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FLASH on English is a motivating, easy-to-use, four-level course which takes teenage learners from Elementary through to Upper Intermediate level. The comprehensive syllabus provides thorough grammar, vocabulary and skills work, builds students’ language awareness and encourages fluency and self-confidence. The combination of printed, digital and online material enhances the learning experience and helps teachers respond to students’ needs.

Clearly-structured units Double linguistic input in each unit Focus on authentic real-world language Clearly structured grammar presentations Extensive recycling and review of language Exploitation of different learning styles and mixed-ability features

Culture, CLIL and Literature lessons in every unit Graded and practical study-skills guide Grammar reinforcement with extensive explanations and practice in the Workbook

For the Teacher

Step-by-step teaching notes, tips and background notes on cultural issues

Wide offer of photocopiable testing materials Editable tests in the Multi-ROM Test Maker

FLIP BOOK

An interactive, IWB-compatible version of the Coursebook containing all recordings, links, reference materials and extras

Course componentsStudent’s BookWorkbook with Audio CDTeacher’s Resource PackClass Audio CDsMulti-ROM Test MakerTeacher’s FLIP BOOKFlash on English Online Resources

Common European Framework

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

Contents1 FairPlay FocusonGrammar p. 4 GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 6 EnglishinContext p. 8 VocabularyBuilder p. 10 Skills p. 11

2 ABetterWorld FocusonGrammar p. 12 GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 14 EnglishinContext p. 16 VocabularyBuilder p. 18 Skills p. 19

3 PopularLegends FocusonGrammar p. 20 GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 22 EnglishinContext p. 24 VocabularyBuilder p. 26 Skills p. 27

4 TheMedia FocusonGrammar p. 28 GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 30 EnglishinContext p. 32 VocabularyBuilder p. 34 Skills p. 35

5 Images FocusonGrammar p. 36 GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 38 EnglishinContext p. 40 VocabularyBuilder p. 42 Skills p. 43

6 TheFoodofLove FocusonGrammar p. 44 GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 46 EnglishinContext p. 48 VocabularyBuilder p. 50 Skills p. 51

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7 TooMuchTV FocusonGrammar p. 52 GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 54 EnglishinContext p. 56 VocabularyBuilder p. 58 Skills p. 59

8 We’veGotRights! FocusonGrammar p. 60 GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 62 EnglishinContext p. 64 VocabularyBuilder p. 66 Skills p. 67

9OurFutureFocusonGrammar p. 68GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 70EnglishinContext p. 72VocabularyBuilder p. 74Skills p. 75

10RoleModelsFocusonGrammar p. 76GrammarandVocabularyPractice p. 78EnglishinContext p. 80VocabularyBuilder p. 82Skills p. 83

Usefulexpressions:writingandspeaking p. 84

Irregularverbs p. 87

Phrasalverbslist p. 88

Self-assessmentgrids–B1 p. 90

Audioscripts p. 92

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Fair Play1 Focus on Grammar

• ToformthePresentperfectcontinuousweusethefollowingstructure:

have / has+been+-ingformoftheverb

I’ve been working here for 5 years.

• WeusethePresentperfectcontinuoustodescribeanactionthathastakenplaceoveralongperiodoftimeandthatisstillinprogressatthetimeofspeakingorthathasjuststopped.

I’m exhausted! I’ve been painting my room for hours.

! Wedon’tusethePresentperfectcontinuouswithverbsthatdonottakethe-ingform.WiththeseverbsweusethePresentperfectsimpleorthePastsimple.Herearesomeexamplesofverbsthatdonottakethe-ingform:– stateverbs:be,cost,fit,mean,suit.

– verbsofpossession:belong,have.

– senseverbs:feel,hear,see,smell,taste.

– feelingverbs:hate,like,love,prefer,regret,want,wish.

– opinion/thoughtverbs:believe,know,think,understand.

Present perfect continuous vs Present perfect simple• WeusethePresentperfectcontinuoustotalkabout

anactionthatbeganinthepastandthatisstillinprogress.Thistenseemphasisestheduration,length,continuityoftheactionwhenwearefocusingontheactionratherthanontheresults.

I’ve been cooking all day. (thefocusisontheactionandthelengthoftime)

• WeusethePresentperfectsimpletotalkabouttheresultofanactionthatisfinishednow.

I’ve baked a delicious cake today. (thefocusisontheresultoftheaction,i.e. the

cake)

IhavebeenworkingYouhavebeenworkingHehasbeenworkingShehasbeenworkingIthasbeenworkingWehavebeenworkingYouhavebeenworkingTheyhavebeenworking

HaveIbeenworking?Haveyoubeenworking?Hashebeenworking?Hasshebeenworking?Hasitbeenworking?HavewebeenworkingHaveyoubeenworking?Havetheybeenworking?

No,Ihaven’t.No,youhaven’t.No,hehasn’t.No,shehasn’t.No,ithasn’t.No,wehaven’t.No,youhaven’t.No,theyhaven’t.

Ihaven’tbeenworkingYouhaven’tbeenworkingHehasn’tbeenworkingShehasn’tbeenworkingIthasn’tbeenworkingWehaven’tbeenworkingYouhaven’tbeenworkingTheyhaven’tbeenworking

Yes,Ihave.Yes,youhave.Yes,hehas.Yes,shehas.Yes,ithas.Yes,wehave.Yes,youhave.Yes,theyhave.

affirmative negative

ShortanswersInterrogativeform

Negativeform

Affirmativeform

Present perfect continuous

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1Purpose and reason• InEnglishweusetheinfinitivetotalkaboutthe

purposeoforthereasonforanaction. She’s here to help us.

• Inadditiontotheinfinitiveofpurpose,wecanalsointroducethepurposeoforthereasonforanactionwiththefollowingexpressions:

– so as to / in order to+baseformoftheverbformoreformalsituations.

I went to the Embassy in order to get my visa.

– so(that) +modalverbinsentenceswherethesubjectisdifferentinthesecondclause.

I’ll close the window so that you won’t be cold.

• Withso(that) weusethemodalverbscan,willormay:

– inthepresenttensewhentheverbinthemainclauseisinaPresenttense,inthePresentperfectorintheFuture.

I’ll turn down the volume so that she can sleep. I’ll close the window so that you won’t be cold.

– inthepasttense(could,would,might)whentheverbinthemainclauseisinaPasttense.

He was speaking softly so that the others couldn’t hear him.

She made the test very easy so that everyone would pass it.

Sportsball ________________basketball ________________bat ________________ boxing ________________circuit ________________(golf)club ________________competition ________________course ________________court ________________cup ________________ final ________________ foul ________________gloves ________________ goal ________________ice-skating ________________marathon ________________medal ________________ motor-racing ________________net ________________ off-side ________________ penalty ________________ pitch ________________pool ________________racket ________________ referee ________________rink ________________score ________________

speed ________________ tackle ________________ team ________________ throwin ________________tocompete ________________togoskiing ________________totrain ________________ whistle ________________

The Olympic gamesathlete ________________Olympics ________________Olympicrings ________________Olympicsport ________________

Collocationstocommitafoul ________________togoonadiet ________________togoonholiday ________________ toscoreagoal ________________toshakehands ________________totakeacorner ________________ totakepartin ________________towinapenalty ________________

Other...nounsface ________________

height ________________length ________________slope ________________snow ________________wind ________________

adjectivesaware ________________impressed ________________polite ________________ sporting ________________tough ________________wet ________________

verbstocheck ________________tofalldown ________________tohost ________________toimprove ________________tolookfor ________________ toreach ________________ toretire ________________tosendoff ________________

adverbsapproximately ________________professionally ________________regularly ________________

MY GLOSSARY

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1 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice

GrammarPresent perfect continuous 1 Make sentences and questions using the Present perfect continuous and the words below.

1 I/notlive/hereforlong. I haven’t been living here for long. 2 She/try/tocallhimforhours. _________________________________________ 3 We/work/witheachother/since2006. _________________________________________ 4 He/not/play/verywellrecently. _________________________________________ 5 you/read/thosecomics? _________________________________________ 6 Mysister/travel/forfourmonthsnow. _________________________________________ 7 they/practise/theirmoves? _________________________________________ 8 You/learn/tocook!Thisisdelicious! _________________________________________ 9 You/not/studyrecently.Yourtestwasterrible. _________________________________________

2 Write sentences using the Present perfect continuous and the information below.

1 Myneighbourcameouttocuthisgrassan houragoandhehasn’tfinished. My neighbour’s been cutting his grass for an hour. 2 Imovedherein2008,andIstilllivehere. _________________________________________ 3 WestartedstudyingEnglishwhenwewere little,andwestillstudyit. _________________________________________ 4 Myclassbeganthisstudyprojectthreeweeks ago,andwehaven’tfinishedityet. _________________________________________ 5 Thistapstarteddrippingtwodaysago,andit’s stilldrippingnow. _________________________________________ 6 IstartedthisexercisefourminutesagoandI’m stilldoingit. _________________________________________ 7 We’restillwaitingbutwedidn’tarrivelongago. _________________________________________

3 Say if the action is continuing in the present (P) or if it has just finished (F).

1 I’vebeenwaitingforTimfortwentyminutes.P 2 We’vebeentryingtogetintothefootball teamforages. ___ 3 You’vebeenstudyinghard,youhavefull marksintheexam. ___ 4 Wescoredalotofpointsbecausewe’ve beentrainingeveryday. ___ 5 I’vebeentidyingsinceyouleft! ___ 6 We’vebeenlookingforthebestplayers fortheteamforamonthnow. ___ 7 You’vebeeneatingbiscuitsallafternoon, that’swhyyou’renothungrynow. ___

4 Write sentences using the information below and the Present perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.

1 Adogissittingbesideaholeinthegarden.(dig) He’s been digging a hole. 2 Apersoniswetfromheadtofoot.(rain) _________________________________________ 3 Agirlscoressixteenbasketsinonebasketball match.(practise) _________________________________________ 4 Aboyissittingwithdirtyfootballbootsanda football.(play) _________________________________________ 5 Twopeoplearereadingashoppinglistto checkit.(write) _________________________________________ 6 Afriendarriveswithabeautifulsuntan. (sunbathe) _________________________________________ 7 Somepeoplegetoffabusinthelateafternoon carryingskis.(ski) _________________________________________ 8 AmanturnsofftheTVatmidnight.Hiseyes areverytired.(watch) _________________________________________ 9 Awomangotajobinacompanyfouryears agoandshestillworksthere.(work) _________________________________________

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Purpose and reason 5 Match the action with its reason.

1 I’mwritingagoodreferenceforyouinorderto 2 I’llputonmyalarmclockso 3 Iplayalotoftennisto 4 Ikeepadiaryinorderto 5 Iwanttogoonholidaysothat 6 We’resavingallourpocketmoneyto 7 I’mgoingtocontactthenewspapersinorderto

a getsomepublicity.b rememberallmyappointments.c buyanewCDplayer.d wewakeupontime.e helpyougetthejob.f keepfit.g Icangetsomerest.

6 Make sentences using in order to and so (that).

1 Shewantstowinthechampionship. She’straininghard.(so) She’s training hard so she can win the

championship. 2 She’ssavinghermoney.Shewantstogoto

Americathissummer.(inorderto) _________________________________________ 3 He’swearingheadphones.Hedoesn’twantto

hearthenoisefromoutside.(so) _________________________________________ 4 I’mopeninganonlinebankaccount.Iwantto

paymybillsfromhome.(inorderto) _________________________________________ 5 Weneedtofindatimewheneveryoneisfree. Thatwaywecanallcometotrainingsessions.(so) _________________________________________ 6 Youhavetopractiseeveryday.It’sthewayto

reallyimprove.(inorderto) _________________________________________ 7 I’mstudyingFrenchbecauseIwantto

understandpeoplewhenIgothere.(so) _________________________________________ 8 I’mwritingtoyoubecauseIwanttoapplyfora

placeatyourschool.(inorderto) _________________________________________ 9 Let’sgoonSaturdayevening.Thatwaywecan

stayoutlate.(so) _________________________________________

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VocabularySports equipment 7 Underline the correct word in the sentences.

1 Areyougoingtoplaytennis?Don’tforgetyour racket/ club. 2 Hejumpedincrediblyhighandpushedtheball intothegoal / basket. 3 Haveyouseenhowfastsheisonapairof skis / boots? 4 Takeoffyourboots / boxing glovesoutsidethe changingroomoryou’lldirtythefloor. 5 Look,therefereeistakingouthis whistle / basket! 6 Ifit’sovalthenit’sarugby / golf ball. 7 Hewentdowntothebeachcarryinghis net / surf board. 8 Becarefulhowyouusethatgolf club / racket, youmighthurtsomeone. 9 Putabasket / netonthebackofthegoalsor theballwillflyoffthepitch.

Sporting locations 8 Complete the dialogue with words from the box. There is one extra word.

water polo circuit rink stadiumslope ring pitch course

Jake Haveyouheard?They’vebeenbuildinganewsportscentreinthenexttown.There’sgoingtobeapool.

Ken Doyouthinkit’llbea(1)__________ pool? Jake Idon’tknow.Butthere’sgoingtobeafootball

(2)____________nexttoit.Withfloodlights! Ken Soundsgood.Wereallyneedasports (3)____________inthisarea.Doyouthink

they’llincludeaboxing(4)____________. IloveThaiboxing. Jake Whoknows.I’dprefersomethingquieter andoutdoorlikeagolf(5)____________but Iknowthat’simpossible. Ken Golfisforgirls!Notforrealmen! Jake That’swhatyousaidabouticeskatinguntil

wewenttothe(6)____________. Youcouldn’twalkfordays! Ken Betterthanyouattheracingcar (7)____________.Youjustsitthereand

don’tmove!

water polo

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English in Context 1 Complete the conversation using the Present perfect simple or continuous of the verbs in brackets.

Mum Andy!Andy!I(1)_______________youforthelasttenminutes.(call)

(2)____________yoursandwiches?(you/eat)

Andy Notyet.We(3)____________busy.(be) Mum What(4)____________?(you/do) Andy Well,we(5)____________Fifafootball.

(play) Mum Avideogame? Andy It’snotjustavideogame.It’sreally

difficult. Mum Right.Well(6)____________(you/

score)anygoals? Andy Yes,two,butwe(7)____________

playingyet,Mum.(notfinish) Mum Youneedtoeat.Howlongisamatch? Andy 90minutesofcourse! We(8)____________forfortyminutes.

(play)We’llhaveoursandwichesathalftime.

2 Read the email and complete the spaces using a verb from the box in the Present perfect simple or continuous.

’ve been calling

be meet not work not heardgo work go out rain do

Hi Sam,I (1) _____________ from you for ages! What (2) ____________ (you)? I’m really exhausted because I (3) ____________ too hard. I’m going to have to give up my job in the restaurant. It’s a pity because I (4) ____________ there for long. You know that I (5) ____________ to night school, don’t you? I’m doing four ‘A’ levels: physics, chemistry, biology and maths. I have to get A passes to get into university next year, so I have to really work hard. Anyway, the good news is I (6) ____________ a really nice guy. His name’s Adam and he’s at night school too. We (7) ____________ for six weeks!The weather here (8) ____________ dreadful for the past few months. It (9) ____________ nonstop. It’s OK because we both have to study, Adam’s got exams in a few weeks, and so we just stay in and study together.Write soon.Love,Jenny

haven’t heard

3 Complete the sentences with the correct word. The first letter is given.

Nora Iwasthinkingoftakingupanewsport,maybegolf.

Kevin Butgolf(1)c_____arereallyexpensive.Thetennis(2)c____________atschoolarefree.

Nora True,anddadcouldlendmeatennis (3)r____________. Kevin Whatabouticeskating?There’sa (4)r____________intown. Nora Funny!YouknowIcan’tstandiceskating.

I’vealwayswantedtolearnhowtoski. Kevin Butthenearestski(5)s____________

areonehundredmilesaway! Nora Yes,you’reright.It’snotverypractical,is

it? Kevin Idon’tthinkso.IwenttoseeAlisonat

theboxing(6)r____________.Itlookedfun.

Nora She’sgood,isn’tshe?Andshe’ssotiny. Kevin Andthoseboxing(7)g____________are

huge.MaybeIshouldjusttryswimmingagain.

Nora That’sagoodidea.Theswimming (8)p____________isjustuptheroad.

4 Read the clues and guess the words to complete the crossword puzzle. The words all relate to soccer / football.

lubs

1 3

6

5

2

4

8

7

H I T

Across 1 striketheballhit 4 a90°angleofthe

playingpitch 7 whenyoumakepoints 8 theoppositeofwin

Down 2 physicallystopanopponent 3 theoppositeoflose 5 transfertheballtoateam-mate 6 theplacewheretheballgoestoscoreapoint

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15 Match the riddles 1-5 with the answers a-e. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Sum up! 7 Underline the correct answer.

1 A Howmanyexerciseshave you been doing/ have you done? B I’ve finished / finished three. 2 A Howlongdo you study / have you been studying? B Ihave been / amstudyingallday! 3 A Whydoyougetupsoearly? B So that / ToIcantrainbeforeIgotoschool. 4 A Theconcert’sat8!Whyareweleavingnow? B To / So thatgetgoodseatsofcourse! 5 A Whyareyoudrinkingsomuchwater? B So that / Tohaveniceskin. 6 A Doyouunderstandtherulesforrugby? B No,Idon’t.I’vetried / been tryingto understandthemforyears!

8 Correct the underlined words.

1 Therearethreetenniscircuitsatmyschool. courts 2 Dad’sgonetothegolfcourtfortheafternoon. 3 There’sanewice-skatingringnearmyhouse. 4 Thefootballcampwastoowetandthey couldn’tplay. 5 Abasketballpitchis15metreswide. 6 IalwaysgoontheeasyrinkwhenIgoskiing.

Translate! 9 Translate the following sentences into your

own language.

1Howlonghasitbeensnowing? _________________________________________ 2AlmahasbeenstudyingEnglishforfiveyears. _________________________________________ 3Thecaptainofourteamhasscoredanother

goal. _________________________________________ 4Therearetwotenniscourtsnearmyhouse. _________________________________________ 5Clairehasn’thadherdinneryet. _________________________________________ 6Johnhasbeenplayingfootballforanhour. _________________________________________ 7Haveyoubeenwaitinglong? _________________________________________ 8Theballhashitthecrossbar. _________________________________________ 9Ihaven’tbeenstudyinglong,butI’malready

tired. _________________________________________

David Howlong(1)___________________tothegym?

John (2)____________aboutayearago. David Whatdoyoudo? John (3)____________. David Boxing?Whyareyoudoingthat? John (4)____________andloseweight.And

anywayit’sfun. David Whodoyougowith? John (5)____________.WegoonTuesdays

andThursdays.Whydon’tyoucome? David I’mbusyonthosenights.Igotosalsa

classes. John Salsaclasses?Howlong (6)____________? David Aboutamonth. John So,whyareyougoingtodanceclasses? David (7)____________.Shelovesdancing!

I’ve been going with Robso that I can ask Amy out

I’ve been doing some boxingso I can get stronger

have you been doing thathave you been going

I started going

have you been going

1 Whydidthechickencrosstheroad? 2 Whydidthemanwithonehandcrossthe road? 3 Whydidtherubberchickencrosstheroad? 4 Whydidtheboycarryaladdertoschool? 5 Whydidtheturtlecrosstheroad?

a Itwantedtostretchitslegs.b Itwantedtogettotheotherside.c Togettothesecond-handshop.d Togetintohighschool.e TogettotheShellStation!

6 Complete the dialogue with a phrase from the box.

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1

Do you play any sports or do you like to watch sports on TV? If you do, then you already know the meaning of the term sports coverage. It is a branch of journalism that follows sports events and comments them on television broadcasts.

Vocabulary BuilderTalking about speed and quantities in time

Speeds now reach over 300 km an / per hour.This expression is often abbreviated to kph (kilometres per hour) or mph (miles per hour), depending on where you live in the world. It stands to indicate the speed at which something is moving. Note that we can say either 300 km an hour or 300 km per hour. I usually make about four calls an hour. He never eats three meals a day.We use these expressions to talk about the quantity of something we do in a certain period of time.

1 Put the words below in the correct order to talk about speeds.

a/andistance/object/actionnumbertimeperiod

_________+_________+_________+_________

2 Now write the speed or quantity in time in each sentence.

1 Anormalpersoncancoverabout4milesinaperiodofonehour.4 miles an hour

2 Thefastestlandanimalintheworldisthecheetahwhichcanreachspeedsthatwouldmake120kilometresinanhour,butonlyforshortperiods.____________

3 Atschoolweusuallystudyfoursubjectsduringeachmorning.____________

4 Thefastestvehicleonearthatthemomentiscalledthe‘ThrustSSC’;itmanagedtoreachaspeedthatinthespaceofonehourwouldcarryitfor1,228kilometresifsustained!____________

5 Ihavetoputhundredsofletterintoenvelopes,IfindIcanmanagetodoaboutfifteeninthespaceofaminute.____________

Compound nouns: sports

4 Now use some of the new compound nouns to complete these sentences.

1 Thepeoplewhoplayinourschool ____________contributedthemoneytobuy anewnetandsomenewvolleyballs. 2 Youcan’tgooutontheslopesinajumper, you’llfreeze!Borrowa____________. 3 You’reverytall,ifyoulikesportyoushould thinkaboutbecominga____________. 4 Ihatethesehighheels!I’dfeelmore comfortableinmyold____________. 5 Thisisn’taminiskirt,it’smynew ____________.It’sforsport,notfashion! 6 Ihatewhenmybrothercomeshomeinhis dirty____________afterafootballmatchand leavesmudalloverthefloor.

Word families: sports coverage

5 Complete the sentences with the words in the box about sports coverage.

1 The_____________whospokeonTVlastnightwasreallygood.It’sinterestingtolistentoawell-informed____________.

2 I’msurethegoalwasnearthebeginningofthematch,canyou____________thefilm?No,stop,toomuch!OK,____________itjustalittle.

3 Canyou____________foramoment? IwanttogetadrinkandIdon’twanttomiss

anything. 4 Itwasagoodideato____________thematch

andwatchitthisevening. 5 Ican’tseewhocrossedthelinefirst,and eventhe____________doesn’tshowthe

winner,they’resoclose.It’sdefinitelya____________.

Look at how we form these compound nouns in the context of sports. Notice that the name of the sport always comes first.golf club, rugby ball, football pitch

3 Try to make as many combinations as possible using words from the two boxes, the words in the left hand box always come first.

football golf rugby basketball

volleyball running ski

tennis

pitch slope court trackclub (instrument) racketball net shoes skirt

trousers boots team player jacket club (group of people)

football pitch

commentary action replay photo finishrecord fast forward rewind

press stop commentator

commentator

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1Skills

Reading1 Read the magazine article. Who doesn’t like going to the gym?

Listening4 P Listen to Sam, Katy and Jack talking about their favourite sport and write true (T) or false (F).

1 Samhasbeenrunningsincehewasatschool.T 2 Samusesspecialequipment. ___ 3 Katychosekickboxingsoshecouldlearn todefendherself. ___ 4 Katydidn’thaveanyproblemswhenshe started. ___ 5 Jackenjoysbeingonthebasketballcourt. ___ 6 Jackhasn’tbeenplayingforlong. ___

I do it so that I can feel more confidentParkour,orfreerunning,isthelatestsportscraze.Whatisit?Haveyouseentheadvertisementswhereguysrunandjumpoffwalls,railingsandbuildings?OryoumayhaveseenthefreerunningchasescenesatthebeginningofthelatestJamesBond,Casino Royale.Inthefilm,oneofthefoundersoffreerunning,SèbastianFoucan,jumpedandbouncedoffcranesandthetopofbuildingslikearubberball.Freerunningandparkourareslightlydifferent.TheaimofparkouristogetfromAtoBsmoothly,quicklyandefficiently,whilefreerunningismorespectacular;participantsdoalotofacrobaticswhenthey’rerunninginthestreets.Parkourisalsoconsideredaphilosophyorwayoflife.Itcanchangepeople’slives.DenzilTrianoisasixteen-year-oldschoolboyfromSanDiego.Hehasbeenpractisingthesportsincehewas13.Hewasn’tdoingverywellatschool.‘Ihatedit.Ihadrealproblemswithclassworkanddidn’twanttogotoschool.’Nowhe’sdoingmuchbetter.‘I’vebeengettingreallygoodgradesandit’sallthankstoparkour.I’vestartedseeingproblemsandassignmentsatschoolasobstaclesthatIcanovercomelikeIdoinparkour.It’sreallyhelpedme.’Parkourisacoolalternativetomainstreamsports.It’sagreatwaytogetfitandkeephealthy.Interestinfreerunninghasreallygrowninthelastfewyears.Youcangotooneofthemanyweeklycoursestolearnbasictechniquesbeforeyougooutontothestreetsandpractiseyourfreerunningstyle.SandyhasbeengoingtoacourseattheFreerunningSportscentrehereinSanDiegoforamonth.‘Wedostretchingandexercisesandwe’vealsohadlessonsondietandnutrition.’Youdon’tneedanyequipmentforthissport,justagoodpairofcomfortableshoes,butitcanbedangerous.Peoplehurtthemselvesallthetime.Sowhydotheydoit?Ispoketosomeofthestudentsatthecentre.’Jamie,18:‘WellIthinkit’sareallycoolsportandIdoittogetstrongerandfitter.I’dliketobereallygoodatitandtakepartincompetitions.’Anita,17:‘IdoitsothatIcanfeelmoreconfident.I’veneverbeengoodatsportsbutthisisreallyexciting.’David,30:‘Well,I’veneverreallylikedgoingtothegym.It’sreallyboring.IsupposeI’mdoingittogetoutofthehouse!Therearesomegreatpeoplehere.’

2 Answer the questions.

1 Whichblockbusterfilmshowsfreerunning? 2 WhoisSèbastianFoucan? 3 HowlonghasDenzilbeendoingparkour? 4 WhathaschangedsinceDenzilstarteddoing parkour? 5 Whycanfreerunningbedangerous? 6 HowlonghasSandybeendoingfreerunning? 7 Whatequipmentdoyouneedtodothissport? 8 Whowantstocompete? 9 WhydoesAnitadofreerunning?

Writing3 T Write about your favourite sport. Use the questions below to help you.

– Howlonghaveyoubeeninterestedinthissport? – Doyoudoit?Ifso,howlonghaveyoubeen

doingit?Ifnot,wouldyouliketodoit? – Why?/Whynot? – Whatequipmentdoyouneedtodoit? – Wheredoyoudothissport?

I really like … because …

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A Better World2 Focus on Grammar

• WeusetheSecondconditionaltotalkaboutfutureeventsthatareseenasnotverylikely(butnotimpossible)orimaginary(wishfulthinking).

If I won two million pounds on a game show, I’d buy a house with a huge garden and two swimming pools.

(itisnotverylikelythatIwillwin)

If I weren’t vegetarian, I’d try your chicken tikka masala. It looks delicious!

(itisanimaginarysituationbecausethespeakerisvegetarian)

• Intheifclauseweusetheverbto be intheformwereforallpersons.

If I were a professional athlete, I would make a lot of money.

If he were more careful, he wouldn’t make so many mistakes.

• Inmoreinformallanguage,wetendtousewasforthe1stand3rdpersonssingular.

If I was a professional athlete, I would make a lot of money.

If he was more careful, he wouldn’t make so many mistakes.

• WeusetheexpressionIf I were youtogiveadvice. If I were you, I wouldn’t leave now.

• WecanalsousetheexpressionIf I were in your / his / her shoes…togiveadvice.

If I were in your shoes, I’d apologise to her at once.

! Note: comparethedifferenceinmeaningbetweentheFirstandSecondconditional.If he could speak Chinese, the company would give him the job immediately. (hedoesn’tspeakChinese,sothelikelihoodofhimgettingthejobisverylow)

If you get up early, you’ll catch the first train to Perth. (youhavenoproblemgettingupearly,sothelikelihoodofyoucatchingthetrainisveryhigh)

too/enough• Weusetootomean‘excessively’anditalways

precedestheadjectiveortheadverbitreferstointhefollowingstructures:

too+adjective/adverb

Slow down! You’re driving too fast!

too+adjective/adverb+toinfinitive

It’s too cold to play in the yard.

! Notethefollowingstructure:

too+adjective/adverb+forsb+toinfinitive

That article is too long for me to read in a few minutes. He is speaking too quickly for her to understand him.

ifclause:if+Pastsimplemainclause:would+baseformofverb

If I were richer, I would buy a bigger house.We would travel around the world if we won the lottery.

Structure Examples

Second conditional

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2! Notethefollowingstructures:

enough+noun+toinfinitive

There aren’t enough people to make a team.

(not) adjective/adverb+enough+toinfinitive

He wasn’t old enough to vote. She’s not walking quickly enough to catch the train.

• Weuseenoughtomean‘sufficient’. I haven’t got enough time to read the paper this

morning.

• enoughprecedesthenounitrefersto. We don’t have enough money for a holiday this

year.

• Whenweuseenoughreferredtoanadjectiveoranadverb,itfollowsthem.

My soup isn’t hot enough. Please reheat it. She’s not working quickly enough. She’ll never

finish in time.

World problemsbirthrate ________________bullying ________________climatechange ________________disease ________________drug ________________education ________________globalvillage ________________healthsystem ________________homeless ________________humanrights ________________hunger ________________illiteracy ________________illiterate ________________jobless ________________loneliness ________________malnutrition ________________naturaldisaster ________________peace ________________petition ________________pollution ________________protest ________________racism ________________terrorism ________________unemployed ________________unemployment ________________ war ________________weapons ________________

Politicsgovernment ________________

law ________________politics ________________politician ________________power ________________torule ________________

Moneyinvestor ________________poverty ________________stockmarket ________________tomakemoney ________________tospendmoneyon ________________wealth ________________

Idioms and expressionsfromplacetoplace ________________insearchof ________________justjoking ________________

Other...nounsbeggar ________________chemicals ________________company ________________ farming ________________ lift ________________possessions ________________ roof ________________schoolleavers ________________signature ________________

adjectivesdisabled ________________free ________________moving ________________old-fashioned ________________peaceful ________________strict ________________surprising ________________talented ________________tasty ________________worrying ________________

verbstoend ________________toface ________________tofeed ________________tofight ________________tohitchhike ________________tointerview ________________toliveon ________________tolookafter ________________topunish ________________tosolve ________________tosufferfrom ________________

adverbsfinally ________________firstofall ________________locally ________________ unfortunately ________________

MY GLOSSARY

14

2 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice

GrammarSecond conditional 1 Match the sentence halves.

1 IfIwererich, 2 IfIwerethePresidentoftheUSA, 3 IfImetmyfavouriteactor, 4 IfIcouldrunreallywell, 5 IfIhadadrivinglicense, 6 I’dstayinbedtill10o’clock

a I’dtrytomakepeaceintheworld.b I’dsaveandbuyacar.c ifIdidn’thavetogotoschool.d I’dgivesomemoneytocharity.e I’daskforhisautograph.f I’dtrainfortheOlympics.

2 Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences.

1 IfI_____(have)apet,I_______(take)good careofit. 2 IfI____________(be)you,I____________ (look)forsomeadvice. 3 Ifshe____________(can)sing, she____________(go)intoshowbusiness. 4 IfI____________(know)hisphonenumber, I____________(not/give)ittoyou. 5 Where____________(you/live)ifyou ____________(can)liveanywhereintheworld? 6 IfI____________(not/like)thatdress, I____________(not/wear)it. 7 What____________(you/buy)ifyou ____________(win)thelottery? 8 She____________(not/be)happyifshe ____________(know)whatyousaidabouther. 9 ____________(you/go)outwithPeterifhe ____________(ask)you?

3 Write sentences in the second conditional to follow the sentences below.

1 Hewantstosayyes,butyoudidn’taskhim. He’d say yes if you asked him. 2 I’dliketoreadthebookbutIhaven’tgotit. _________________________________________ 3 I’mnothelpingyoubecauseyouhaven’tasked me. _________________________________________ 4 I’mnottakingmyumbrellabecauseitisn’training. _________________________________________ 5 Ican’ttellyoutheanswerbecauseIdon’tknow. _________________________________________ 6 Markdoesn’tknowaboutthis,don’ttellhim becausehe’llgetangry. _________________________________________

too/enough 4 Put the words below in the correct order to make sentences.

1 enough/big/isn’t/thisshirt This shirt isn’t big enough. 2 we/forafootballteam/enough/haven’tgot/ players _________________________________________ 3 tomakeacurry/enough/there/rice/isn’t _________________________________________ 4 he/enough/isn’t/toplaybasketball/tall _________________________________________ 5 haven’tbought/drinks/they/fortheparty/ enough _________________________________________ 6 stupid/Ken/todosomethingsodangerous/ enough/isn’t _________________________________________

5 Underline the correct words in the sentences.

1 Wehaven’tgotenough/ too muchmoneyfor thismodel. 2 Underemploymentiswhenpeoplehavework butnottoo much / enough. 3 Inrealitythereisenoughfoodto / forfeed everyoneintheworld. 4 Thisreportistoo / tocomplicatedfora presentationinaschool. 5 Heisn’tpoorenough / muchtoqualifyforstate assistance. 6 Pollutionhappenswhenweproduceenough / too muchdirtyair. 7 Housesherearetooexpensiveto / formost peopletobuy. 8 Ihaveenoughmoneyto / forbuyamobile.

6 Rewrite the sentences using too or enough and the opposite of the adjectives.

1 You’renotloudenough,Ican’thearyou. You’re too quiet, I can’t hear you. 2 Thisstringisn’tlongenoughtotietheparcel. _________________________________________ 3 Hishouseistoofartowalkto. _________________________________________ 4 Thissoupisn’thotenoughtoserve. _________________________________________ 5 Myideaistoocomplicatedforthisproject. _________________________________________ 6 Thiscomputeristooslowtodownloadfilms. _________________________________________ 7 It’snotlateenoughtophoneher,she’sstillatwork. _________________________________________ 8 MymumsaysI’mtooyoungtogoonholiday withmyfriends. _________________________________________

1

had ’d take

15

2Word building 9 Use an appropriate form of the base word in brackets to complete the sentences.

1 Weliketouse________ingredientsinour dishes.(nature) 2 Theriverisso____________thatnothinglives init.(pollute) 3 Ithinkthecountrysideisa____________place forchildren.(health) 4 Wehavesomanypeoplewithnojobsthat ____________hasbecomethebiggest problem.(unemployed) 5 IfIwerea____________,I’dtakecareofthe country’ssocialproblems.(politics) 6 Let’sallcalmdownandlookforamore ____________solutionthanshouting.(peace) 7 Thisfilmisveryviolent,whydidyousayitwas ____________?(educate) 8 I’dliketovolunteerforacharityhelping eradicate____________intheneighbourhood. (poor)

10Underline the correct words in the dialogue.

Lorna Colin,haveyouseenthisnewspaperarticle?It’sreallyscary.Itsaysthat

(1)pollution/ crimeoftheenvironmentisstillincreasing.

Colin Whydoyouworryaboutthosethings?Youcan’tdoanything.Worryaboutsomethingelse,like(2)homelessness / bullyingatschool.

Lorna I’mnotinterestedinthat,buttheenvironmentisreallyimportant.

Colin Soisnotgettinghitbyotherstudents!OK,whataboutthe(3)health / drugsprobleminourtown?Alotof

(4)unemployment / crimeisrelatedtosellingthemortousingthem.Robberyforexample,andviolence.

Lorna Butit’snotmyproblem.Idon’tusethem.

Colin So?Youmightgetrobbed.Orwhataboutlocal(5)politics / education?Aren’tyouinterestedinwhowinsthenextelections?

Lorna Isupposeso,butI’mstillmoreinterestedingettingpeopletoliveamore

(6)natural / creativelifestyle.Youknow,organicfoodandsoon.

Colin Andhowdoyouintendtodothat?Youaren’texactlyan(7)environmental / influentialjournalist,areyou?

disease bullying robbery human rights climate change illiteracy drugs

environment education crime health

1 Ifpeoplehavenoaccesstomedicinethen ________canbecomeamajorproblem. 2 Wemustlearntotakecareofthe____________, forexamplebyrecyclingeverythingpossible. 3 IfIweretheheadoftheschoolI’dsuspend anyonefound____________otherstudentsand makingtheirlivesmiserable. 4 I’msurethatagood____________reallyhelps people,that’swhyIbelieveininvestinginschools. 5 Ithink____________problemslikenothaving arighttoatrialoralawyerareveryimportant. 6 If____________weren’tpunished,we’dall havetostaylockedinourhousesforsafety. 7 Nevermindpolitics,____________isthereal problem,iftemperaturesrisewe’reinrealtrouble. 8 Howcanwehelpadultswithan____________ problem?Canweoffereveningreadingand writingclasses? 9 Weneedmoredoctorstosolvethecountry’s ____________problems.

disease

natural

7 Complete the sentences with too or enough.

1 Yoursisteris____talkative.Shedidn’tletme sayaword! 2 I’vehad____________ofthisfilm.Let’sgetout ofhere. 3 Thetestwasn’t____________difficult. Everyonegotexcellentmarks. 4 MymumsaysI’m____________youngtogoto discos. 5 Don’tworry,westillhave____________time beforetheshopsclose. 6 IfIdon’tget____________sleep,I’minabad moodallday.

VocabularyGlobal problems 8 Complete the sentences with a word from the box. There are two extra words.

too

16

2

16

English in Context 1 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of the verbs from the box.

3 Complete the dialogues with the words given.

Sue (1)What/youdoifyourbestfriend/startflirtingwithyourboyfriend?

What would you do if your best friend started flirting with your boyfriend?

Anna (2)I/beveryangryandI/nottalktoheragain!

_____________________________________ Joe (3)Ifmybestfriendstart/flirtingwithmy

girlfriendI/hithim! _____________________________________

Anna (4)What/youdoifafriend/borrowmoneyfromyoubutnevergaveitback?

_____________________________________ Joe (5)It/dependontheamount.Ithink Iforgetaboutit,ifit/benotmuch. _____________________________________ Sue (6)Well,I/waitforaweekortwoand

thenI/askthemforit. _____________________________________

Joe (7)What/youdoifyourdad/startshoutingatyouinashop?

_____________________________________ Anna (8)IthinkI/walkaway. _____________________________________ Sue (9)I/pretendIdidn’tknowhim! _____________________________________

4 Complete the words in the newspaper short articles. The first letter is given.

1 Aconferenceisbeingheldonthesubjectofthee___________.Itisaproblemthataffectseveryone.C____________c____________andenvironmentalp____________.

2 Afullinvestigationhasbeenlaunchedintothisattemptedactoft____________.Thoseinvolvedwillbefoundandarrested.

3 AmnestyInternationalisconcernedabouth____________r____________violationsinSudan.

4 AccordingtoUNstatisticsadulti____________amongstwomeninCentralAfricaisdoublethatofmen.Girlsaresimplynotsenttoschool.

5 Everydayhundredsofteenswakeupafraidtogotoschool.B____________isaprobleminourschools.

6 PolicearrestedteensleavingadiscoinManhattanforpossessionofd____________.

take (x2) not hurt cut have (x3) go not have to help be (x2)

Sally Bob,thedog’sbarking. Bob (1)I’msorry,I_______himforawalkif I_____time,butI’mreallybusy. Sally There’ssomuchtodo,thehouseisamess.

I’mgoingtohavetocleanthewholehouse. Bob (2)IfI____________you,I____________

arest! Sally Thentherearethedishesfrombreakfast. Bob (3)IfI____________towritethisreport, I____________you. Sally Thegrassneedscuttingtoo. Bob (4)I’msorry,ifmyback____________ I____________it. Sally Weneedsomeshopping;I’mgoingtohave

togotothesupermarket. Bob (5)I____________ifI____________the

car.Butit’satthegarage. Sally Well,that’salldone.JohnandIaregoing

toDonatello’s forlunch. Bob CanIcome? Sally (6)Sorry,ifthere____________roomin

thecar,I____________you.We’regoinginhissportscar.Seeyoulater!

2 Complete the gaps with an appropriate word from the box. There is one extra word.

had’d take

nvironment

were too poverty unemploymentdidn’t would homeless create enough

SomepeoplesayI’malwayscomplaining,Iam(1)____pessimistic.PerhapsIam.ButIfpeoplelikeme(2)____________complain,nothing(3)____________change.Mostpeopledon’tdo(4)____________toreducepollutionorend(5)____________;somepeoplecan’taffordonemealaday!Ialsoworryabouteducation.Ifthere(6)____________moreschools,kidswouldlearnmore.Andthegovernmentmust(7)____________morejobs;thereistoomuch(8)____________,toomanypeoplewithoutwork;andthiscausesotherproblems,likecrime.

too

17

25 Complete the dialogue with words from the box.

aren’t enough chairs aren’t old enoughenough soft drinks it’s not big enough to eat

too difficult to eat to feed the whole street

Sean Havewegot(1)_________________fortheparty?

Olivia Yes,Ithinkso,IboughtfourbottlesofCoke.ButI’mnotsureI’vemadeenough(2)____________.

Sean We’vegotenoughfood(3)____________! Olivia Doyouthinkweneedplatesforthecake? Sean Yes,it’s(4)____________withyourfingers. Olivia Ohno,there(5)____________tositon! Sean Don’tworry,Andy’sbringingsome. Olivia ShallIputtheplatesonthediningroom

table? Sean OK,but(6)____________.We’llneedto

usethekitchentableaswell. Olivia IsEricacoming? Sean No,hermumanddadaregoingoutand

shehastobabysit.Herbrotherandsister(7)____________tostayontheirown.

6 Complete the blog with words from Unit 2.

enough soft drinks

Hard TimesThereareverydifficulttimesforallofus.Firstofall,youngpeople:they’reunhappybecausetheyhave(1)_____manylessonsatschoolandtheydon’thave(2)____________time(3)____________theirhomework.Whentheyleaveschool,theycomplainthattherearen’t(4)____________jobs;iftheymanagetofindajob,theyaren’tpaid(5)____________moneytopaythebills!Takedrivers:theycomplainthatpetrolis(6)____________expensive.Women?Theyhave(7)____________responsibilities–atworkandinthehome.Andme?I’munhappybecauseIhavealotoffriendsonFacebookbutnot(8)____________realfriends!

too

Sum up! 7 Complete this extract from a talk about the environment with the correct form of the words from the box in the spaces a-f.

environment pollute (x2) litter crime robbery

Kate Ourqualityoflifeisgettingworse.Let’staketransport,I(1)_____________(notdrive)touniversityifthere(2)____________(be)regularbusses.Therearen’tenoughbussesortrams,sothere’stoomuchtraffic.Apartfromthefactwe’reusingtoomuchpetrol,we(a)____________theairwebreathe.

Neil Yes,(b)____________isabigprobleminourtown.Ourstreetsarereallydirty.There’s(c)____________everywhere.Anotherthing,ifyoureadthenewspapers,you

(3)____________(see)thatthelevelof (d)____________isgoingup,thereare (e)____________everyday.Someonestole

mybiketheotherday! Kate Thankyou,Neil.Thethingis,we’renotbeing

activeenoughinourlocalcommunities.Nowifweall(4)____________(take)moreinterestinour(f)____________wecouldmaybedosomethingtoimprovethequalityofourlives.Sothat’swhywewanttosetupourgroup Environment watch! ThefirstmeetingisonFridaynightatseventhirty.

There’llbefoodanddrink. Neil Well,ifthere(5)____________(be)food,I’ll

come.Ican’tmissmydinner!

8 Put the verbs in brackets in 1-5 in the correct form.

Translate! 9 Translate the following sentences into your own

language.

1 IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotothemeeting. 2 Ifyoustudiedmore,youwouldpassyourexams

moreeasily. 3 Ifyoustudyhardovertheweekend,you’llpass

yourMathstestonMonday. 4 Whatwouldyoudoifyouwereapolitician? 5 Thereisn’tenoughmoneytoinvestineducation. 6 You’llbelateforschoolifyoudon’tgetupnow. 7 Thisexerciseistoodifficult. 8 Theenvironmentistoopollutedforwildlifeto

survive.

wouldn’t drive

18

2 Vocabulary BuilderAbstract nouns: the suffixes -ment, -ness, -tion

4 Put the words in brackets into the correct spaces.

As we have seen in previous units, it’s a good idea to write down the opposite (antonym) of a new word or expression. This not only helps you to remember it more easily, but it expands your lexis, enabling you to express the same concept in a different way. He isn’t as old as me. I’m younger than him.

5 Find the opposites of these words from Unit 2 in the box. There are two extra words.

1 clean __________ 5 punish __________ 2 illiterate __________ 6 strong __________ 3 cheap __________ 7 poverty __________ 4 strict __________ 8 reduce __________

6 Complete the article with some of the words in exercise 5.

lenient increase dirty well-educated hunger wealth praise expensive corruption weak

Thegovernmenthasdecidedtotake(1)_______actionregardingcrime.Itwill(2)____________criminalswithlongsentencesandtherewillbeless(3)____________conditionsinprisons.Agovernmentspokespersonsaidthatthiswouldcertainly(4)____________crimeandmeanfewerrobberiesandattacks.Oppositionpoliticianscriticisedthemove,sayingthatcrimeisgenerallycausedby(5)____________:mostcriminalscomefromhomeswithverylittlemoney.Prisons,theysay,musthelpprisonersimprovetheirlives.ThedebatecontinuestodayinParliament.

strong

1 Use your dictionary and find which of the three suffixes you have to add to these words to create an abstract noun.

1 educate education 6 careless __________ 2 confine __________ 7 addict __________ 3 innovate__________ 8 devastate __________ 4 refine __________ 9 agree __________ 5 unhappy__________2 Now use some of the words to complete these sentences.

1 Hisdrug____________causedalotof ____________forhiswholefamily. 2 Thisenvironmentaldestructionand____________ wascausedbychemicalsinthewatersupply. 3 Therehasbeenalotofchangeand ____________intheprisonsysteminrecent years.Manynowbelieveineducationandnot punishment. 4 Therewasgeneral____________inthegroup thattheideawasinteresting,butoneortwo peopleweren’thappywithit.

Word Families: natural disasters3 Look in your dictionary and match these words

connected with natural disasters with their meanings.

1 volcano

2 eruption

3 earthquake

4 tidalwave

5 flooding

6 landslide

7 hurricane

8 cyclone

We use abstract nouns to indicate a condition, a state or an idea. In this Unit we have learnt the following abstract nouns formed with the suffixes -ment, -ness, -tion: 1 unemployment environment2 homelessness3 pollution malnutrition education

a whentheearthmovesandshakes

b whentoomuchrainmeansthatanareafillswithwater

c amountainwhichexplodesreleasinglava

d averystrong,devastatingwind

e whenpartsofahillcollapsef anaturalexplosiong acolumnofwindmovingin

acircularmotionh anenormousriseinsea

levelwhichhitsthecoast

1 Ifa____________hitsyourareathereisstillachanceitmightpassnearyourhouseandnottouchit,butyoucan’tavoidan____________:itshakesthewholearea.(earthquake/cyclone)

2 Thelocalinhabitantswereshockedwhenthe____________onthecoastshowedsignsoflife.Theyhadn’texpectedan____________andweren’treadyforthe____________whicharrivedfromthesea.(tidalwave/volcano/eruption)

3 Afterthe____________hadblowndownmuchofthetown,itrainedforaweek,andtheresulting____________damagedthegroundfloorsofthehousesstillstanding.Luckilythe____________thatpeopleexpectedfromthewethillsidedidn’tarrivethankstobarriersplacedearlier.(flooding/landslide/hurricane)

Opposites – antonyms

19

2

ThisisareportaboutthelifeofoneteenagerandtheworkingconditionsinChinesefactories.Povertyandthescarcityofjobsinthecountrysideforcestudentstoleavetheirhomestoworkinovercrowded,unhealthyconditions.Studentsspendthesummerworking15-hourshifts,sixandsevendaysaweek.Someofthepoorerstudentschoosetostayalittlelonger,sometimessixoreveneightmonths.

Linis16andisathighschool.Lastmonthshetravelled36hoursfromherhomeinthenorthtoaprovinceinsoutheastChinatoworkatanelectronicscompanythatmakesawell-knownbrandofmobilephones.Ifweprintedthenameofthefactoryortheprovince,Linwouldprobablygetthesack.‘IcameheresothatIcanhelpmyfamily.Mymumanddadbothworkontheland.It’sahardlife.Imakemoremoneyhere,butiftherewasworkathome,Iwouldgobacktomorrow.’

Lingetsupat6.30a.m.,eatsafewcrackersandracestothecommunalbathroom.‘IfIdidn’trushtowashmyfaceandbrushmyteeth,IwouldhavetowaittoolongandI’dbelateforwork.’Shestartsworkatseventwenty.Theworkisrepetitiveandmonotonous.‘Ihavetodothesamethingsoverandover.It’sdifficulttostayawakesometimes.Ifwecouldtalktoeachother,itwouldbeeasiertostayawakebuttheforemanwon’tletus.Healwayssays:‘Ifyouwanttotalktoeachother,you’llhavetowaituntiltheshiftisover!’Wehaveabreakfrom1-2.30forlunch.Thenweworkforfourhours.’

Linhasfiftyminutesfordinnerinthecompanycanteen.‘Thefoodisn’tverytasty,andI’malwayshungry.’Shedoesn’thavetimetoleavethefactory.‘Iftherewasalongerbreakbeforetheeveningovertimeshiftat6.30,Iwouldgotothesupermarketandcookformyself.IknowthatIcanchoosenottoworkovertime,butifIdidn’tworkovertime,thenIwouldonlymake$112.67permonth.Thisisnotenoughmoneytosupportafamily.WhenIfinishmyfourhoursofovertimeattenthirtyIamsotired,Igotothedormitory,washmyfaceandgotobed.Ifsomeoneofferedmeatastymeal,Iprobablywouldn’tbeabletoeatit.Ijustwanttosleep!’

Skills

2 P Write true (T) or false (F). Correct the false sentences.

1 Chinesestudentsleavehometoworkin factoriesbecausetheycan’tfindwork.T 2 ThefactoryLinworksinmakescomputers.___ 3 Linwouldn’tloseherjobifthereport toldusthenameofthecompany. ___ 4 Linhasabigbreakfast. ___ 5 Theworkisveryboring. ___ 6 Theworkerscan’ttalkwhiletheywork. ___ 7 Linlikesthefood. ___ 8 Linisn’ttootiredtoeatbeforeshegoes tobed. ___

Writing3 T P Write about the typical working day of someone you know. Read the second two paragraphs of the article again to help you.

Listening4 Listen to Harry and Olivia talking. Which topic are they talking about: a, b or c?

a Yourbestfriendborrowsaschoolbookand losesit. b Yourbestfrienddropslitterontheground. c Yourmumdoesn’tfeelwelltodayandis stayinginbed.

5 P Listen again and complete these sentences.

1 I’dbe ______________________. 2 Wouldyou______________________? 3 Whatwouldyoudoifhe ______________________? 4 Idon’tthink______________________that. 5 IsupposeI’d______________________myself.

3

3

Reading1 Read this report on human rights and teenage factory workers in China. What time does Lin get to bed?

20

Popular Legends3 Focus on Grammarused to

• Weuseused to: – todescribepasthabits. He used to go swimming every day, but he gave

it up last year.

– todescribeasituationorconditionthatwastrueinthepastbutisnolongerinthepresent.

She used to live by herself when she worked in London.

would• Wecanalsousethemodalverbwouldtodescribe

pasthabits. My neighbours’ children would play for hours in

the park.

• Whenwetalkaboutpasthabits,wecanusebothused to andwouldandthemeaningisverysimilar.

When my parents were away my grandfather would drive me to school.

When my parents were away my grandfather used to drive me to school.

! Whenwetalkaboutapastconditionorstatethatisnolongertrueinthepresent,wecanonlyuseused to.My grandfather used to own a Rolls Royce. (Not:would own)When I was a kid, we used to have a beautiful cat called Oscar. (Not:would have)

affirmative

negative

interrogative

subject+used to+baseformofverb

subject+ did not (didn’t) use to+baseformofverb

did+subject+ use to+baseformofverb

He used to watch TV a lot when he could hear better.

I didn’t use to go to bed late when I was younger.

Where did you use to go on Saturday night when you were my age?

Form Structure Example

21

3Popular legendscastle _____________creepy _____________fairytale _____________FatherChristmas _____________ghoststories _____________hero _____________monster _____________romance _____________scary _____________vampire _____________

Physical appearancebeautiful _____________handsome _____________pale _____________terrifying _____________ugly _____________

Personalityafraid _____________evil _____________mysterious _____________romantic _____________sympathetic _____________

Feelingsanxious _____________confused _____________depressed _____________miserable _____________

puzzled _____________sad _____________scared _____________terrified _____________upset _____________worried _____________

Idioms and expessionsitmustbeapowercut _____________deadscared _____________frightenedoutoflife _____________therewererumoursthattogivesbthecreeps _____________togoon/tohaveatrip _____________totremblewithfear _____________

Other...nounsback _____________blanket _____________doll _____________field _____________footsteps _____________grave _____________lawyer _____________ outcast _____________prisoner _____________show _____________snake _____________spider _____________swing _____________

victim _____________wolf _____________

adjectivesaimedat _____________ awake _____________dangerous _____________empty _____________nervous _____________

verbstoattack _____________tobark _____________tobelieve _____________tobite _____________tocrawl _____________ todestroy _____________ togoout _____________tojump _____________toknock _____________tolock _____________torunaway _____________toshake _____________toswitchoff _____________ totravel _____________

adverbsatfirst _____________immediately _____________suddenly _____________

MY GLOSSARY

22

3 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice

Grammarused to for past actions and states 1 Complete the sentences.

1 People/use/to/believe/inwitches. People used to believe in witches. 2 I/not/useto/like/tomatoesasachild. _________________________________________ 3 you/useto/go/onholidaytotheseaside? _________________________________________ 4 We/never/useto/watchTV. _________________________________________ 5 I/often/useto/gothecinema. _________________________________________ 6 Myparents/not/useto/givemepocket money. _________________________________________ 7 people/useto/travelless? _________________________________________

2 Make sentences with the correct form of used to.

1 Itwascommonforpeopletobeafraidof strangers. People used to be afraid of strangers. 2 Peoplenormallycommunicatedbyletterinthe past. _________________________________________ 3 Itwasnotcommonforpeopletotravelmuch. _________________________________________ 4 Iwenttotheparkalotwithmybikeas achild. _________________________________________ 5 IneverhadacarwhenIlivedinthecity. _________________________________________ 6 DidyourparentsusuallyletyouwatchTV whenyouwerelittle? _________________________________________ 7 DidyouusuallygototheYouthClubdisco? _________________________________________

would vs used to 3 Rewrite these sentences about past habitual actions using would.

1 Onholidayweusedtogetuplateeveryday. On holiday we would get up late every day. 2 Itwasusualforustakeasandwichtoschool. _________________________________________ 3 Normallywewalkedthereandgotthebusback. _________________________________________ 4 Whenwelivedinthecountrywealwayswent forlongwalks. _________________________________________ 5 Myparentsnormallygavemepocketmoneyon Saturdays. _________________________________________ 6 Mydadusedtobringhomeinterestingthings fromhiswork. _________________________________________ 7 Ourmathsteacheralwaysgaveushomework onFriday. _________________________________________

4 Mark the sentence (7) in each pair which can also use would.

1 Weusedtolistentostoriesatbedtime.7 Weusedtohaveahugebookofbedtimestories. 2 Myhouseusedtobepaintedyellow.___ Weusedtopaintourhouseeveryyear.___ 3 Myparentsusedtolovegoingtothetheatre.___ Myparentsusedtogotothetheatreevery weekend.___ 4 Ourcarusedtostopifitstartedtorain.___ Ourcarusedtobeallscratcheduntilwe repaintedit.___ 5 Mydogusedtolieonthecouchallafternoon.___ Mydogusedtolikethatcouchverymuch.___ 6 Iusedtocallmyboyfriendthreetimesaday.___ IusedtothinkperhapsIcalledhimtoomuch.___ 7 Iusedtoloveseeingallmyfriendsenjoying themselves.___ IusedtohaveaChristmaspartyeveryyear.___

23

3VocabularyChildhood 5 Underline the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.

1 I’mgoingtoreadyouascarystoryabout ghosts/ Father Christmas. 2 WhenIwaslittleIusedtobeafraidof sleeping alone / playing with toys,somy brothersharedaroomwithme. 3 Iwasveryshysogoing to bed early / meeting new peoplewasalwaysdifficultforme. 4 Myparentsalwaystoldmenevertospeakto certain animals / strangers. 5 Ihatedgoing to school / being at home alone somymumalwayscalledababysitterifshe wentout. 6 Idon’tbelieveinspiders / UFOs,Ithinkwe’re aloneintheuniverse. 7 SometimesatnightIdon’tsleepifIhavea test / fairy talethenextday. 8 The dark / Playing on the swingsusedtomake mefeelsick,Idon’tliketoomuchmovement. 9 Bedtime stories / Empty housesareagood waytohelpachildrelaxandgotosleep.

6 Use phrases from the box to complete the sentences. There are two extra phrases.

Negative feelings 7 Match each sentence with the correct response.

1 Iwasabsolutelyterrifiedduringthefilm. 2 Youlookabitworried. 3 Sarahseemsquitesadtoday. 4 Ithinkherjobinterviewwasdepressing. 5 Youlookratherpuzzled. 6 Thereisaworryingincreaseinviolence. 7 Theideaofgoingabroadtoliveisfrightening. 8 Areyouscaredofspiders? 9 Thosenoisesareabitcreepy.

a Scared?I’mabsolutelyterrifiedofthem!b Yes,I’mconfusedaboutthisquestion.c Stayathomeifyoufinditsoscary.d I’mnervousaboutmyexam.e Icanhearthemtoo,they’refrightening.f Metoo,Iwasreallyscared!g Yes,shelooksabitdepressed.h Yes,theriseinattacksisupsetting.i Shewasveryupsetwhenshecameout.

8 Choose the correct adjectives from the box to complete the dialogue.

the dark going to school kinds of food fairy tales spider certain animals

empty houses strangers sleeping alone meeting new people

1 Iloveeatingbuttherearecertain ____________thatIcan’tstand. 2 IfIseea____________,evenatinyone,Igo hysterical.Ihatethewaytheymove. 3 AsachildIhated____________,butnow Ilovehavingmyownroom. 4 IalwayskeepanightlightonbecauseIhate ____________. 5 Thereare____________thatIlove,mostly mammals. 6 ____________intheearlymorningwas horribleinwinter,itwasalwayssocold. 7 Ithinkchildrenhavetolearnnottotrust ____________. 8 Mysisteristerrifiedof____________. Shebelievestheyarehaunted.

kinds of food

1

scary confusing frightened puzzled depressing worried frightening

Jeremy Whatwasthatnoise?Didyouhearit? Helen No,stopplayingtricksonme! Jeremy No,really.It’squite(1)______. Helen Waitaminute,yes,Icanhearit.

Aagghh,it’sreally(2)____________! Jeremy Areyou(3)____________?Youcan

holdmyhandifyouwant. Helen Thanks,butI’mnotthatscared.

Actuallyitsoundsabitlikeacat.Ohno,perhapsalittleanimalishurtsomewhere,nowI’m(4)____________.

Jeremy Aboutacat?Don’tbesilly! Helen Don’tyoucareaboutanimals? Thatmakesmereallysad,it’sso (5)____________tothinkthatthereare

peoplewhojustdon’tcare! Jeremy Ohno,sorry,Itakeitback.Ijustdon’t

understandsomething,it’sabit (6)____________.ThenoiseIheard

wasnothinglikeacat.Itwasasortofbanging,likesomeonewithahammer.

Helen Ididn’thearthat.NowI’mvery (7)____________aboutthisnoise, Idon’tunderstandeither!

scary

24

3

24

English in Context 1 Complete the dialogues with the correct form of used to and a verb in the box.

3 Read the text and complete the sentences with would and a verb from the box.

Alex HiDad,Iwaslookingformyoldskateboardintheatticandseewhat

Ifound. Dad No!Ican’tbelieveit’sstillaroundafterall

theseyears! Alex Whoisthisguywithlonghair? Dad Me! Alex Ican’tbelieveit! Dad It’strue,(1)_____________reallylong

hair.Ididn’twanttocutit.Yourgranddad(2)____________reallyangry!

Alex You’renotwearingglasses. Dad Well,IhadthembutI(3)____________

them.Theydidn’tgowithmyimage! Alex Yourjacket’sreallycool. Dad Well,I(4)____________itallthetime. I(5)____________(it).Ipracticallyslept

init!Itwasmyrockstarlook! Alex (6)____________(you)theguitar? Dad Well,ofcourse.Wealldidinthosedays.

Youwon’tbelieveit,but I(7)____________inaband! Alex No!You’venevermentioneditbefore! Dad Well,itwasonlyforaboutayear. Alex Wereyougoodatit? Dad Yes,people(8)____________Iwasquite

talented. Alex Whydidn’tyoucarryon? Dad We(9)____________alotandtheband

brokeup. Alex Whathappenedtoyourguitar? Dad It’sintheatticsomewhere.

2 Look at an old photo of your mum or dad and write about their appearance, clothes and hobbies.

get wear never take off saynot wear have play (x2) be

WhenIwasachildwelivedinasmalltowninMississippi.WehadanoldblackandwhiteTV,butIdidn’twatchitmuch.Wedidn’thavelotsofelectronicgadgetslikeyoukidshavenowadays;wedidn’thaveacomputeroramobilephone.Ifwewantedtotalktoafriendwe(1)_________themonthehousephone,orgoroundtotheirhouse.Ifwewantedtodosomeresearchforschoolwe(2)____________(it)inanencyclopediaorwe(3)____________tothelibrary!WhenIcamebackfromschool,I(4)____________myselfapeanutbuttersandwichandI(5)____________outtoplaywithmyfriends.We(6)____________basketballinsomeone’sbackyardorwe(7)____________ourbikes.Attheweekendwe(8)____________outtilllatebutinthosedaysparentsdidn’tworryabouttheirkidssomuch,becausetheykneweverybodyonthestreet.Ifoneofusdidsomethingwrongorhadanaccident,everybody(9)____________aboutit!

’d call

4 Make adjectives from the verbs given to complete the mini dialogues.

confuse: A Theinstructionsforyourmobilearedifficultto

understand.They’rereally(1)__________. B I’mnotsurprisedyou’re(2)____________.

You’relookingattheinstructionsfortheremotecontrol!

worry: A Tommyseemsreally(3)____________about

something.Hewon’tsaywhatitis. B Yes,it’svery(4)____________.Hehasn’t

eatenhisdinner.

scare: A WewenttoseethatnewJapanesehorrorfilm. B Wasit(5)____________? B Iwasn’t(6)____________,butJesswas!

terrify: A I’mreally(7)____________ofspiders. B Metoo.IsawlotswhenIwentcamping.

They’dcrawloveroursleepingbags.Itwas (8)____________.

depress: A It’sbeenrainingalldayandIcan’tgoout.It’s

really(9)____________! B There’snoneedtobe(10)____________!

Let’swatchafilm!

upset: A Jake’s(11)____________becausehiscatdied

lastnight. B It’sreally(12)____________whenpetsdie.

confusingI used to have

run call play ride stay make go hear look up

25

35 Put the letters in brackets into the correct

order to complete the dialogues.Sum up! 6 Underline the correct words in the sentences.

1 Whenhewaslittleheuse to / ’dplayforhours withthatcar. 2 Mybrotherused to / wouldbescaredof snakes. 3 Iuse / usedtolikeclassicalmusic. 4 Mymumwould / usedtomakeusfishon FridaysandroastchickenonSundays. 5 Iused to / usedbereallyshy,I’mnotanymore. 6 Mysisterusedtowearing / wearglasses. 7 Theydidn’tuse / usedtoeatvegetables.They donow. 8 Didyourparentsused / use togiveyoupocket moneywhenyouwerelittle?

7 Underline the correct answer.

Mum What’sthematter? Tania I’m(3)____________(sianoux)about

goingtothedentist. Mum There’snoneedtobe(4)____________

(wdorrei).It’sonlyacheckup.

Andy Areyou(5)____________(nseurvo)abouttheshowtomorrow?

Carol (6)____________(Pdeetriif)!Ihaven’tsunginpublicbefore.

Alice Thatbeautifuloldhousehasbeenemptyforyears.It’s(7)____________(das).

Emma Ithinkit’sreally(8)____________(perecy)!

Tod What’swrongwithAmy?Sheseemsreally(1)__________(bmsireale).

Scott Yes,she’sreally(2)____________(eddesspre).She’sfallenoutwithherbestfriend.

miserable

Translate! 8 Translate the following sentences into your own

language.

1 Whenmymumwasachild,shewasveryseriousandsheusedtostudytoomuch.

_________________________________________ 2 Mygrandfatherdidn’tusetohaveamobile

phonewhenhewasyounger. _________________________________________ 3 Girlsdidn’tusetoplayfootballinthe50s. _________________________________________ 4 I’mreallynervousabouttomorrow’stest. _________________________________________ 5 Whatwasthatnoise? _________________________________________ 6 Emptyhousesarereallycreepy. _________________________________________ 7 Suddenly,IheardanoiseandIranoutside. _________________________________________ 8 IusedtobelieveinFatherChristmasasa

child. _________________________________________

Something(1)scary / scaredhappenedwhenwewentcamping.Wewerelaughingandchattinginourtentwhen(2)suddenly / thenweheardaterriblenoise.After(3)a while / at firstwethoughtitwasawildanimalorsomethinglikethat.Wewerereally(4)frightened / frightening.(5)Then / Wheneverythingwentquiet,(6)but / so(7)after a while / at firstwewentoutsidetohavealook.Guesswhatwesaw?Therewasasnakenexttothefire.Weweredead(8)petrified / scared!

26

3 Vocabulary BuilderUsing gerunds as subjects

In this Unit we’ve encountered these expressions:playing with toys going to bed earlyEven though the expression is made up of several words, it can function as the subject of the sentence: Playing with toys is good for children’s development.Going to bed early is fine if you’re tired, but boring if you’re not.When the subject of a sentence is a multi-word activity and not just a single word, we use the -ing form of the verb followed by its complements.

1 Rewrite the following sentences making the verb and its complement the subject of the sentence.

1 It’shealthytoeatsensible,well-balancedmeals. Eating sensible, well-balanced meals is healthy. 2 Ithinkit’sscarytowalkthroughdarkwoodsat night. _________________________________________ 3 It’sgreatfuntositaroundwithfriendstelling stories. _________________________________________ 4 Ifinditdepressingtostayathomealoneinfront oftheTV. _________________________________________ 5 It’sgoodforpeopletotakecareofapet. _________________________________________ 6 It’supsettingtolistentopeopleshoutingateach other. _________________________________________ 7 Ithelpschildrentodevelopiftheylistento classicalmusic. _________________________________________

Word families: art2 Look at the words in the box and, using your dictionary if necessary, try to put them into the correct column in the table. Some words may go in more than one column.

Books Film Music Photography Painting

chapter

Talking about when things happen in a story

When we tell a story, we often describe events in the order in which they occurred, although some things happen in an unexpected way. It is useful to use linkers or words that connect events in time. They help the reader to understand and follow the story more easily.

3 Put the phrases below into the correct column.

4 Use phrases from the box in exercise 3 to complete the story. More than one may be possible.

chapter close up documentary landscape portrait movement rhythm contents character

tune black and white still life introduction cover credits theme tune soundtrack band

at first after a while straight away finallysome time later the next (day, week…)

in the end a short time later not much after

Indicatesthebeginningofaphase

Indicatesthatalotoftimepassed

Indicatesthatnotmuchtimepassed

Indicatesfinalphase

at first

A strange thing happened to me a few weeks ago. I was driving home after work and it was dark. (1) _______ I was quite relaxed. I was enjoying listening to the radio. It started to rain heavily, and (2) ___________ I realised that the road was starting to flood. Everything happened really quite quickly. I saw the flooding and (3) ___________ I saw a man standing on the road waving his hands. Of course I stopped (4) ___________ and opened the car window, but he didn’t speak. He made gestures with his arms to tell me not to continue and to turn back. Of course I thought he was sent by the local council or police, so I did as he suggested. I had to take a long detour to get home, so I started on my journey and drove and drove. (5) ___________ I finally made it home. (6) ___________ morning I called my friend at the council to thank him for taking action and he told me that they hadn’t sent anyone. I described the man and he went silent. I kept asking why and (7) ___________ he said: ‘You just described Bob Evans. He died twelve years ago in a flood on that road!’

At first

27

3Skills

Writing3 P Write your own fan fiction ending to this story. Begin with the following words:

When Frankenstein removes the bandages…

Listening4 P Maria is looking at photos of her boyfriend Tony when he was a child. Listen and choose the correct answer.

1 Tony’shair a wasn’tcurly. b wascurly. c wasstraight. 2 WhenTonywaslittlehe a didmoresport. b didlesssport. c didn’tdoanysport. 3 Tonywas a agoodfootballer. b notaverygoodplayer. c thebestplayer. 4 WhenTonywasachildhewas a fat. b thin. c thinner. 5 Maria a doesn’tgoswimming. b goesswimmingtwiceaweek. c doesn’thavetimetogoswimming.

2 P Choose the correct option a, b or c.

1 a Clervalcannotworkbecauseheisill. b ClervalandFrankensteinworktogether. c Clervalworksinahighschool. 2 a ClervalandVictorusethebodiesofsome teenagers. b ClervalandVictorsavethelivesofsome teenagers. c ClervalandVictorcan’tfindanybodiesto use. 3 a Clervalmakesthecreature. b Frankensteinbecomesillanddies. c Frankensteinmakesthecreature. 4 a FrankensteinmarriesElizabeth. b FrankensteinandElizabethsplitup. c ElizabethandAxelgetmarried. 5 a FirstElizabethlikesAxelthensheisafraidof him. b FirstElizabethisafraidofAxelthenshelikes him. c FirstAxellovesElizabeththenheisafraidof her. 6 a Frankensteindies. b Elizabethdies. c Axeldies.

4

ReadingFanfictionisastorywrittenonline,byfansoradmirersforotherfans,basedonthecharactersandplotofanoriginalstory.Thereareanumberofwebsitesdedicatedtothis.

1 Read Anthony’s fan fiction story ‘Frankenstein – the true story’. Who does Axel like?

HenryClervalisageneticengineer.He’sveryambitiousandwantstocreatetheperfecthumanbeingusinggeneticengineering,electricalimpulsesandthebodiesofdeadpeople.Herentsabig,oldhousewhichpeoplethinkishaunted,sothatlocalpeoplewillnotdisturbhim.Hehasaheartconditionandatfirstheisworriedhewillnothavethestrengthtomakehiscreature,butVictorFrankenstein,achemistryteacherfromthelocalhighschoolagreestohelphim.Theproblemistheydon’tknowwheretogetthebodypartstheyneed.Thenoneday,thereisanaccident.Lateonenight,fourteenageboysdrivinghomefromaclubcrashneartheirhouse.WhentheaccidenthappensthereisnobodyaroundsoClervalandFrankensteinimmediatelytakethebodiestotheirlaboratory.Theynowhaveenoughbodypartstocreatetheperfecthuman.Oneday,Victorisinhislaboratoryworkingonthecreaturewhenhisgirlfriend,Elizabeth,suddenlyappears.Whensheseesthebodypartssheishorrified.Victortriestoexplainwhatheisdoing,andshegiveshimanultimatum,thecreatureorher.Inthemeantime,DrClervaldiscoversthatoneofthearmstheyplantouseisnotgeneticallycompatible.Heissoupsetthathehasaheartattackanddies.WhenVictordiscovershispartner’sbodyhedecidestofinishthecreatureinhismemory.HetellsElizabethhisdecisionandsheleaveshim.Victorcarriesoutabraintransplantstraightaway,sonowthecreaturehasClerval’sbrain.WhenFrankensteinremovesthebandages,heseesthecreaturehehascreatedisnotamonsterbutaverygood-lookingman.Frankensteinissohappywithhimthatafterawhiletakeshimtomeethisfriends.HecallsthecreatureAxelandsaysheisGerman.Thecreatureisagreatsuccess.Infactlotsofgirlsfallmadlyinlovewithhim.ButAxelonlylikesonegirl,Elizabeth,Victor’sex-girlfriend.Oneday,theygoforawalk,it’saveryhotdayandsheseesAxel’sarmandrealisesheisnotahumanbeingbutamonsterandsheisveryfrightened.Terrified,shegetsinhercaranddrivesaway.SherefusestoseeAxelanymore.Shedoesn’tanswerhistextsorhisphonecalls.Axelbecomesverydepressedandstopseating.Notlongafterhebecomesveryillandhediesofabrokenheart.