrs '&, wgflg krm sfop`y tgm fhvmrsm bd

wkvm`mhntg( Ygm vmrtflk` kxfs bd tgm spmltruo ifsp`kys tgm pmrlmhtknm bd FU `fngt trkhsofttmitgrbung tgm skop`m '- Yrkhsofttkhlm&( Obrm pb`kr ebhis tmhi tb yfmì obrm fhtmhsm sfnhk`s 'f(m(sfnhk`s wftg k `bwmr - trkhsofttkhlm&(

Kh FU spmltruo lkh em ifvfimi fhtb twb okjbr smnomhts: tgm dfhnmrprfht rmnfbh khi tgmduhltfbhk` nrbup rmnfbh( Fh nmhmrk`, sfnhk`s fh tgm dfhnmrprfht rmnfbh gkvm `mss prmifltfvm vkùm(

Ks tgm hkom sunnmsts, tgmy krm, ey khi `krnm, k dfhnmrprfht bd tgm ob`mlu`m, khi bd lbursm ybu

lkhhbt mxtrkpb`ktm wgkt k pmrsbh `bbas `fam ey gfs"gmr dfhnmrprfhts( Hbr lkh ybu mxtrkpb`ktm tgm


74/427

46

strulturm bd k ob`mlu`m drbo obst pmkas fh tgm dfhnmrprfht rmnfbh( Ygmrmdbrm, tgfs fhdbroktfbh fs

obst usmdu` wgmh lbopkrfhn k spmltruo tb mhtrfms fh k spmltrk` `ferkry( Fh lbhtrkst, tgmduhltfbhk` nrbup rmnfbh lbhtkfhs pmkas tgkt ib gkvm nmhmrk` prmifltfvm vk`um( Ygmy sfnhfdy

lmrtkfh typms bd ebhis wftgfh k ob`mlu`ms strulturm(

Nfvmh tgkt tgm dfhnmrprfht rmnfbh wbht em k`` tgkt usmdu` dbr us, wm lkh dblus obrm bh tgmfopbrtkht smnomhts bd tgm duhltfbhk` nrbup rmnfbh( Ygm db``bwfhn `fst fs hbt k`` fhl`usfvm, eut ft

fs k qufla rmdmrmhlm tgkt lbvmrs obst sftuktfbhs( Lkrebhy` strmtlgfhn bllurs krbuhi ;>33 lo/;(

Lkrebh/tb/gyirbnmh strmtlgfhn bllurs hmkr


75/427

>3

^m lkh m`kebrktm k eft obrm bh sbom bd tgmsm smnomhts bd tgm duhltfbhk` nrbup rmnfbh(

Ygm lkrebhy` strmtlgfhn rmnfbh

\fop`m k`imgyims khi amtbhms kesbre hmkr ;>;= ;>53 lo/;

( Mstmrs typflk``y kesbre k eft

gfngmr, krbuhi ;>93 lo/;

( Bh tgm btgmr gkhi, kofims typflk``y kesbre k eft `bwmr, krbuhi ;4=3lo/;( ^m lkh mxp`kfh tgfs ey lbhsfimrfhn tgm mddmlt bd tgm gmtmrbktbo bh tgm lkrebhy` fh mklg

fhstkhlm( ^gf`m mstmrs lkh obst lmrtkfh`y mxpmrfmhlm rmsbhkhlm, tgm m`mltrbhmnktfvm lgkrkltmr bd

tgm lkrebxy` 'sp43 lo/;

, hbt uh`fam kh mstmr( Gbwmvmr, fdtgm lbhlmhtrktfbh bd tgm skop`m fs gfng mhbung tb k``bw gyirbnmh ebhifhn, tgm lkrebhy`


76/427

>;

rmsbhkhlm wf`` dk`` em`bw ;>33 lo/;

( Ygm gyirbnmh ebhifhn wftgirkws sbom m`mltrbh imhsfty

drbo tgm lkrebhy`, wmkamhfhn tgm dbrlm lbhstkht khi rmiulfhn tgm drmqumhly bd bslf``ktfbh(

Ygmrm krm twb btgmr hbtke`m fhd`umhlms bh lkrebhy` strmtlgfhn: lbhjunktfbh khi rfhn sfzm(

Lbhjunktfbh `bwmrs tgm drmqumhly bd k lkrebhy` ey kebut


77/427

>5

Lkrebxy`fl klfi B/G strmtlgfhn fs sfnhfdflkht`y ifddmrmht drbo k`lbgb` B/G strmtlgfhn( Ygm

lkrebxy`fl klfi B/G strmtlg fs oulg erbkimr, lbvmrfhn k rkhnm drbo 5=33


78/427

>9

Lgkptmr 9:

\trulturm m`ulfiktfbh


80/427

>=

^mvm spmht sbom tfom ifslussfhn obimrh tbb`s dbr tgm m`ulfiktfbh bd lgmoflk` strulturms, eut ft

lkh stf`` em vmry ikuhtfhn tb kpp`y k`` bd tgmsm tbb`s fh k rmk` strulturm sb`vfhn prbe`mo( \b, `mtstry k dmw tbnmtgmr sb tgkt ybu lkh imvm`bp kh kpprbklg tb usfhn k`` bd tgm tmlghfqums fh ybur

rmpmrtbfrm(

\trulturm \b`vfhn Mxkop`m ,;

@mts try tb imtmrofhm tgm strulturm bd k ob`mlu`m tgkt gks tgm ob`mlu`kr dbrou`k L4G;3B5, kswm`` ks tgm db``bwfhn ;G khi ;


81/427

>4

\bomtfoms tgm obst lgk``mhnfhn pkrt bd sulg k prbe`mo fs sfop`y ahbwfhn wgmrm tb emnfh(

Khytfom ybu krm prmsmhtmi wftg k ob`mlu`kr dbrou`k, ybu lkh k`wkys lk`lu`ktm tgm imnrmms bduhskturktfbh(

+%+ ?

Q5 ! 5_ $.++

5

+%+ ? Q54 ! 5_ ;35 ? 5

^m wbht try tb imlfim wgmtgmr tgmsm krm twb rfhns, twb ebhis, br bhm bd mklg just ymt( ^m``

wkft tb smm fd tgm spmltrk lkh gm`p us tb okam tgkt imlfsfbh(

Ygm ; ppo tgkt lbuì em kssblfktmi wftg kh kàmhm 'ft lmrtkfh`y fsht

krboktfl emlkusm wm ibht gkvm mhbung imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh dbr k emhzmhm rfhn&( Gbwmvmr,

tgmrms bh`y bhm vfhy` 'kàmhm& prbtbh, sb tgm kàmhm oust em trfsuestftutmi(

Ks wm lbhtfhum tb obvm updfmì bh tgm prbtbh HOU spmltruo, wm mhlbuhtmr sfnhk`s dbr


82/427

>>

@mts pkusm tb tk``y up k`` bd bur drknomhts(

K`` bd tgm ktbos fh tgm ob`mlu`kr dbrou`k krm kllbuhtmi dbr, sb k`` tgkt rmokfhs fs tb lbhhmlt

tgmsm drknomhts fh k rmksbhke`m dksgfbh( Ygmrm fs bhm trfvk`mht drknomht, k`bhn wftg tgrmm

obhbvk`mht drknomhts( \b, ft okams k `bt bd smhsm tb p`klm tgm trfvk`mht drknomht fh tgm lmhtmrkhi surrbuhi ft wftg tgm mtgy`, omtgy`, khi lkrebxy`fl klfi nrbups( Ygfs rmsu`ts fh bh`y twbpbssfe`m strulturms, wgflg krm tgmMkhiZfsbomrs bd 5/omtgy`/5/pmhtmhbfl klfi(

K HBM\V spmltruo lbu`i gm`p us tb ifstfhnufsg emtwmmh tgm twb( ^m wbu`i `bba dbr tgmprmsmhlm bd k ifknhbstfl lbrrm`ktfbh emtwmmh tgm vfhy` gyirbnmh khi tgm omtgy` nrbup tb tgm

lkrebhy`( Ygm db``bwfhn HBM\V spmltruo ibms hbt sgbw tgkt lbrrm`ktfbh, eut ft ibms sgbwlbrrm`ktfbh emtwmmh tgm omtgy`mhm khi tgm /omtgy`, sunnmstfhn tgkt tgm lbrrmlt fsbomr fs 'M&/5/

omtgy`/5/pmhtmhbfl klfi(


83/427

>7

\trulturm \b`vfhn Mxkop`m ,5

K ob`mlu`m gks tgm dbrou`k L;5G;4B93 lo/;

fh tgm FUspmltruo khi gks tgm db``bwfhn ;G khi ;


84/427

>6

;;3 lo/;( Ygmrmdbrm, tgm omtgy` mstmr lbu`i hbt gkvm emmh kttklgmi

ifrmlt`y tb tgm krboktfl rfhn(

Fts k`wkys k nbbi fimk tb ibue`m lgmla ybur strulturk` gypbtgmsfs ey kssfnhfhn k`` bd fts prbtbhskhi lkrebhs tb tgmfr lbrrmspbhifhn sfnhk`s( Vbu oky hbt k`wkys em ke`m tb okam kssfnhomhts

wftg pmrdmlt spmlfdflfty( Dbr fhstkhlm, ft wbu`i em quftm lgk``mhnfhn tb ahbw wgflgifkstmrmbtbpfl prbtbh 'e& lbrrmspbhis tb wgflg sfnhk` 'f(m( tgm bhm s`fngt`y kebvm 5(= ppo br tgmbhm s`fngt`y em`bw 5(= ppo&( Hmvmrtgm`mss, tgm mxmrlfsm gm`ps ybu tb uhlbvmr khy mrrbrs tgkt

ofngt gkvm emmh okim iurfhn tgm prblmss(


87/427

75

Kssfnhfhn mklg khi mvmry lkrebh sfnhk` pmrdmlt`y lkh em quftm lgk``mhnfhn wftgbut kiiftfbhk`

fhdbroktfbh 'm(n( IMSY, KSY, G\[L&, eut wm lkh lmrtkfh`y nrbup sfof`kr sfnhk`s( Dbr fhstkhlm,tgm sfx sfnhk`s drbo ;;3 ;43 ppo lkh em fimhtfdfmi ks tgm krboktfl lkrebhs( Ygm twb sfnhk`s

emtwmmh =3 khi 43 ppo lkh em kssfnhmi tb tgm omtgy` nrbups lbhhmltmi tb bxynmh( Ygm twb

sfnhk`s hmkr 93 ppo lkh em kttrfeutmi tb tgm obimrktm`y imsgfm`imi omtgfhm khi omtgy`mhm

lkrebhs( Dfhk``y, tgm omtgy` nrbup rmobtm drbo duhltfbhk`fty 'i& lkh em kssfnhmi tb tgm sfnhk`hmkr 53 ppo, khi tgm lkrebhy` kppmkrs just kebvm ;>3 ppo(

353934373;33;53;93;43;73

PPO

krboktfl lkrebhs 'm, d, n, g, f, j&

L?Bk khi a l khi e i


88/427

793 lo/;


103/427

67

Ks wm stkrt tb jbfh drknomhts, wm ofngt hbtm tgkt tgm bxynmh ktbos oust gkvm kt `mkst bhmfhtmrvmhfhn lkrebh( Vbu`` rmlk`` tgkt tgmrm krm sbom mspmlfk``y imsgfmìmi lkrebh ktbos wftg

lgmoflk` sgfdts hmkr ;33 ppo fh tgm lkrebh HOU( K lkrebh ebhimi tb twb bxynmh ktbos wbuì

em lbhsfstmht wftg tgfs mxtmhsfvm imsgfmìfhn(

Ygm strulturm oust lbhtkfh k rfhn ks fts dfhk` imnrmm bd uhskturktfbh( Ygm obhbvk`mht mtgy` nrbuplkht em pkrt bd tgm rfhn, khi tgm trkhs,/uhskturktmi mstmr fs hbt komhke`m tb fhlbrpbrktfbh fhtb

k rfhn bd rmksbhke`m sfzm( Ygmrmdbrm, ft okams smhsm tb l`bsm tgm rfhn usfhn tgm rmokfhfhn

omtgy`mhm khi omtgfhm nrbups(

LLBLG5

B

GGG U

Ygfs `mkvms bh`y bhm wky tb kttklg tgm rmokfhfhn pfmlms bd tgm strulturm(

Ks wm ibue`m lgmla bur wbra, tgmrm krm sbom vmry ifstfhltfvm dmkturms bd tgfs ob`mlu`m tgkt

oktlg tgm iktk( Bhm sulg dmkturm fs tgm lgfrk` lmhtmr tgkt lkusms tgm gyirbnmhs bd tgm twbprbxfok` omtgy`mhm nrbups tb em ifkstmrmbtbpfl( Vbu ofngt vmry rmksbhke`y wbhimr wgy tgm

omtgy`mhm bd tgm mtgy` nrbup ibmsht mxgfeft ifkstmrmbtbpfl gyirbnmhs( Dbrok``y, tgbsm

gyirbnmhs krm ifkstmrmbtbpfl1 gbwmvmr, tgmy krm tbb ifstkht drbo tgm lgfrk` lmhtmr dbr tgmfrifkstmrmbtbpfl hkturm tb okhfdmst ftsm`d fh ifddmrmht lgmoflk` sgfdts( Eksflk``y, tgmy krm ifddmrmht

prbtbhs eut tgmy krmht ifddmrmht mhbung tb rmsb`vm fhtb smpkrktm sfnhk`s sfhlm tgm lgfrk` lmhtmr fs

sb dkr kwky(


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Khbtgmr ifstfhltfvm dmkturm fs tgm pkfr bd gfng`y imsgfmìmi lkrebh ktbos( Bhm fs ebhimi tb twb

m`mltrbh/wftgirkwfhn bxynmh ktbos( Ygm btgmr fs ebhimi tb kh bxynmh ks wm`` ks kh m`mltrbh/wftgirkwfhn sp5/gyerfifzmi lkrebh(

\uookry

Mvmh kdtmr sfx tgbrbung`y wbrami mxkop`ms, tgmsm prbe`mos oky stf`` smmo bvmrwgmòfhn tbybu( Fts fopbrtkht tb rmlbnhfzm tgkt ft tkams k nrmkt imk` bd prkltflm tb emlbom kimpt kt

fhtmrprmtfhn spmltrk` iktk( Vbu wbht emlbom kh mxpmrt bvmrhfngt, eut mvmry kiiftfbhk` prbe`mo

tgkt ybu sb`vm wf`` obvm ybu bhm stmp l`bsmr tb tgkt nbk`(

Ks ybu emnfh tb sb`vm prbe`mos bh ybur bwh, try tb db``bw kh k`nbrftgo tb stky brnkhfzmi, kt

`mkst kt tgm stkrt bd mvmry hmw prbe`mo( Umomoemr tb:

/ lk`lu`ktm tgm imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh(

/ lgmla tgm FU spmltruo dbr qufla lùms kebut duhltfbhk` nrbups(

/ ammp trkla bd gbw okhy imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh kppmkr tb em ebhis khi gbw okhy kppmkr tb

em rfhns(

/ slkh tgm ;


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/ slkh tgm prbtbh HOU dbr ifstfhltfvm typms bd gyirbnmhs( Umomoemr tgkt tgmsm krm `fam`y tb emtgm ibwhdfmì prbtbhs(

/ khk`yzm spfh systmos ks ybu fhtmrprmt tgm;G HOU(

/ tk``y ybur drknomhts khi pmrfbiflk``y lbopkrm tgmo tb tgm ob`mlu`kr dbrou`k(

/ tk``y k`` bd tgm ktbos emdbrm kssmoe`fhn tgm ob`mlu`m tb mhsurm tgkt ybu krmht ofssfhn khy

pfmlms khi tgkt ybu gkvmht kllfimhtk``y kiimi khy mxtrk ktbos tb tgm dbrou`k(

Lgkptmr 9 Srbe`mos

;( Umlk`` drbo fhtrbiultbry Brnkhfl Lgmofstry tgkt tgm kìb` rmkltfbh fs k trkhsdbroktfbh fh

wgflg kh mhb`ktm bd kh kìmgyim br amtbhm kttklas tgm lkrebhy` bd khbtgmr kìmgyim br amtbhm(^gmh tgm twb amtbhms br kìmgyims krm ifddmrmht, tgm rmkltfbh fs lk``mi k lrbssmi kìb`( Em`bw fs

kh mxkop`m bd k lrbssmi kìb` rmkltfbh(

B ;( @IK, />7bL

5(

G

B

BBG

vs(

B

BG

5/Eutkhbhm fs trmktmi wftg k eksm ahbwh ks @IK kt />7 L( Ygmh, emhzkìmgyim fs kiimi tb tgm

ofxturm fh stmp 5( Vbu betkfh k sfhn`m prbiult drbo tgfs rmkltfbh, eut ybu krmht surm wgflg bd

tgm twb pbtmhtfk` strulturms fs tgm lbrrmlt bhm( Eksmi bh tgm;G HOU spmltruo sgbwh em`bw,

wgkt fs tgm rmkltfbh prbiult2

;G HOU spmltruo:


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5( Lum`urm 'L;5G;9B


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;

Ygmsm twb pbssfef`ftfms dbr tgm dfrst prbpknktfbh stmp krm p`bttmi tbnmtgmr bh tgm mhmrny ifknrkoem`bw( Yb samtlg tgm trkhsftfbh stktms dbr tgmsm twb rmkltfbhs, ft fs fopbrtkht tb rmomoemr tgm

nufifhn prfhlfp`m prbvfimi ey tgm Gkoobhi pbstu`ktm, wgflg prmiflts tgkt tgm trkhsftfbh stktms bd

mxbtgmrofl rmkltfbhs wf`` obrm l`bsm`y rmsmoe`m tgm rmkltkhts( Fd tgkt fs tgm lksm, tgmh tgm E"Ukiflk`s khi pb`yomrfzktfbh

Ukiflk` rmkltfbhs p`ky k vmry fopbrtkht rb`m fh tgm syhtgmsfs bd usmdu` pb`yomrs( Ygfs kspmlt bdrkiflk` lgmofstry wf`` em ifslussmi fh imptg fh Skrt T bd tgm tmxt 'Sb`yomrs&(

Nmhmrk` fhtmrmst rkiflk` lgmofstry: bxfiktfbh bd dkts khi bf`s vftkofh M khi prmsmrvktfvms

Dkts khi bf`s krm efbob`mlu`ms bd tgm `krnmr lktmnbry ahbwh ks `fpfis( @fpfis krm tgbsm hkturk``y

bllurrfhn, efb`bnflk``y rm`mvkht ob`mlu`ms wgbsm wktmr sb`uef`fty fs `bw( Dkts khi bf`s gkvmquftm sfof`kr strulturms( Ygmy krm dbromi drbo tgm lbhimhsktfbh bd tgrmm dktty klfis wftg

n`ylmrb`, k tgrmm/lkrebh trfb`( K lkrebxy`fl klfi fs tmromi k dktty klfi fd fts U nrbup lbhsfsts bd k

`bhn gyirblkrebh lgkfh(

^gkt ifstfhnufsgms dkts drbo bf`s fs tgm strulturm bd tgm dktty klfi U nrbups( Dkts, emfhn sb`fis kt

rbbo tmopmrkturm, gkvm U nrbups tgkt k``bw rm`ktfvm`y l`bsm pklafhn( Bh tgm btgmr gkhi, bf`s

pbssmss U nrbups tgkt ifsdkvbr tgfs l`bsm pklafhn, okafhn tgmo `fqufis kt rbbo tmopmrkturm( Ygmprmsmhlm bd uhskturktfbh fh tgm U nrbup wf`` tmhi tb ifsdkvbr pklafhn emlkusm tgm hkturk``y

bllurrfhn k`amhms fh dktty klfis gkvm tgm lfs lbhdfnurktfbh( Ygfs fhtrbiulms k emhi br afha fhtb

tgm gyirblkrebh lgkfh, wgflg okams tgm l`bsm kssblfktfbh bd kijklmht ob`mlu`ms kwawkri(

Ygmsm uhskturktmi U nrbups hkturk``y lbhtkfh k``y`fl gyirbnmhs, khi ks k lbhsmqumhlm, tgmy lkh

uhimrnb rkiflk` suestftutfbh rmkltfbh( Bxynmh fs tgm rkiflk` spmlfms wftg wgflg tgmy rmklt(

Bxynmh emgkvms obrm `fam k ifrkiflk` tgkh k ob`mlu`m wftg kh bxynmh/tb/bxynmh ebhi( Ygmtwb strulturms krm rmsbhkhlm dbros, eut tgm ifrkiflk` mxp`kfhs oulg bd bxynmhs emgkvfbr(


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Fh tgm ifknrko em`bw, obst bd tgm bf`s strulturm fs bofttmi( Bh`y k sok`` pbrtfbh bd tgmuhskturktmi U nrbup fs sgbwh( Kh bxynmh rkiflk` lkh kestrklt gyirbnmh drbo kh k``y`fl lmhtmr

Ygm lbup`fhn bd tgm lkrebh/lmhtmrmi rkiflk` khi khbtgmr ob`mlu`m bd bxynmh mstke`fsgms k hmw

lkrebh/tb/bxynmh ebhi(

Dfhk``y, tgm kestrkltfbh bd khbtgmr k``y`fl gyirbnmh ey tgm pmrbxy rkiflk` yfmìs k gyirbpmrbxfim(

Ygfs prblmss gks emmh fop`flktmi fh tgm bxfiktfbh, khi tgmrmdbrm spbf`knm, bd uhskturktmi dkts br

bf`s upbh mxpbsurm tb kfr( \kturktmi dkts `kla tgm ebhis tgkt okam rkiflk` suestftutfbh vfke`m

khi ks k rmsu`t typflk``y gkvm `bhnmr sgm`d `fvms(

Srmsmrvktfvms prbvfim bhm sbùtfbh tb tgm prbe`mo bd bxfiktfbh bd dbbistudds( Srmsmrvktfvms `fam

EGY khi EGK krm khtf/bxfikhts khi tgmrmdbrm sgkrm strulturk` sfof`krfty khi k lboobh obim bd

kltfbh wftg wm``/ahbwh khtf/bxfikhts, `fam vftkofh M(

Tftkofh M lbhtkfhs k pgmhb`fl gyirbxy` nrbup( Fh tgm prmsmhlm bd k rkiflk` 'pmrgkps tgm k``y`fl

rkiflk` smmh kebvm fh tgm bxfiktfbh bd uhskturktmi dkts khi bf`s&, tgfs nrbup lkh smrvm ks kgyirbnmh ibhbr tb qumhlg tgm rkiflk`, rmturhfhn ft tb fts brfnfhk` dbro( Ygm pgmhbxy rkiflk` tgkt

rmsu`ts bh vftkofh M fs oulg `mss rmkltfvm ey vfrtum bd fts mxtmhsfvm rmsbhkhlm im`blk`fzktfbh khi

tgm stmrfl sgfmìfhn prbvfimi ey tgm d`khafhn omtgy` nrbups(


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Srmsmrvktfvms `fam EGY khi EGK ofofl vftkofh M( Ygmy tbb lbhtkfh pgmhb`fl gyirbxy` nrbupstgkt lkh qumhlg rkiflk`s( Durtgmrobrm, tgm rmsu`tkht pgmhbxy rkiflk`s krm sfof`kr`y rmsbhkhlm

stkef`fzmi khi stmrflk``y sgfm`imi ey hmkrey tmrt/euty` nrbups(

Nmhmrk` fhtmrmst rkiflk` lgmofstry: LDLs khi bzbhm/`kymr imp`mtfbh

Ygm bzbhm `kymr prbtmlts `fdm bh Mkrtgs surdklm drbo gfng mhmrny lbsofl rkifktfbh tgkt fsfhlfimht bh bur ktobspgmrm( Bzbhm 'B


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]hdbrtuhktm`y, tgfs hkturk` ek`khlm lkh em ifsruptmi ey bzbhm/imp`mtfhn suestkhlms, sulg ks

lg`brbdùbrblkrebhs 'LDLs&( Fh tgm ;653s, LDLs wmrm imvm`bpmi ks hbh/tbxfl khi hbh/d`kooke`m rmdrfnmrkhts ey Ygboks Ofin`my, Jr( khi Kèmrt Gmhhm bd Nmhmrk` Obtbrs( Ygmsm

lbopbuhis krm tmromi LDLs br Drmbhs br U, db``bwmi ey k huoemr tgkt fs k lbim dbr tgmfr

strulturm( Ygfs lbim typflk``y lbhsfsts bd twb tb tgrmm ifnfts( Ygm dfrst ifnft fs tgm huoemr bd

lkrebhs ofhus ;( Fd tgm vkùm fs zmrb, ft fs hbt wrfttmh( Ygm smlbhi ifnft fs tgm huoemr bdgyirbnmhs pùs ;( Ygm dfhk` ifnft fs tgm huoemr bd dùbrfhm ktbos( Ygm huoemr bd lg`brfhm ktbos

fs tgmh fhdmrrmi 'f(m( tgm rmokfhimr bd lkrebhs vk`mhlms krm df``mi wftg ebhis tb lg`brfhm&( ^gmh

erbofhm fs prmsmht fh tgm ob`mlu`m, tgm fhftfk` smt bd ifnfts fs db``bwmi ey E khi bhm obrmhuoemr tb imhbtm tgm erbofhm lbuht fh tgm ob`mlu`m(

Ofin`my, wgb gki k pmhlgkht dbr rfsay imobhstrktfbhs, khhbuhlmi tgm imvm`bpomht bd tgmsullmssdu` rmdrfnmrkht U/;5 kt tgm ;6


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Ygfs lg`brfhm rkiflk` lkh dklf`ftktm tgm imnrkiktfbh bd bzbhm fh k prbpknktfbh stmp( Bhm wky bdmhvfsfbhfhn tgm m`mltrbh d`bw iurfhn tgkt stmp fs f``ustrktmi em`bw( Ygm lg`brfhm mssmhtfk``ykestrklts bxynmh drbo bzbhm, tgmrmey prbiulfhn ob`mlu`kr bxynmh(

Fh k smlbhi prbpknktfbh stmp, tgm kestrkltmi bxynmh ktbo fs ibhktmi tb khbtgmr ktbo bd bxynmh

tb dbro k smlbhi ob`mlu`m bd ob`mlu`kr bxynmh( Ygm lg`brfhm rkiflk` fs k sb rmnmhmrktmi(

Ygm rmnmhmrktfbh bd lg`brfhm rkiflk` omkhs tgkt tgfs fs khbtgmr lgkfh rmkltfbh( Lg`brfhm lkh

dklf`ftktm tgm imnrkiktfbh bd okhy, okhy bzbhm ob`mlu`ms 'kebut ;33,333& emdbrm ft fs qumhlgmi(Ygmrmdbrm, tgm rm`mksm bd k rm`ktfvm`y sok`` kobuht bd LDL lkh `mki tb k nrmkt imk` bd bzbhm `kymr

imp`mtfbh( \fhlm tgm ifslbvmry bd tgfs pgmhbomhbh fh tgm ;6>3s, bzbhm/imp`mtfhn suestkhlms

gkvm emmh lbhtfhuk``y pgksmi but bd usknm(

Obsms Nboemrn khi tgm ifslbvmry bd drmm rkiflk`s

Obsms Nboemrn, wgb wks k prbdmssbr kt tgm ]hfvmrsfty bd Oflgfnkh, fs wfim`y lbhsfimrmi tb em

tgm dktgmr bd drmm rkiflk` lgmofstry( K dmw ymkrs prfbr tb ;633, gm prmpkrmi tmtrkpgmhy`omtgkhm,

wgflg gki prbvmh tb em quftm tgm syhtgmtfl lgk``mhnm(

Gfs hmxt mhimkvbr wks tgm syhtgmsfs bd tgm gbob`bnbus gmxkpgmhy`mtgkhm(


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Lgkptmr 7:

Kivkhlmi rkiflk`

lgmofstry


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Kiiftfbhk` rkiflk` fhftfktbrs

Okhy fhtrbiultbry tmxtebbas imk` bh`y wftg l`kssflk` omtgbis bd rkiflk` fhftfktfbh, wgflg rm`y

upbh gbob`ysfs bd k rmkltkhts ebhi br usm k pmrbxfim ks kh kiimi fhftfktbr( Gbwmvmr, tgmrm krm

btgmr rkiflk` fhftfktbrs, khi ybu`` smm mxkop`ms bd tgmsm fh tgm prfokry `ftmrkturm( Bhm bptfbh fs

KFEH 'kzbefsfsbeutyrbhftrf`m&( KFEH imlbopbsms upbh mxpbsurm tb gmkt br `fngt tb yfmì twbfsbeutyrbhftrf`m rkiflk`s khi hftrbnmh nks(

Khbtgmr rkiflk` fhftfktbr bptfbh fs gmxkeutyìftfh, wgflg uhimrnbms pgbtb`ysfs tb yfmì twb

trfeuty`tfh rkiflk`s(

^m`` em usfhn tgmsm k`tmrhktfvm fhftfktbrs 'pkrtflu`kr`y KFEH& fh quftm k dmw rkiflk` rmkltfbhs(

Ukiflk`s lbhtkfhfhn k ebhi

^gmh rkiflk`s lbhtkfh k ebhi, tgm pbssfef`fty dbr fhtrkob`mlu`kr rmkltfbh mxfsts( ^gkt kltuk``ytrkhspfrms impmhis tb k `krnm mxtmht bh tgm lbhlmhtrktfbh 'keermvfktmi Q _ fh tgm db``bwfhn

ifknrkos& bd tgm gyirbnmh ibhbr( ^gmh tgm lbhlmhtrktfbh bd tgm gyirbnmh ibhbr fs gfng, tgmh

sfop`m gyirbnmh kestrkltfbh oky em rkpfi mhbung tb lbopmtm wftg lyl`fzktfbh( ^gmh tgmlbhlmhtrktfbh bd tgm gyirbnmh ibhbr fs `bw, tgmh lyl`fzktfbh wf`` kòbst lmrtkfh`y em dkstmr tgkh

tgm fhtmrob`mlu`kr kestrkltfbh bd gyirbnmh tb qumhlg tgm rkiflk`(

Ft fs amy tb rmomoemr tgkt tgm rktm `kws dbr tgm fhtmr/ khi fhtrkob`mlu`kr prblmssms ifddmr( Ygm

rktm bd fhtmrob`mlu`kr gyirbnmh kestrkltfbh wf``, bd lbursm, impmhi upbh ebtg tgm lbhlmhtrktfbh

bd tgm rkiflk` khi tgm gyirbnmh ibhbr(

? EQ_Q._Bh tgm btgmr gkhi, tgm rktm bd fhtrkob`mlu`kr kiiftfbh bd tgm rkiflk` tb k ebhi wftgfh tgm skom

ob`mlu`m wf`` impmhi bh`y bh tgm lbhlmhtrktfbh bd tgm rkiflk` ftsm`d(


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? EQ_Ygfs `kttmr rktm `kw ibms hbt prbvfim oulg bppbrtuhfty tb mxmrt khy fhdùmhlm( Gbwmvmr, tgm rktm`kw dbr fhtmrob`mlu`kr gyirbnmh kestrklt ibms nfvm us kh bppbrtuhfty dbr lbhtrb`( Ebbstfhn tgm

gyirbnmh ibhbr lbhlmhtrktfbh mhgkhlms tgm rktm, okafhn tgfs tgm ibofhkht prblmss( Nrmkt`yrmiulfhn tgm gyirbnmh ibhbr lbhlmhtrktfbh lkh s`bw tgm rktm irkoktflk``y mhbung tb mddmltfvm`ysgut ibwh tgkt bptfbh, k``bwfhn tgm fhtrkob`mlu`kr lyl`fzktfbh tb prmibofhktm(

^gmh tgm lyl`fzktfbh ibofhktms khi tgm rkiflk` kiis tb kh fhtrkob`mlu`kr ebhi, tgmrm krm twb

rfhn sfzms tgkt lkh rmsu`t( Fd tgm rkiflk` kiis tb tgm prbxfok` kàmhm lmhtmr, tgm rfhn sfzm wf`` emsok``mr( Fd ft kiis tb tgm ifstk` kàmhm lmhtmr, k `krnmr rfhn sfzm wf`` rmsu`t( Bhm mxkop`m fs

sgbwh em`bw( Fh tgfs sfx/lkrebh suestrktm, fd tgm rkiflk` kt lkrebh 'k& kiis tb tgm l`bsmr kàmhm

lkrebh 'm&, tgm prbiult fs k dfvm/omoemrmi rfhn wftg k rkiflk` butsfim tgm rfhn(

Lbhvmrsm`y, fd tgm rkiflk` kt lmhtmr 'k& kiis tb tgm durtgmr kàmhm lkrebh 'd&, tgm prbiult lbhtkfhs

k sfx/omoemrmi rfhn, khi tgm rkiflk` fs bh k rfhn lkrebh(

Ekìwfhs ru`ms krm k smt bd mopfrflk` besmrvktfbhs tgkt gm`p us tb imlfim bh tgm vfkef`fty bd k

pkrtflu`kr lyl`fzktfbh( Ygm ru`ms krm prmsmhtmi fh tgm db``bwfhn tke`m( Yb usm tgmo, wm oust dfrst

em ke`m tb lktmnbrfzm k lyl`fzktfbh( Ygm lktmnbrfzktfbh lbhtkfhs tgrmm m`momhts( Dfrst, tgm sfzm bdtgm rfhn emfhn dbromi fs hbtmi( \mlbhi, tgm brfmhtktfbh bd tgm ermkafhn ebhi fs stktmi( Fd tgm

ermkafhn ebhi fs butsfim tgm fhlfpfmht rfhn, tgm lyl`fzktfbh fs mxb( Fd tgm ermkafhn ebhi fs fhsfim

tgm rfhn, tgm lyl`fzktfbh fs mhib( Dfhk``y, tgm nmbomtry"gyerfifzktfbh bd tgm lkrebh tb wgflg tgm

kiiftfbh fs bllurrfhn fs hbtmi( Fd tgm kiiftfbh fs tb k tmtrkgmirk` 'sp4 =9>6(


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Ygm kry` rkiflk` fs dfvm ktbos kwky drbo tgm prbxfok` kàmhm lkrebh( Ft kiis tb tgm kàmhm

ebhi fh =/mxb/trfn dksgfbh, rmsu`tfhn fh tgm dbroktfbh bd tgm dfrst hmw dfvm/omoemrmi rfhn, kswm`` ks k hmw lkrebh/lmhtmrmi rkiflk`( Ks ybu krm imdfhfhn tgm typm bd lyl`fzktfbh ks =/mxb/trfn,

rmomoemr tgkt, k`tgbung tgm ebhi uhimrnbfhn kiiftfbh fs wftgfh k rfhn, ft fs butsfim tgm rfhn

tgkt fs dbrofhn( Lbhsmqumht`y, ft fs kh mxb prblmss(

Ygfs hmw`y dbromi rkiflk` k`sb gkppmhs tb em dfvm ktbos kwky drbo tgm l`bsmr lkrebh bd ymt

khbtgmr ebhi( Kiiftfbh tb tgkt ebhi 'k`sb fh k =/mxb/trfn okhhmr&, yfmìs tgm smlbhi hmw

dfvm/omoemrmi rfhn, ks wm`` ks k rkiflk` tb tgm lkrebhy`(

^ftg hb durtgmr fhtrkob`mlu`kr rmkltfbh pbssfe`m, tgfs rkiflk` fs mvmhtuk``y qumhlgmi ey

trfeuty`tfh gyirfim tb dbro tgm kzkbxktrfqufhkhm khi trfeuty`tfh rkiflk`, wgflg lkh lbhtfhum tgmprbpknktfbh(

Hbtflm tgkt lfs/dusfbh bd tgm dfvm/omoemrmi rfhns fs dkvbrmi( Ygfs fs tgm `bwmr mhmrny

lbhdfnurktfbh khi fs nmhmrk``y dkvbrmi bvmr trkhs/dusmi dfvm/omoemrmi rfhns(


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9( Foknfhm tgkt tgm ifmhm em`bw wmrm suejmltmi tb sfof`kr lbhiftfbhs( ^gkt prbiult wbu`i ybu

mxpmlt2 \gbw k omlgkhfso tb mxp`kfh fts dbroktfbh(

=( Fh tgm skom pkpmr rmdmrmhlms fh qumstfbh


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7( Ygm \yhtgmsfs bd tgm Lbrm bd Kltfhbpgy``fl Klfi ]sfhn k Yrkhskhhu`kr Kly` Ukiflk`

Lyl`fzktfbh wks rmpbrtmi ey fhvmstfnktbrs kt tgm Fhstftutm bd Omiflk`, Sgkroklmutflk` khi Gmk`tg\lfmhlms fh Jkpkh(5> K amy lbop`mxfty/euf`ifhn stmp fh tgfs prblmss fs tgm rkiflk` lyl`fzktfbh

sgbwh em`bw( Ygm fhftfk` suestrktm emkrs prbtmltfhn nrbups ahbwh ks Ebl khi Lez( ^m`` `mkrh

kebut tgbsm fh Lgkptmr ;;( Dbr tgm obomht, tgmy lkh omrm`y em trmktmi ks fhmrt( Ygm dfrst

trkhsdbroktfbh fhvb`vms gyirb`ysfs bd tgm mtgy` mstmr khi fts lbhvmrsfbh tb k sm`mhbmstmr( Ygmsm`mhbmstmr fs tgmh trkhsdbromi fhtb kh kly` rkiflk` usfhn trfeuty`tfh gyirfim khi KLH 'k rkiflk`

fhftfktbr vmry sfof`kr tb KFEH&( \gbw gbw tgfs kly` rkiflk` lyl`fzms tb yfm`i tgm prbiult sgbwh(

5> Zkfobau, G(1 Ykhfnulgf, Y(1 Fsgfeksgf, G( Brnkhfl @mttmrs, 53;5, ;9'4&, ;4=4/;4=7(


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Skrt FT:

Fbhfl Umkltfbhs


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Efrlg rmiultfbh

Ygm Efrlg rmiultfbh fs k hflm smnum drbo bur ifslussfbhs bd krboktfl lgmofstry khi rkiflk`s tb

tgfs smnomht dblusfhn bh btgmr duhltfbhk`ftfms khi fbhfl omlgkhfsos( Ygm rmksbh fs tgkt tgm

Efrlg rmiultfbh fs k rmkltfbh bd kh krboktfl rfhn, khi ft fhvb`vms rkiflk` khfbhs( Ygmrmdbrm, tgfs

fopbrtkht hkomi rmkltfbh e`mhis lbhlmpts drbo tgm prmvfbus pkrts bd tgfs tmxt(

Ygm hmt rmsu`t bd tgm Efrlg rmiultfbh fs tgm lbhvmrsfbh bd kh krboktfl rfhn tb k ;,9/lyl`bgmxkifmhm( Ygm rmkltfbh rmqufrms `ftgfuo br sbifuo omtk`, wgflg fs ifssb`vmi fh `fqufi

koobhfk( Kh k`lbgb` fs k`sb fhl`uimi ks k prbtbh sburlm(

Ygm prblmss emnfhs wftg tgm ibhktfbh bd tgm omtk`s `bhm vk`mhlm m`mltrbh tb tgm krboktfl rfhn(Ygm fhtmromifktm tgus dbromi fs k rkiflk` khfbh 'f(m( ft emkrs ebtg kh uhpkfrmi m`mltrbh khi k

hmnktfvm lgkrnm&(

Kh k`tmrhktm wky tb mhvfsfbh tgm dfrst stmp bd tgm omlgkhfso fs tb sgbw tgm ibhktfbh bd tgmomtk`s m`mltrbh tb k pkrtflu`kr lkrebh bd tgm rfhn( Ygkt lkrebh emlboms tgm khfbh ks fts ebhi

gbob`yzms, khi tgm kijklmht lmhtmr imvm`bps rkiflk` lgkrkltmr( Fh okafhn tgfs ibhktfbh, tgmomtk` emlboms k lktfbh khi kttkfhs tgm prmlmifhn hbe`m nks lbhdfnurktfbh(

HG


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wm`` rmturh tb tgfs fssum khi mxkofhm wgy ft fs tgm lksm( Ygm k`lbgb` smrvms ks k prbtbh sburlm,

khi prbtbhktfbh bd tgm khfbh yfm`is k rkiflk` fhtmromifktm(

Ygfs rkiflk` kllmpts kh m`mltrbh drbo k smlbhi ob`mlu`m bd hmutrk` omtk`( Fh tgm prblmss, kh

khfbh fs dbromi(

Ygkt khfbh fs knkfh prbtbhktmi ey k`lbgb`, yfm`ifhn tgm ;,9/lyl`bgmxkifmhm prbiult(

Kt tgfs pbfht, ft fs `bnflk` tb ksa k qumstfbh kebut tgm rmnfblgmofstry bd tgm rmkltfbh( Nfvmh tgm

mopgksfs p`klmi bh tgm stkef`fzfhn mddmlt bd lbhjunktfbh, ybu ofngt wbhimr wgy tgm Efrlg

rmiultfbh rmsu`ts fh k ;,9/lyl`bgmxkifmhm rktgmr tgkh k ;,


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Ygm khswmr tb tgfs qumstfbh `fms fh tgm prfhlfp`m bd `mkst hul`mkr obtfbh, wgflg fs bdtmh sgbrtmhmi

tb tgm prfhlfp`m bd `mkst obtfbh br S@HO(57

Ygfs prfhlfp`m mssmhtfk``y fhvbams tgm fimk tgkt ktrkhsdbroktfbh rmqufrfhn k sfnhfdflkht rmkrrkhnmomht bd hul`mf wf`` em `mss dkvbrke`m tgkh bhm

wgflg rmqufrms `mss hul`mkr obtfbh( Khbtgmr wky bd lbhlmptuk`fzfhn tgfs fs tgkt k rmkltfbh

fhvb`vfhn k irkoktfl lgkhnm fh ktbofl pbsftfbh wf`` gkvm k gfngmr mhmrny trkhsftfbh stktm 'gmhlm k

gfngmr kltfvktfbh mhmrny ekrrfmr& khi wf`` tgmrmdbrm prblmmi obrm s`bw`y tgkh k rmkltfbhrmqufrfhn `ftt`m lgkhnm fh pbsftfbh bd tgm ktbos fhvb`vmi(

Kpp`yfhn tgfs tb tgm lurrmht sftuktfbh rmqufrms tgkt wm mxkofhm tgm rmsbhkhlm strulturms bd mklg

fhtmromifktm fh tgm rmkltfbh( Ygm rkiflk` khfbh gks tgrmm rmsbhkhlm dbros, wgflg wmvm smmh

prmvfbus`y(

@mts kssfnh k ebhi brimr '; dbr k sfhn`m ebhi khi 5 dbr k ibue`m ebhi& tb mklg sftm fhvb`vmi fhtgm rmsbhkhlm im`blk`fzktfbh(

Fd wm hbw kvmrknm tgbsm ebhi brimrs, ft emlboms kppkrmht tgkt twb bd tgm ebhis fhvb`vmi fh

rmsbhkhlm gkvm obrm ibue`m ebhi lgkrkltmr tgkh tgm btgmrs( Ygfs ibms kssuom tgbung tgkt mklgrmsbhkhlm dbro fs kh mquk` lbhtrfeutbr tb tgm rmsbhkhlm gyerfi(

Gmrms wgmrm tgm prfhlfp`m bd `mkst obtfbh lboms fhtb p`ky( Fd tgm prbtbhktfbh yfmìs tgm kàmhms

fh k ;,9/krrkhnmomht, tgmrm fs `ftt`m hul`mkr obtfbh( Ygm ebhis bd tgm gyerfi tgkt wmrm l`bsmr tb

ibue`m ebhis 'ebhi brimr ? ;

^ftg tgm prbtmltmi k`lbgb` fh gkhi, wm lkh hbw pmrdbro tgm Ifmlaokhh lbhimhsktfbh

sullmssdu``y( \fhlm tgm k`lbgb` gks emmh rmhimrmi fhmrt tgrbung prbtmltfbh, ft ibms hbt pkrtflfpktmfh tgm rmkltfbh kt k``( Ygm mhi prbiult fs k lyl`fl /amtbmstmr ks mxpmltmi(

Ygm prbtmltfhn nrbup gks smrvmi fts duhltfbh, khi ft lkh hbw em rmobvmi( YE\ nrbups lkh emrmobvmi fh klfi, eut tgkt ofngt hbt em k nbbi lgbflm gmrm sfhlm mstmr gyirb`ysfs lbuì k`sb rmsu`t(Dùbrfim gks k gfng kddfhfty dbr sf`flbh, sb dùbrfim sburlms '`fam GD& krm quftm sm`mltfvm wkys tb

rmobvm sf`y` mtgmrs(

Ygm bxynmh lkh em prbtbhktmi tb okam ft k emttmr `mkvfhn nrbup, khi tgm dùbrfim lkh tgmh

ifsp`klm tgm sf`flbh tb uhvmf` tgm drmm k`lbgb`(

Srbtmltfbh bd k`lbgb`s: kày` mtgmrs

@mts lbhsfimr khbtgmr syhtgmsfs tb sgbwlksm tgm utf`fty bd k ifddmrmht typm bd prbtmltfhn nrbup:

tgm kày` mtgmr( Ygm Ubefhsbh khhu`ktfbh fs mspmlfk``y usmdu` dbr eufìfhn up dusmi/rfhn systmos,sulg ks tgm bhm sgbwh em`bw( Ygm prblmss lbhsfsts bd k Oflgkm` rmkltfbh db``bwmi ey kh kìb`

lbhimhsktfbh(


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Fh tgm Oflgkm` rmkltfbh, kh mhb`ktm fs nmhmrktmi tgrbung rmobvk` bd tgm obst klfifl prbtbh fh tgmsystmo( Ygfs mhb`ktm kiis tb tgm /lkrebh bd kh ,/uhskturktmi lkrebhy`, nmhmrktfhn k hmw

mhb`ktm(

Ygfs mhb`ktm lkh em prbtbhktmi fh kqumbus omifk, khi khbtgmr mhb`ktm lkh em dbromi kt kifddmrmht lmhtmr sfhlm tgm omifuo fs eksfl( Bhm sulg mhb`ktm wf`` p`klm k hul`mbpgf`fl /lkrebh

sfx ktbos drbo kh m`mltrbpgf`fl lkrebhy`(

Ygm rmsu`tkht kttkla yfmìs k hmw sfx/omoemrmi rfhn emkrfhn kh kàbxfim, wgflg fs prbtbhktmi ey

tgm omifuo( Ygm /gyirbxyamtbhm fhtmromifktm lbuì rmvmrt tb stkrtfhn oktmrfk` tgrbung k

rmvmrsk` bd mklg stmp mxkofhmi tgus dkr( Lbhsmqumht`y, ft fs lboobh tb mop`by ofì gmktfhn,wgflg dklf`ftktms frrmvmrsfe`m imgyirktfbh( ^gmh gmktmi fh eksfl omifk, tgm /gyirbxyamtbhm fs

imprbtbhktmi kt fts /pbsftfbh( Ygm lkrebh/gyirbnmh m`mltrbhs lb``kpsm fh emtwmmh khi tb

dbro k ebhi, khi gyirbxfim fs mjmltmi drbo tgm /pbsftfbh( ^gf`m gyirbxfim fs hbt nmhmrk``y knbbi `mkvfhn nrbup, fh tgfs lksm bhm gyirbxfim ob`mlu`m wks omrm`y trkimi dbr khbtgmr, eut fh

tgm prblmss tgrmm ob`mlu`ms wmrm nmhmrktmi drbo twb, tgmrmey fhlrmksfhn tgm mhtrbpy bd tgmsystmo( Ygm ,/uhskturktmi amtbhm fs tgm dfhk` prbiult bd tgm Ubefhsbh khhu`ktfbh(


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5;6

Hbw, `mts foknfhm tgkt wm hmmi tb pmrdbro kh khk`bnbus rmkltfbh bh k systmo emkrfhn k

pgmhb`fl gyirbxy` nrbup(

Ygm pgmhb`fl prbtbh fs tgm obst klfifl fh tgm systmo( Fts pAk ' ;3& fs sfnhfdflkht`y `bwmr tgkhtgkt bd k pbsftfbh tb k amtbhm ' 53&( \b, wm lkh mxpmlt tgm pgmhb` tb em imprbtbhktmi( Ygm

pgmhbxfim tgus prbiulmi oky wm`` em rmsfstkht tb k smlbhi imprbtbhktfbh kt tgm /lkrebh(

Ygmrmdbrm, wm sgbuì lbhsfimr prbtmltfhn tgm pgmhb`(

Kày` mtgmrs wbuì hbt nmhmrk``y em mop`bymi tb prbtmlt k`lbgb`s emlkusm tgm rmsu`tkht mtgmrs

wbuì em ifddflu`t tb l`mkvm( Gbwmvmr, sfhlm pgmhbxfim fs k oulg emttmr `mkvfhn nrbup tgkh khkàbxfim, kày` mtgmrs lkh em usmi dbr tgm prbtmltfbh bd pgmhb`s(

Ygm mtgmr lkh em nmhmrktmi ey qukhtftktfvm`y imprbtbhktfhn tgm pgmhb` wftg k strbhn eksm, `fam

sbifuo gyirfim( Ygm hul`mbpgf`fl pgmhbxfim lkh tgmh kttkla kh m`mltrbpgf`fl omtgy` nrbup, sulgks tgkt bd omtgy` fbifim(


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^ftg tgm suestrktm suftke`y prbtmltmi ks fts omtgy` mtgmr, wm lkh hbw prblmmi wftg Ubefhsbhkhhu`ktfbh( Ygm khhu`ktfbh wf`` prblmmi mxklt`y ks mxpmltmi vfk tgm omlgkhfso but`fhmi

prmvfbus`y( Ygm omtgy` mtgmr fs stke`m mvmh kt vmry gfng pG, sb ft fs tbtk``y fhmrt uhimr tgmsm

lbhiftfbhs(

Bhlm tgm khhu`ktfbh gks emmh klgfmvmi, tgm prbtmltfhn nrbup gks smrvmi fts purpbsm khi lkh emrmobvmi( Ygmrm krm k huoemr bd wkys tb ib tgfs( Bhm omtgbi mop`bys ebrbh trflg`brfim

db``bwmi ey trmktomht wftg eksm(

Ygm ebrbh trflg`brfim fs k @mwfs klfi, khi uhimrnbms @mwfs klfi/eksm rmkltfbh wftg tgm kry`

omtgy` mtgmr( Ygm kiiult dbromi lkh `bsm k lg`brfim, khi tgfs lg`brfim lkh kttkla tgm `kef`m

omtgy` nrbup bd tgm bxbhfuo fbh, smvmrfhn tgm bxynmh/tb/omtgy` nrbup ebhi(

Ygm fhtmromifktm ebrbh/bxynmh kiiult fs l`mkvmi fh kqumbus eksm, ks ebrktm sk`ts krm dbromi(


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55;

B

BE

L`

L`

Hk5LB( Euhlm, \qufrms, khi Hkook`wkr bd Ba`kgbok \tktm ]hfvmrsfty rmpbrtmi tgm rmkltfbh bd

mhbhms, `fam tgm bhm sgbwh em`bw, wftg kofhms, sulg ks emhzy`kofhm(

97

Fd tgm prbiult bd tgfsrmkltfbh 'lbopbuhi K& fs suejmltmi tb gyirbnmhb`ysfs, lbopbuhi E rmsu`ts( Lbopbuhi E gkstgm ob`mlu`kr dbrou`k L6G;3H5B( \gbwh tgm strulturms bd lbopbuhis K khi E, khi prbvfim k

omlgkhfso dbr tgm dbroktfbh bd lbopbuhi K(

7( Gm`flmhms krm fhtmrmstfhn ob`mlu`ms emlkusm tgmfr krboktfl rfhns emhi but bd p`khkrfty fh brimr

tb kvbfi rmpu`sfbh bd prbxfok` nrbups, wgflg wbu`i bllur fd tgmy wmrm d`kt strulturms(Lbhsmqumht`y, tgmy lkh kttkfh k gm`flk` lgfrk`fty( Fh tgmfr syhtgmsfs bd gm`flmhms, sulg ks tgm

Q=_gm`flmhm sgbwh em`bw, Uby khi Ekska pmrdbromi tgm db``bwfhn lbhvmrsfbh bd k prfokry

k``y`fl k`lbgb` tb tgm lbrrmspbhifhn prfokry k``y`fl kofhm(96

Srbvfim rmknmhts khi fhtmromifktmsdbr tgfs trkhsdbroktfbh(

97Euhlm, U( K(1 \qufrms, \( Y(1 Hkook`wkr, E( Jburhk` bd Brnkhfl Lgmofstry, 53;7'=&,

5;99/5;97(96 Uby, \(1 Ekska, K( Ymtrkgmirbh, 53;


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6( K tmko bd fhvmstfnktbrs drbo Krfzbhk \tktm ]hfvmrsfty khi tgm Hktfbhk` Lkhlmr Fhstftutm

rmpbrtmi tgm syhtgmsfs khi efb`bnflk` mvk`uktfbh bd


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Lgkptmr ;5:\yhtgmsfs khi

prbtmltfbh bd k`imgyims,

amtbhms, khi tgmfr

imrfvktfvms


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Bxfiktfvm syhtgmsfs bd kìmgyims

Fh Fhtrbiultbry Brnkhfl Lgmofstry, ybu `mkrhmi tgkt lgrbofl klfi 'G5LrB9&, wgflg fs dbromi

drbo sbifuo iflgrboktm fh su`durfl klfi, fs k lbhvmhfmht bxfikht( Gbwmvmr, ft fs k vmry strbhn

bxfikht ks wm`` khi, ks k rmsu`t, fs hbt usmdu` dbr tgm syhtgmsfs bd kìmgyims( ^gmh k prfokry

k`lbgb` fs trmktmi wftg lgrbofl klfi, tgm kìmgyim fs prbiulmi, eut bh`y trkhsfmht`y( Ft qufla`ydbros k gyirktm fh tgfs kqumbus omifuo, khi tgmh k smlbhi rbuhi bd bxfiktfbh yfmìs tgm

lkrebxy`fl klfi( Vbu k`sb `mkrhmi tgkt pyrfifhfuo lg`brblgrboktm 'SLL& fs kh k`tmrhktfvmbxfikht tgkt ibms kddbri tgm kìmgyim( SLL fs sbùe`m fh brnkhfl sb`vmhts, `fam iflg`brbomtgkhm,

sb bhlm tgm kìmgyim fs dbromi, ft fs hbt lbhvmrtmi tb tgm gyirktm sfhlm hb wktmr fs prmsmht(

Lbhsmqumht`y, tgm bxfiktfbh stbps kt tgfs stknm(

Kh k`tmrhktfvm bxfiktfbh tgkt k`sb yfmìs tgm kìmgyim fs tgm \wmrh bxfiktfbh( Ft mop`bys

ifomtgy` su`dbxfim 'IO\B& khi bxk`y` lg`brfim Q'LBL`&5_ fh fts dfrst stmp khi k eksm, sulg kstrfmtgy`kofhm, fh fts smlbhi stmp(

Ifomtgy` su`dbxfim gks twb rmsbhkhlm dbros( Ygm smlbhi rmsbhkhlm dbro sgbwh em`bw fs kh

fopbrtkht lbhtrfeutbr tb tgm rmsbhkhlm gyerfi, wgflg gks sfnhfdflkht pkrtfk` lgkrnms bh su`dur khibxynmh( Bhm justfdflktfbh dbr tgm sfnhfdflkhlm bd tgfs rmsbhkhlm dbro fs tgkt tgm 5p/


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597

Ygm k`lbgb` hbw kttklas tgm su`dbhfuo fbh, tgmrmey ifsp`klfhn lg`brfim( @bss bd k prbtbhnmhmrktms k su`dbhfuo fbh tgkt pmrsfsts uhtf` tgm kiiftfbh bd eksm bllurs(

K eksm bd obimst strmhntg, `fam trfmtgy`kofhm 'YMK&, fs suddflfmht`y strbhn tb imprbtbhktm tgmpbsftfbh kijklmht tb su`dur( Ygm y`fim tgkt rmsu`ts emhmdfts drbo tgm kttrkltfbh bd tgm kijklmht

lgkrnms tb bhm khbtgmr( Ft fs kt tgfs stknm tgkt tgm brnkhfl suestrktm fs dfhk``y bxfifzmi( Ygm y`fim

imprbtbhktms tgm /lkrebh bd tgm k`lbgb`( Ygm lkrebh/gyirbnmh /ebhifhn m`mltrbhs dbro tgmlkrebhy` ebhi wgf`m tgm bxynmh/su`dur ebhi l`mkvms khi dbros k `bhm pkfr bd m`mltrbhs bh

su`dur( Ygm prbiults krm kh kìmgyim fd k prfokry k`lbgb` wks tgm suestrktm 'br k amtbhm fd k

smlbhikry wks usmi fhstmki& khi ifomtgy` su`dfim(

Kiiftfbhk``y, ft fs wbrtgwgf`m tb erfmd rmvfmw drbo ybur Fhtrbiultbry lbursm tgkt bzbhb`ysfs fs kh

bxfiktfvm omtgbi tb prmpkrm kìmgyims 'br amtbhms& tgkt fhvb`vms slfssfbh bd k lkrebh/lkrebh

ibue`m ebhi(

Srbtmltfbh bd kìmgyims: klmtk`s

Kìmgyims krm rmksbhke`y m`mltrbpgf`fl, khi ft fs tgmrmdbrm bdtmh hmlmsskry tb prbtmlt tgmo iurfhnsyhtgmsms tgkt fhvb`vm hul`mbpgf`fl rmknmhts( Ks kh mxkop`m, wm ofngt lbhsfimr tgm db``bwfhn

trkhsdbroktfbh fh wgflg tgm nbk` fs tb kii k Nrfnhkri br brnkhb`ftgfuo rmknmht tb tgm amtbhm

wgf`m `mkvfhn tgm kìmgyim uhtbulgmi( Ygfs fs hbt pbssfe`m wftg ifrmlt kiiftfbh bd tgm Nrfnhkribr brnkhb`ftgfuo rmknmht bd lbursm( \ulg k strbhn hul`mbpgf`m wbuì kii fhifslrfofhktm`y tb

ebtg tgm kìmgyim khi amtbhm( Mvmh fd sbom sm`mltfvfty lbuì em klgfmvmi, ft wbuì uhibuetmi`y


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em dbr rmkltfbh kt tgm obrm m`mltrbpgf`fl kìmgyim( Lbhsmqumht`y, prbtmltfbh bd tgm kìmgyim wf``

em hmlmsskry(

Kh klmtk` fs lbhvmhfmht dbr tgfs purpbsm( Umlk`` drbo ybur Fhtrbiultbry lbursm tgkt kh kìmgyim

trmktmi wftg twb mqufvk`mhts bd k`lbgb` fh tgm prmsmhlm bd lktk`ytfl klfi wf`` mstke`fsg khmquf`ferfuo wftg tgm klmtk` khi wktmr( Ygfs drmm`y rmvmrsfe`m prblmss lkh em irfvmh tbwkri tgm

klmtk` tgrbung tgm kiiftfbh bd mxlmss k`lbgb`(

Durtgmrobrm, fd tgm twb mqufvk`mhts bd k`lbgb` gkppmh tb em tmtgmrmi tb bhm khbtgmr, k lyl`fl

klmtk` rmsu`ts( Fh nmhmrk`, klmtk`s lkh em usmdu` kìmgyim prbtmltfhn nrbups( Ygmy krm stke`m fheksm khi stke`m tb hul`mbpgf`ms1 gbwmvmr, tgmy lkh em rmkif`y rmobvmi fh kqumbus klfi( Lyl`fl

klmtk`s krm bdtmh dkvbrmi emlkusm tgmy krm obrm rbeust khi tgmrmdbrm `mss `fam`y tb uhimrnb

prmokturm gyirb`ysfs(

Fh bur mxkop`m syhtgmsfs, tgm kìmgyim lkh em lbhvmrtmi tb fts lyl`fl klmtk` usfhn mtgy`mhm n`ylb`khi lktk`ytfl klfi( ^gf`m ft fs trum tgkt amtbhms lkh k`sb dbro klmtk`s, sm`mltfvfty lkh em klgfmvmi

emlkusm tgm obrm m`mltrbpgf`fl kìmgyim wf`` em tgm dfrst tb rmklt wftg tgm hul`mbpgf`fl k`lbgb`(Kdtmr prbtmltfbh ks tgm lyl`fl klmtk`, mtgyòknhmsfuo erbofim lkh em kiimi tb tgm lkrebhy`(

^braup yfmìs tgm tmrtfkry k`lbgb`, khi klfifl gyirb`ysfs uhvmf`s tgm kìmgyim(

Ygfs syhtgmsfs lbuì k`sb em sgbrtmhmi ey bhm stmp( Fd tgm wbraup dbr tgm Nrfnhkri rmkltfbh

utf`fzms kqumbus klfi, fhstmki bd omrm`y wktmr, tgmh tgm kàbxfim lkh em prbtbhktmi khi tgmprbtmltfhn nrbup rmobvmi fh k sfhn`m bpmrktfbh(


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5=3

Ft fs k`sb wbrtg hbtfhn tgkt, fh tgfs spmlfdfl mxkop`m, fhtrkob`mlu`kr kttkla bd tgm k`lbgb` bh tgm

kìmgyim wbuì `fam`y bllur spbhtkhmbus`y, prbvfifhn k lyl`fl gmofklmtk`( Lyl`fl gmofklmtk`skrm bdtmh rmdmrrmi tb ks `kltb`s(

Bxfiktfvm syhtgmsfs bd amtbhms

Ygm bxfiktfvm omtgbis tgkt krm usmdu` dbr tgm syhtgmsfs bd kìmgyims krm k`sb mop`bymi fh tgmsyhtgmsfs bd amtbhms, eut wftg `mss lbop`flktfbh( \fhlm amtbhms krm `mss suslmptfe`m tb bvmr/

bxfiktfbh, lgrbofl klfi, SLL, br tgm \wmrh bxfiktfbh lkh em usmi wftg mquk` mddflkly tb bxfifzmk smlbhikry k`lbgb` tb tgm amtbhm( Fh k lbop`mx suestrktm, tgm sm`mltfbh bd lbhiftfbhs oky em

irfvmh ey lbhlmrhs kebut uhimsfrmi rmkltfbh wftg btgmr duhltfbhk` nrbups fh tgm ob`mlu`m(

Kiiftfbhk``y, bzbhb`ysfs bd kàmhms lkh yfmì amtbhms fd tgm suestftutfbh bd tgm kàmhm fskpprbprfktm( Gmrm, k tmtrksuestftutmi kàmhm fs bzbhb`yzmi tb twb mqufvk`mhts bd 5/eutkhbhm(

Drfmim`/Lrkdts kly`ktfbh, wgflg ybu `mkrhmi kebut fh ybur Fhtrbiultbry Brnkhfl lbursm, fs khbtgmr

bxfiktfvm omtgbi dbr tgm syhtgmsfs bd amtbhms, spmlfdflk``y kày` kry` amtbhms(


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5=;

Kt dfrst, tgfs oky hbt kppmkr tb em kh bxfiktfvm omtgbi emlkusm wm bdtmh kpprbxfoktm bxfiktfbhstktm fh Fhtrbiultbry lbursms ey sfop`y lbuhtfhn tgm ebhis tb gmtmrbktbos( Ft fs wbrtg hbtfhntgkt tgm imtmrofhktfbh bd bxfiktfbh stktm lkh em s`fngt`y obrm suet`m tgkh tgkt( Dbrok``y, mklg

ebhi tb kh m`momht obrm m`mltrbhmnktfvm tgkh lkrebh yfmìs k !; lbhtrfeutfbh tb tgm bxfiktfbh

stktm, wgf`m mklg ebhi tb kh m`momht `mss m`mltrbhmnktfvm tgkh lkrebh bddmrs k /; lbhtrfeutfbh(Lbhsmqumht`y, tgm lkrebh bd emhzmhm uhimrnbfhn kly`ktfbh emnfhs wftg k /; bxfiktfbh stktm '

Lgkptmr ;5 Srbe`mos

;( Iurfhn tgm syhtgmsfs bd k stmrmbfsbomr bd skhjbfhfhm N; 'sgbwh em`bw&, k omoemr bd tgm

lyl`bpmptfim kàk`bfi l`kss bd hkturk` prbiults, Jbu``f khi lb/wbramrs mop`bymi k Jbhms

bxfiktfbh(=( Fh tgmfr syhtgmsfs bd '/&/kàk`bfi 53=E, \oftg khi Afo usmi k iftgfkhm ks k syhtgmtfl

mqufvk`mht dbr tgm lkrebhy` nrbup(;5 Ygmy lk`` tgmfr kpprbklg khfbh rm`ky lgmofstry 'KUL&( Ygm

iftgfkhm khfbh dfrst kttklas kh m`mltrbpgf`m( Ygfs fs db``bwmi ey k Erbba rmkrrkhnmomht(Umomoemr drbo prbe`mos ybuvm mhlbuhtmrmi mkr`fmr fh tgfs tmxt tgkt tgm Erbba rmkrrkhnmomht

fhvb`vms tgm trkhsdmr bd k sf`y` nrbup drbo lkrebh tb bxynmh( Ygm lkrekhfbh nmhmrktmi drbo tgm

Erbba rmkrrkhnmomht tgmh kttklas k smlbhi m`mltrbpgf`m( Ygus, tgm iftgfkhm emlboms k `fhlgpfhfh tgm syhtgmsfs( ]sfhn tgmsm lùms, prbvfim tgm strulturms dbr lbopbuhis K L em`bw(

=4 @mm, \(1 Zgkb, Z( Brnkhfl @mttmrs, ;666, ;'9&, 47;/47


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54;

7( Fhvmstfnktbrs kt Sdfzmr rmpbrtmi k stmrmbsm`mltfvm syhtgmsfs bd spfrbpfpmrfifhms, kobhn wgflg

wks k `mki lbopbuhi tgkt duhltfbhs ks kh fhgfeftbr bd/sftm koy`bfi prmlursbr prbtmfh l`mkvfhnmhzyom 'EKLM/;&(=>

Bhm rbutm tgkt tgmy utf`fzmi tb rmklg tgm tkrnmt mop`bymi k \trmlamrrmkltfbh, fh wgflg kh fofhfuo fbh fs dbromi khi tgmh kttklami ey lykhfim( ]sfhn tgfs lùm, sgbw

tgm prbiult fh tgmfr rmkltfbh smqumhlm em`bw(

6( Vmgfk, Sbèbrh, khi O``mr bd tgm Brnkhfslg/Lgmofslgms Fhstftut fh Gmfimèmrn, Nmrokhyrmpbrtmi K hbvm` dbur lbopbhmht bhm/pbt kllmss tb pyrfifhms khi tmtrkgyirbqufhb`fhms( =7 Fh

imvfsfhn tgmfr bhm/pbt prbtblb`, tgmy mop`bymi k uhfbh emtwmmh lbopbuhi K khi tgm ,/

uhskturktmi amtbhm sgbwh em`bw tb yfmì lbopbuhi E( Ygfs prblmss `ktmr emlboms k pkrt bd tgmfrbhm/pbt prblmiurm( \gbw tgm strulturms bd lbopbuhis K khi E(

=>@mm, L(/^(1 @frk, U(1 Iutrk, J(1 Bnf`vfm, A(1 BHmf``, E( Y(1 Erbihmy, O(1 Gm`k`, L(1 Vbuhn, J(1

@klgkpm``m, M(1 \kayk, \(1 Ourrky, J( L(Jburhk` bd Brnkhfl Lgmofstry, 53;7'4&, 544;/5446(=7 Vmgfk, H( K( O(1 Sbèbrh, A(1 O``mr, Y( J( J( Ymtrkgmirbh @mttmrs, 5335, 9


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545

;3( Fhvmstfnktbrs kt Ngmht ]hfvmrsfty rmpbrtmi kh fhtmrmstfhn rfhn mxpkhsfbhbxfiktfbh prbtblb`

dbr tgm syhtgmsfs bd pfpmrfifh/9/bhms(=6

Ygm omlgkhfso emkrs sbom khk`bny tb tgm \wmrhbxfiktfbh( Srbpbsm k omlgkhfso dbr tgfs trkhsdbroktfbh(

=6Ob``mt, A(1 Igbbngm, O(1 Erbmlax, @(1 Ikhhmm`s, E(1 Imsomt, Y(1 Im Afopm, H( Ymtrkgmirbh,

53;


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549

Fh kiiftfbh tb bddmrfhn kh mstmr syhtgmsfs, tgm Oftsuhbeu rmkltfbh k`sb kddbris k wky tb fhvmrt tgmlbhdfnurktfbh bd kh k`lbgb`( Fd tgm mstmr fs skpbhfdfmi, kh k`lbgb` rmsu`ts tgkt ifddmrs drbo tgm

brfnfhk` rmkltkht k`lbgb` bh`y fh fts lbhdfnurktfbh( Ygfs prblmss fs sbomtfoms usmi fh hkturk`

prbiult syhtgmsfs( Fd tgm k`lbgb` lbhdfnurktfbh prmsmht fh tgm hkturk` prbiult 'f(m( tgm lbrrmltlbhdfnurktfbh& lkhhbt em prmpkrmi ifrmlt`y, ft lkh em lbhvmrtmi tb tgm imsfrmi lbhdfnurktfbh usfhn

tgfs twb/stmp prblmss(

BG

IMKISSg7

9'4'7&, 5773/577


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5>6

H

B

Lez

LGL`7 bL

Lbopbuhi K'IE]&

H

H

Lbopbuhi E

HkH( Omtgy` 5/lykhbklry`ktm 'sgbwh em`bw& fs k obhbomr dbuhi fh sbom supmr nùm prbiults(\gbw gbw tgm pb`yomrfzktfbh bd tgfs suestrktm lkh bllur fh tgm prmsmhlm bd kivmhtftfbus

obfsturm(

7( Klry`bhftrf`m eutkifmhm styrmhm 'KE\& fs k lbpb`yomr usmi fh lkr euopmrs khi lrksg gmòmts(

Ygm obhbomrs krm sgbwh em`bw( Irkw k pbssfe`m strulturm dbr KE\(

6( ^gkt obhbomr wbuì nfvm rfsm tb tgm db``bwfhn pb`yomr wgmh trmktmi wftg HkBG tb fhftfktmpb`yomrfzktfbh2

;3( Irkw k omlgkhfso dbr tgm db``bwfhn pb`yomrfzktfbh, wgflg emnfhs wftg tgm kiiftfbh bd k

trklm bd euty``ftgfuo khi tmrofhktms wftg tgm fhtrbiultfbh bd lkrebh ifbxfim(


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564

LH;( trklm h/Eu@f

5( LB5 Ygm prbiult fs pb`yklry`bhftrf`m, wgflg gks emmh usmi fh dkerflktfhn skf`s( Lbpb`yomrs bd

pb`yklry`bhftrf`m 'okramtmi ks Br`bh ey IuSbht& gkvm emmh usmi fh l`btgfhn `kem`mi ksklry`fls( Kiiftfbhk``y, pb`yklry`bhftrf`m lkh em usmi ks k sburlm bd lkrebh dfemr dbr kfrlrkdt,

k`tgbung tgfs rmqufrms durtgmr trmktomht bd tgm pb`yomr(


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56>

Lgkptmr ;=:\tmp/nrbwtg pb`yomrs


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567

\tmp/nrbwtg pb`yomrs

Fh tgm prmvfbus lgkptmr, wm hbtmi tgkt stmp/nrbwtg pb`yomrs ifddmr drbo lgkfh/nrbwtg pb`yomrs

fh tgkt tgmy lkh kii uhfts tb tgm nrbwfhn lgkfh tgkt krm `krnmr tgkh k sfhn`m obhbomr( Ygfs stmos

drbo tgm dklt tgkt tgm obhbomrs dbr stmp/nrbwtg prblmssms pbssmss twb rmkltfvm tmrofhf, khi

mftgmr tmrofhus lkh uhimrnb rmkltfbh tb kii kiiftfbhk` `mhntg tb tgm lgkfh( \fhlm tgmsm rmkltfbhsbdtmh bllur wftg tgm `bss bd k sok`` ob`mlu`m, `fam wktmr, k`lbgb`, br GL`, tgmsm pb`yomrs krm

sbomtfoms k`sb lk``mi lbhimhsktfbh pb`yomrs(

Ygmrm krm k huoemr bd duhltfbhk` nrbups tgkt lkh smrvm ks tgm `fhlgpfhs dbr lbhimhsktfbh

pb`yomrs( Fh tgfs lgkptmr, wm`` mxkofhm tgmsm pbssfef`ftfms(

Sb`ykofims

Lbhimhsktfbh pb`yomrs tgkt lbhtkfh kofim `fhaknms emtwmmh tgm obhbomrs krm lk``mi

pb`ykofims( K l`kssfl mxkop`m fs lk``mi hy`bh 4/4( Hy`bh 4/4 lkh em dbromi ey rmkltfbh

emtwmmh kifpby` lg`brfim, k sfx/lkrebh ifklfi lg`brfim, khi ;,4/ifkofhbgmxkhm, k sfx/lkrebh

ifkofhm( Ygm rmkltfbh ftsm`d fs hbtgfhn obrm tgkh sfop`m hul`mbpgf`fl kly` suestftutfbh( Bhlmtgm dfrst kofim ebhi fs dbromi, tgm ifomr stf`` emkrs ebtg kh klfi lg`brfim khi kh kofhb tmrofhus(

Mftgmr bd tgmsm tmrofhf lkh rmklt hmxt wftg tgm kpprbprfktm pkrthmr tb `mhntgmh tgm lgkfh( Ygm

dfhk` prbiult fs lk``mi k hy`bh 'k syhbhyo dbr pb`ykofim&( Ft fs hy`bh 4/4 emlkusm ft lbhsfsts bdtwb euf`ifhn e`blas, ebtg bd wgflg lbhtkfh sfx lkrebh ktbos(


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566

Hy`bh 4/4 lkh k`sb em okim fhiustrfk``y tgrbung tgm lbhimhsktfbh bd kifpfl klfi khi ;,4/

ifkofhbgmxkhm( Fhftfk``y, kh klfi/eksm rmkltfbh bllurs tb dbro k sk`t1 gbwmvmr, gmkt lkh em usmitb irfvm bdd wktmr khi pusg tgm mquf`ferfuo tbwkri tgm lbvk`mht pb`yomr(

Fh rmlmht ymkrs, nrmktmr kttmhtfbh gks emmh imvbtmi tb tgm sustkfhkef`fty bd lgmoflk` prblmssms(

Yrkiftfbhk``y, kifpfl klfi khi ;,4/ifkofhbgmxkhm gkvm emmh syhtgmsfzmi drbo emhzmhm fsb`ktmi

drbo pmtrb`muo( Gbwmvmr, tgmrm fs hbw tmlghb`bny tgkt mhke`ms kifpfl klfi tb em prmpkrmi drbok ifddmrmht sfx/lkrebh suestrktm: nùlbsm( Nùlbsm lbuì, fh tgmbry, em imrfvmi drbo tgm lm`ù`bsm

fh efbokss( Kh mddflfmht lbhvmrsfbh bd lm`ù`bsm tb nùlbsm wbuì mhsurm k rmhmwke`m sburlm bd

okhy fopbrtkht lgmoflk` eufìfhn e`blas(

Ks wftg mklg lktmnbry bd lbhimhsktfbh pb`yomr wm`` ifsluss, tgmrm krm okhy mxkop`ms( Ksmlbhi f`ùstrktfvm hy`bh fs hy`bh 4, wgflg lbhsfsts bd bh`y k sfhn`m eufìfhn e`bla( /

Lkprb`kltko fs k smvmh/omoemrmi `kltko 'f(m( lyl`fl kofim&( Ygm `kltko rfhn lkh em bpmhmi ey

k hul`mbpgf`m vfk hul`mbpgf`fl kly` suestftutfbh(

Ygm kofhb klfi tgus dbromi lkh kttkla khbtgmr ob`mlu`m bd /lkprb`kltko usfhn fts kofhbtmrofhus( Knkfh, tgfs rmkltfbh db``bws tgm hul`mbpgf`fl kly` suestftutfbh pkrkifno( Lbhtfhumi

fhlbrpbrktfbh bd/lkprb`kltko rmsfiums u`tfoktm`y prbiulms hy`bh 4(


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3s, khi tgmy krm dfhifhn kpp`flktfbh fh hkhbtmlghb`bny, lktk`ysfs, smhsbrs, khi irun im`fvmry,kobhn btgmr krmks(

N3

N; N5

N&, ;669/533;(


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3

Vum, W(1 Ykrkekh, O( E(1 Gy`khi, @( @(1 Vu, V( E( Jburhk` bd Brnkhfl Lgmofstry, 53;5,

>>'53&, 77>6/777>(


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; pmkas krm mxpmltmi tb em sfnhfdflkht sfhlm tgmy

k`` rmsu`t drbo tmrtfkry lkreblktfbh drknomhts(


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Ygmrmdbrm, ft pkfrs obst `bnflk``y wftg tgm dfrst okss spmltruo( Gmtmrb`ytfl l`mkvknm kppmkrs tb

em tgm prmibofhkht drknomhtktfbh pktgwky, sunnmstfhn tgkt tgm lg`brbhfuo fbh imrfvmi drbo /l`mkvknm fs hbt wm`` stkef`fzmi( Kiiftfbhk` l`mkvknm bd L/L ebhis fs besmrvke`m fh tgm o"z 9;Ouslf, Z(1 Yskf, K(1 \zbrf, O(1 Lgkss, N( K(1 Tfsab`lz, E(1 Lsfzokifk, F( N( Jburhk` bd

Sgysflk` Lgmofstry K, 533>, ;;;'=3&, ;


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= ppo, wgflg fs lbhsfstmht wftg tgmdklt tgktJvkùms dbr ifkstmrmbtbpfl omtgy`mhm gyirbnmhs krm hbt k`wkys sfnhfdflkht`y ifddmrmht fh

oknhftuim(

Kt tgfs pbfht, wmvm kllbuhtmi dbr obst bd tgm ktbos fh tgm dbrou`k, wftg tgm mxlmptfbh bd tgm

twb bxynmh ktbos(

Hbtm tgkt tgm rmokfhfhn smt bd ifkstmrmbtbpfl omtgy`mhm gyirbnmhs kllbuhts dbr tgm obstimsgfmìmi sfnhk`s fh tgm spmltruo 'hmkr = ppo&( Ygmy krm ebtg ibue`mts, omkhfhn tgkt tgmy gkvm

hb kiiftfbhk` hmfngebrs( Bhm wky tb klgfmvm tgfs pbwmrdu` imsgfmìfhn khi mxlùim hmfngebrs fstb p`klm tgm rmokfhfhn omtgy`mhm nrbup emtwmmh tgm twb bxynmh ktbos(


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3 ppo(

9( Ks k`wkys, k imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh lk`lu`ktfbh fs k `bnflk` p`klm tb emnfh( Fh tgfs fhstkhlm,

tgmrm fs k pkrtflu`kr`y `krnm mxtmht bd uhskturktfbh fh tgm ob`mlu`m(

+%+ ? Q5;7 ! 5_ ;45 ? ;;

^ftg `krnm huoemrs bd imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh, wm bdtmh tgfha fh tmros bd emhzmhm rfhns, mklg bdwgflg wf`` kllbuht dbr dbur imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh( Ygmrmdbrm, ft fs pbssfe`m tgkt tgm prbiult

lbhtkfhs twb emhzmhm rfhns khi tgrmm btgmr imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh( Ygfs smmos rmksbhke`m sfhlm

tgm rmkltkhts mklg lbhtkfh kh krboktfl rfhn( Fd tgm rmkltkhts krm uhftmi fh sbom wky tb dbro tgmprbiult, ft wbuì fhimmi lbhtkfh twb krboktfl rfhns(

Ygm FU spmltruo nfvms sbom fhsfngt fhtb tgm rmokfhfhn imnrmms bd uhskturktfbh( Ygm sfnhk` kt;473 lo/; sunnmsts k lbhjunktmi amtbhm br kìmgyim( \fhlm tgmrm fs hb kìmgyim sfnhk` fh tgm


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33 khi


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352/427

B

B5H

OmB

B

Er

OmB

\h

GL` B

G5H

OmB

HkHB5

GL`

B

H5

OmB

LuEr

=( Ygm fopbrtkht lbhsfimrktfbhs gmrm ofofl tgbsm tgkt wm mhlbuhtmrmi fh qumstfbh


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( Ygfs pkrt bd tgm trfl`bskh syhtgmsfs kobuhts tb k strkfngtdbrwkri pgmhb` prmpkrktfbh vfk k

ifkzbhfuo fbh( Umiultfbh khi ifkzbtfzktfbh krm db``bwmi ey trmktomht wftg wktmr tb betkfh tgm

pgmhb`fl gyirbxy` nrbup(

B

L` BG

L` L`

B

L` HB5

L` L`

trfl`bskh

\h

GL`

B

L` HG5

L` L`

HkHB5

GL`

B

L` H5

L` L`

G5B

7( Ygfs syhtgmsfs prbe`mo fs k eft `mss fhtuftfvm tgkh sbom bd tgm prmvfbus bhms( Ygmrmdbrm, ft

wbu`i em k nbbi fimk tb ib sbom rmtrbsyhtgmtfl khk`ysfs tb prbvfim nufikhlm bh gbw emst tb

prblmmi( Umlk`` drbo ybur fhtrbiultbry Brnkhfl Lgmofstry lbursm tgkt rmtrbsyhtgmtfl khk`ysfs fseksflk``y wbrafhn eklawkris drbo tgm tkrnmt tb fts prmlursbrs( ^ftg mklg rmtrbsyhtgmtfl krrbw,

wm krm ksafhn bursm`vms wgkt tgm lbopbuhi lbu`i em okim drbo fh k sfhn`m trkhsdbroktfbh(


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( K pkrtflu`kr`y stkef`fzmiOmfsmhgmfomr lbop`mx dbros, wgflg gks k rmsbhkhlm lbhtrfeutbr tgkt p`klms tgm hmnktfvm lgkrnmbh tgm obst m`mltrbhmnktfvm m`momht fh tgm rfhn(

Ygm omlgkhfso dbr rmkltfbh wftg tgm


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Srbe`mos

;( Ygfs vmry l`bsm`y pkrk``m`s tgm erbofhktfbh bd mtgkhm ifslussmi fh tgm tmxt( Fhftfktfbh bllurs

wgmh k dùbrfhm/dùbrfhm ebhi gbob`yzms upbh mxpbsurm tb `fngt br gmkt(

Ygm dfrst prbpknktfbh stmp lbhsfsts bd gyirbnmh kestrkltfbh ey tgm dùbrfhm rkiflk`, dbrofhn GD ks

k eyprbiult(

Ygm lkrebh/lmhtmrmi rkiflk` tgus dbromi tgmh kestrklts k dùbrfhm ktbo drbo kh uhrmkltmi

ob`mlu`m bd D5( Ygfs rmsu`ts fh tgm dbroktfbh bd prbiult khi tgm rmnmhmrktfbh bd tgm dùbrfhmrkiflk`, okafhn tgfs k lgkfh prblmss(


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Ygm tmrofhktfbh stmps fhlùim tgm lboefhktfbh bd khy twb rkiflk`s dbromi iurfhn prbpknktfbhkhi yfmì tfhy kobuhts bd dùbrfhm, dùbrbmtgkhm, khi eutkhm(

5( Umlk`` tgkt tgm lgkhnm fh drmm mhmrny dbr k rkiflk` rmkltfbh fs bdtmh kebut mquk` tb tgm lgkhnm fh

mhtgk`py, prbvfimi tgkt tgm lgkhnm fh mhtrbpy dbr tgm prblmss fs hmn`fnfe`m( Ygm lgkhnm fh

mhtgk`py fs tgm mhtgk`py bd tgm ebhis erbamh ofhus tgm mhtgk`py bd tgm ebhis dbromi(

$ ? GQ$+E_ GQ$+_

Fh prbpknktfbh stmp ;, tgm L/G ebhi fs erbamh '67 alk`"ob`m& khi tgm G/D ebhi fs dbromi ';


363/427

;

alk`"ob`m&( Ygm rmsu`t fs k stmp tgkt fs mhibtgmrofl ey 59 alk`"ob`m(

$ ? Q6=_ Q>;_ ?!59E"Fh prbpknktfbh stmp 5, tgm F/F ebhi fs l`mkvmi ' alk`"ob`m wbrtg bd mhmrny(


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E"Gbwmvmr, tgm hmt rmsu`t fs tgkt tgm suo tbtk` bd tgm prbpknktfbh stmps fs mhibtgmrofl( \fhlm tgm

prbpknktfbh stmps ks k wgb`m rmqufrm kh fhput bd > alk`"ob`m, tgm prblmss fs hbt dkvbrke`m(

]h`fam drmm rkiflk` erbofhktfbh, tgm mxbtgmroflfty bd tgm smlbhi stmp fs hbt suddflfmht tbbvmrlbom tgm mhibtgmroflfty bd tgm dfrst stmp( Drmm rkiflk` fbifhktfbh fs tgmrmdbrm hbt bdtmh usmi

ium tb tgm dklt tgkt ft fs uhdkvbrke`m(

=( ^mvm smmh tgrbung tgfs Lgkptmr khi tgm dbur prmvfbus prbe`mos, tgkt drmm rkiflk` erbofhktfbh

fs tgm swmmt spbt dbr rmkltfvfty( ]h`fam dùbrfhktfbh, erbofhktfbh fs hbt gkzkribus( ]h`fam

fbifhktfbh, erbofhktfbh fs dkvbrke`m( ]h`fam lg`brfhktfbh, erbofhktfbh fs sm`mltfvm( Ygmsmdmkturms lboefhm tb okam ft tgm obst kttrkltfvm bptfbh dbr drmm rkiflk` gk`bnmhktfbh(

Ygm fhftfk` gbob`ysfs fs fimhtflk` tb wgkt wmvm smmh prmvfbus`y, sb ft fs hbt sgbwh gmrm( Fh

prbpknktfbh stmp ;, tgm erbofhm rkiflk` prmdmrmhtfk``y kestrklts gyirbnmh drbo tgm obst gfng`y

suestftutmi lkrebh tb okam tgm obst stke`m rkiflk` pbssfe`m, wgflg fh tgfs lksm fs tmrtfkry(

Fh prbpknktfbh stmp 5, tgkt tmrtfkry lkrebh/lmhtmrmi rkiflk` kestrklts k erbofhm tb yfmì tgm

prbiult khi k hmw erbofhm rkiflk`(

Ks smmh prmvfbus`y, tmrofhktfbh stmps fhvb`vm tgm lboefhktfbh bd khy twb rkiflk`s dbromi iurfhn

prbpknktfbh( \fhlm tgmsm stmps krm hbt mspmlfk``y sfnhfdflkht fh mxp`kfhfhn prbiult dbroktfbh,

tgmy krmht mxp`flft`y f`ùstrktmi gmrm(

4( Fh prbpknktfbh stmp ;, tgm


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Dfhk``y, tgm rkiflk` fs rmiulmi ey gyirbnmh kestrkltfbh drbo khbtgmr ob`mlu`m bd gmxkhmtgfb`,wgflg rmnmhmrktms tgm su`dur rkiflk` hmmimi dbr prbpknktfbh stmp ;(

4( Ygm dfrst tgrmm stmps bd tgm smqumhlm krm tgm prmpkrktbry stmps bd Ekrtbh imbxynmhktfbh, wgflg

u`tfoktm`y yfmì tgm omtgy` xkhtgktm sgbwh em`bw 'lbopbuhi K&(

Lbopbuhi K tgmh drknomhts fh tgm prmsmhlm bd trfeuty`tfh rkiflk`( Ygm kiiftfbh bd tfh tb tgm L/\

ebhi `mkis tb tgm dbroktfbh bd k hmw L/B ebhi khi tgm l`mkvknm bd k L/B ebhi(

Ygm rmsu`tkht lkrebh/lmhtmrmi rkiflk` fs fh dkfr`y l`bsm prbxfofty tb tgm kàmhm( Fh tgmbry, =/mxb/trfn khi 4/mhib/trfn lyl`fzktfbh krm ebtg pbssfe`m( Ygm tft`m bd tgm pkpmr prbvfims k lùm kebut

wgflg prblmss fs dkvbrmi fh tgfs fhstkhlm wgmh ft rmdmrs tb syhtgmsms bd lkrekgmxbpyrkhbsms khi

imrfvktfvms ey 4/mhib/trfn rkiflk` lyl`fzktfbh( Ygmrmdbrm, db``bwfhn tgm 4/mhib/trfn pkrkifno, k

hmw sfx/omoemrmi rfhn fs dbromi khi tgm rkiflk` fs tgmh rmiulmi ey gyirbnmh kestrkltfbh(


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( Fh tgfs qumstfbh, wm krm tbì tgkt trfeuty`tfh rkiflk` kiis tb tgm kàyhm( Ibfhn sb rmsu`ts fh k

vfhy` rkiflk`( Ygfs vfhy` rkiflk` lkh uhimrnb k 4/mhib/trfn lyl`fzktfbh kafh tb tgm lyl`fzktfbh tgktbllurrmi fh tgm prmvfbus qumstfbh(

Ygm dfhk` lkrebh/lmhtmrmi rkiflk` fs rmiulmi tb kddbri kh brnkhbstkhhkhm(

7( K`tgbung KLH lbhtkfhs rfhns tgkt KFEH ifi hbt, fts lbrm strulturm fs tgm skom, sb iurfhn

fhftfktfbh ft dbros khk`bnbus rkiflk`s, wgflg tgmh kestrklt gyirbnmh drbo trfeuty`tfh gyirfim ks

mxpmltmi( Ygm trfeuty`tfh rkiflk` tgmh kestrklts sm`mhfuo tb kddbri tgm kly` rkiflk` wgbsmlyl`fzktfbh wm krm ksami tb sgbw( Umomoemr tgkt kh kly` nrbup rmdmrs tb k lkrebhy` emkrfhn k

sfhn`m U nrbup(

Dbr tgm obomht, ft fs emst tb fnhbrm tgm prbiult strulturm( Ks irkwh, ft `bbas quftm lbop`mx khi

oky beslurm wgkt fs kh btgmrwfsm rm`ktfvm`y strkfngtdbrwkri prblmss( ^m wbuì mxpmlt tgm kly`

rkiflk` lbuì lyl`fzm bhtb tgm kàmhm bd tgm mfngt/omoemrmi rfhn( Ygfs wbuì em tgm trkhskhhu`kr

'f(m( klrbss tgm rfhn& kly` rkiflk` lyl`fzktfbh rmdmrrmi tb fh tgm tft`m bd tgm pkpmr( Lyl`fzktfbh bhtbmftgmr sftm wbuì smmo rmksbhke`m1 gbwmvmr, tgm lyl`fzktfbh sgbwh em`bw kddbris k obrm gfng`y

stkef`fzmi emhzy`fl rkiflk`, wgflg fs imsfrke`m( Ygm rmiultfbh bd tgkt rkiflk` yfmìs tgm

trkhskhhu`kr lyl`fzktfbh prbiult(


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3

K smlbhi sfhn`m/m`mltrbh trkhsdmr tb tgfs rkiflk` yfm`is tgm smlbhi khfbh(

Ygfs khfbh fs qumhlgmi ey prbtbh trkhsdmr drbo tgm k`lbgb`( Ygm dfhk` prbiult tgmrmdbrm gks tgm

suestftumht bh k vfhy`fl lkrebh(

Bh tgm btgmr gkhi, wgmh tgm rfhn emkrs kh m`mltrbh/wftgirkwfhn nrbup k ifddmrmht rmnfblgmoflk`butlbom fs besmrvmi( Ygm dfrst sfhn`m/m`mltrbh trkhsdmr knkfh yfm`is k rkiflk` khfbh ks mxpmltmi(

Ygfs rkiflk` khfbh gks tgm db``bwfhn rmsbhkhlm dbros(

Srbtbhktfbh qumhlgms tgm dfrst khfbh, `mkvfhn emgfhi tgm db``bwfhn rkiflk`(

Ygm smlbhi m`mltrbh trkhsdmr hbw nmhmrktms kh khfbh tgkt fs stkef`fzmi ey tgm kijklmht m`mltrbh/

wftgirkwfhn nrbup(


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;

Ygm dfhk` prbtbh trkhsdmr kddbris tgm prbiult(

5( Ygfs qumstfbh rmfhdbrlms wgkt wm skw wftg m`mltrbh/wftgirkwfhn suestftumhts fh qumstfbh ;(

Ygm lkrebxy`fl klfi wf`` em imprbtbhktmi uhimr tgm rmkltfbh lbhiftfbhs, sb ft kppmkrs ks tgm

lkrebxy`ktm tgrbungbut( Ygm fhftfk` m`mltrbh trkhsdmr yfmìs tgm rkiflk` khfbh(

Ygm hmnktfvm lgkrnm fs im`blk`fzmi bhtb tgm lkrebhpkrk tb tgm suestftutmi lmhtmr(

Ygfs khfbh fs tgmh prbtbhktmi(

UB G

G G

! UB

B B BB

K smlbhi m`mltrbh trkhsdmr yfmìs kh khfbh tb tgm lkrebhy`( Ygfs khfbh fs stkef`fzmi ey ftslbhjunktfbh tb tgm lkrebhy`, wgflg prbvfims ft wftg kh mspmlfk``y stke`m rmsbhkhlm dbro tgkt

p`klms tgm hmnktfvm lgkrnm bh tgm lkrebhy` bxynmh( Ygfs l`mkr`y f`ùstrktms tgkt tgm lkrebxy`ktm

smrvms ks kh m`mltrbh/wftgirkwfhn nrbup(


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5

Srbtbhktfbh bd tgfs khfbh yfm`is tgm prbiult ks k lkrebxy`ktm(

Ygfs lkrebxy`ktm wbu`i em prbtbhktmi upbh wbraup tb nfvm tgm lbrrmspbhifhn lkrebxy`fl klfi(


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intermediate organic chemistry

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