International organizations A-NContents of this page:

African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States - African Development Bank - African Union - Andean Community - Antarctic Treaty - Arab League - Arab Maghreb Union - Asian Development Bank - Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Caribbean Community - Central American Parliament - Central Treaty Organization - The Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States - Council of Europe - East African Community - Economic Community of

West African States - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development - European Free Trade Association - European Union - Food and Agriculture Organization - La Francophonie - Gulf Cooperation Council - Ibero-

American Secretariat - Inter-American Development Bank - International Atomic Energy Agency - International Civil Aviation Organization - International Court of Justice - International Criminal Court - International Criminal

Police Organization - International Labour Organization - International Maritime Organization - International Monetary Fund - International Olympic Committee - International Telecommunication Union - League of Nations -

Nordic Council - North Atlantic Treaty Organization

African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States 6 Jun 1975 African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States established

Secretaries-general 1976 - 1979 Tiéoulé Konaté (Mali) (b. 1933 - d. 1995) 1979 - 1984 Tom Okelo-Odongo (Kenya) (b. 1927) 1984 - 1989 Edwin W. Carrington (Trinidad and Tobago) (b. 1938) 1989 - 1994 Ghebray Berhane (Ethiopia) (b. 1938) 1994 - 1996 Carl Greenidge (Guyana) (acting)16 Jul 1996 - 29 Feb 2000 Ng'andu Magande (Zambia) (b. 1947) 1 Mar 2000 - 28 Feb 2005 Jean-Robert Goulongana (Gabon) (b. 1953) 1 Mar 2005 - 28 Feb 2010 Sir John Kaputin (Papua New Guinea) (b. 1941) 1 Mar 2010 - Mohamed Ibn Chambas (Ghana) (b. 1950)

African Development BankPresidents Nov 1964 - Aug 1970 Mamoun Beheiry (Sudan) (b. 1925 - d. 2002) 1970 - May 1976 Abdelwahab Labidi (Tunisia) (b. ... - d. ...) 1976 - Jul 1979 Kwame Donkoh Fordwor (Ghana) (b. 1933) Jul 1979 - 1980 Goodall Gondwe (Malawi) (interim) (b. 1936) 1 Sep 1980 - May 1985 Wila Mung'omba (Zambia) (b. 1939) 1985 - Aug 1995 Babacar Ndiaye (Senegal) 1 Sep 1995 - 1 Sep 2005 Omar Kabbaj (Morocco) (b. 1942) 1 Sep 2005 - Donald Kaberuka (Rwanda) (b. 1951)

African Union25 May 1963 Organization of African Unity 9 Jul 2002 African Union

Secretaries-general25 May 1963 - 21 Jul 1964 Kifle Wodajo (Ethiopia) (acting) (b. 1936 - d. 2004)21 Jul 1964 - 15 Jun 1972 Diallo Telli (Guinea) (b. 1925 - d. 1977)15 Jun 1972 - 16 Jun 1974 Nzo Ekangaki (Cameroon) (b. 1934 - d. 2005)16 Jun 1974 - 21 Jul 1978 William Eteki (Cameroon) (b. 1933)21 Jul 1978 - 12 Jun 1983 Edem Kodjo (Togo) (b. 1938)12 Jun 1983 - 20 Jul 1985 Peter Onu (Nigeria) (acting) (b. 1931 - d. 1997)20 Jul 1985 - 19 Sep 1989 Ide Oumarou (Niger) (b. 1937 - d. 2002)19 Sep 1989 - 17 Sep 2001 Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania) (b. 1942)17 Sep 2001 - 9 Jul 2002 Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire) (b. 1944)Chairmen of the Commission 9 Jul 2002 - 16 Sep 2003 Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire) (s.a.) (interim)16 Sep 2003 - 28 Apr 2008 Alpha Oumar Konaré (Mali) (b. 1946)28 Apr 2008 - Jean Ping (Gabon) (b. 1942)

Chairmen25 May 1963 - 17 Jul 1964 Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1975)17 Jul 1964 - 21 Oct 1965 Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) (b. 1918 - d. 1970)21 Oct 1965 - 24 Feb 1966 Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) (b. 1909 - d. 1972)24 Feb 1966 - 5 Nov 1966 Joseph Arthur Ankrah (Ghana) (b. 1915 - d. 1992) 5 Nov 1966 - 11 Sep 1967 Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) (2nd time) (s.a.)11 Sep 1967 - 13 Sep 1968 Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (Congo [K.]) (b. 1930 - d. 1997)13 Sep 1968 - 6 Sep 1969 Houari Boumedienne (Algeria) (b. 1932? - d. 1978) 6 Sep 1969 - 1 Sep 1970 Ahmadou Ahidjo (Cameroon) (b. 1924 - d. 1989) 1 Sep 1970 - 21 Jun 1971 Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) (1st time) (b. 1924)21 Jun 1971 - 12 Jun 1972 Moktar Ould Daddah (Mauritania) (b. 1924 - d. 2003)12 Jun 1972 - 27 May 1973 Hassan II (Morocco) (b. 1929 - d. 1999)27 May 1973 - 12 Jun 1974 Yakubu Gowon (Nigeria) (b. 1934)12 Jun 1974 - 28 Jul 1975 Muhammad Siad Barre (Somalia) (b. 1919? - d. 1995)28 Jul 1975 - 2 Jul 1976 Idi Amin (Uganda) (b. 1925? - d. 2003) 2 Jul 1976 - 2 Jul 1977 Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam

(Mauritius) (b. 1900 - d. 1985) 2 Jul 1977 - 18 Jul 1978 Omar Bongo (Gabon) (b. 1935 - d. 2009)18 Jul 1978 - 12 Jul 1979 Gaafar Nimeiry (The Sudan) (b. 1930 - d. 2009)12 Jul 1979 - 12 Apr 1980 William R. Tolbert, Jr. (Liberia) (b. 1913 - d. 1980)28 Apr 1980 - 1 Jul 1980 Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal) (b. 1906 - d. 2001) (acting) 1 Jul 1980 - 24 Jun 1981 Siaka Stevens (Sierra Leone) (b. 1905 - d. 1988)24 Jun 1981 - 6 Jun 1983 Daniel arap Moi (Kenya) (b. 1924) 6 Jun 1983 - 12 Nov 1984 Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia) (b. 1937)12 Nov 1984 - 18 Jul 1985 Julius Nyerere (Tanzania) (b. 1922 - d. 1999)18 Jul 1985 - 28 Jul 1986 Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (1st time) (b. 1935)28 Jul 1986 - 27 Jul 1987 Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Congo) (1st time) (b. 1943)27 Jul 1987 - 25 May 1988 Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) (2nd time) (s.a.)25 May 1988 - 24 Jul 1989 Moussa Traoré (Mali) (b. 1936)24 Jul 1989 - 9 Jul 1990 Hosni Mubarak (Egypt) (1st time) (b. 1928) 9 Jul 1990 - 3 Jun 1991 Yoweri Museveni (Uganda) (b. 1944?) 3 Jun 1991 - 29 Jun 1992 Ibrahim Babangida (Nigeria) (b. 1941)29 Jun 1992 - 28 Jun 1993 Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (2nd time) (s.a.)28 Jun 1993 - 13 Jun 1994 Hosni Mubarak (Egypt) (2nd time) (s.a.)13 Jun 1994 - 26 Jun 1995 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (Tunisia) (b. 1936)26 Jun 1995 - 8 Jul 1996 Meles Zenawi (Ethiopia) (b. 1955) 8 Jul 1996 - 2 Jun 1997 Paul Biya (Cameroon) (b. 1933) 2 Jun 1997 - 8 Jun 1998 Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe) (b. 1924) 8 Jun 1998 - 12 Jul 1999 Blaise Compaoré (Burkina Faso) (b. 1951)12 Jul 1999 - 10 Jul 2000 Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Algeria) (b. 1937)10 Jul 2000 - 9 Jul 2001 Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo) (b. 1937 - d. 2005) 9 Jul 2001 - 2 Jan 2002 Frederick Chiluba (Zambia) (b. 1943) 2 Jan 2002 - 9 Jul 2002 Levy Mwanawasa (Zambia) (b. 1948 - d. 2008) 9 Jul 2002 - 10 Jul 2003 Thabo Mbeki (South Africa) (b. 1942)10 Jul 2003 - 6 Jul 2004 Joaquim Chissano (Mozambique) (b. 1939) 6 Jul 2004 - 24 Jan 2006 Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria) (b. 1937)24 Jan 2006 - 29 Jan 2007 Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Congo [B.]) (2nd time) (s.a.)29 Jan 2007 - 31 Jan 2008 John Agyekum Kufuor (Ghana) (b. 1938)31 Jan 2008 - 2 Feb 2009 Jakaya Kikwete (Tanzania) (b. 1950) 2 Feb 2009 - 31 Jan 2010 Muammar al-Qaddafi (Libya) (b. 1942)31 Jan 2010 - Bingu wa Mutharika (Malawi) (b. 1934)

Presidents of the Pan-African Parliament18 Mar 2004 - 29 May 2009 Gertrude Ibengwe Mongella (f) (Tanzania) (b. 1955)29 May 2009 - Idriss Ndele Moussa (Chad) (b. 1959)

AU membership

25 May 1963

Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Léopoldville)1, Dahomey2, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea3, Ivory Coast4, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar5, Mali, Mauritania6, Morocco7, Niger8, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, The Sudan, Tanganyika9, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Upper Volta10, Zanzibar9

13 Dec 1963 Kenya13 Jul 1964 Malawi16 Dec 1964 Zambia   Oct 1965 The Gambia31 Oct 1966 Botswana, Lesotho   Aug 1968 Mauritius24 Sep 1968 Swaziland12 Oct 1968 Equatorial Guinea19 Nov 1973 Guinea-Bissau11 Feb 1975 Angola18 Jul 1975 Cape Verde, Comoros, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe29 Jun 1976 Seychelles27 Jun 1977 Djibouti   Jun 1980 Zimbabwe22 Feb 1982 Saharan Arab Democratic Republic   Jun 1990 Namibia24 May 1993 Eritrea 6 Jun 1994 South Africa11966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 2From 1975 Benin. 3Suspended from 29 Dec 2008. 4From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 5Suspended Dec 2001 - 10 Jul 2003 and from 20 Mar 2009. 6Suspended 4 Aug 2005 - 10 Apr 2007 and from 9 Aug 2008. 7Withdrew 12 Nov 1984. 8Suspended 19 Feb 2010. 9Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged in 1964 to form Tanzania. 10From 1984 Burkina Faso.

Andean Community26 May 1969 Andean Pact established10 Mar 1996 renamed Andean Community

Secretaries-general 1 Aug 1997 - 7 Aug 2002 Sebastián Alegrett (Venezuela) (b. 1942 - d. 2002)19 Sep 2002 - 15 Jan 2004 Guillermo Fernández de Soto (Colombia) (b. 1953)15 Jan 2004 - 28 Jul 2006 Allan Wagner Tizón (Peru) (b. 1942)

28 Jul 2006 - 1 Feb 2007 Alfredo Fuentes Hernández (Colombia) (acting) 1 Feb 2007 - 7 May 2010 Freddy Ehlers (Ecuador) (b. 1945) 7 May 2010 - Adalid Contreras Baspineiro (Bolivia) (acting)

Andean Community membership

26 May 1969 Bolivia, Chile1, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru13 Feb 1973 Venezuela2

1Withdrew 30 Oct 1976. 2Withdrew 22 Apr 2006.

Antarctic Treaty23 Jun 1961 Antarctic Treaty comes into effect

Executive secretaries 1 Sep 2004 - 1 Sep 2009 Jan Huber (Netherlands) (b. 1946?) 1 Sep 2009 - Manfred Reinke (Germany) (b. 1952)

Antarctic Treaty membership

23 Jun 1961

Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Soviet Union1, United Kingdom, United States

14 Jun 1962 Czechoslovakia2

20 May 1965 Denmark

30 Mar 1967 The Netherlands

15 Sep 1971 Romania

19 Nov 1974 East Germany3

16 May 1975 Brazil

11 Sep 1978 Bulgaria

 5 Feb 1979 West Germany3

11 Jan 1980 Uruguay

16 Mar 1981 Papua New Guinea

18 Mar Italy

198110 Apr 1981 Peru

31 Mar 1982 Spain

 8 Jun 1983 China

19 Aug 1983 India

27 Jan 1984 Hungary

24 Apr 1984 Sweden

15 May 1984 Finland

16 Aug 1984 Cuba

28 Nov 1986 South Korea

 8 Jan 1987 Greece

21 Jan 1987 North Korea

25 Aug 1987 Austria

15 Sep 1987 Ecuador

 4 May 1988 Canada

31 Jan 1989 Colombia

15 Nov 1990 Switzerland

31 Jul 1991 Guatemala

28 Oct 1992 Ukraine

25 Jan 1996 Turkey

24 May 1999 Venezuela

17 May 2001 Estonia

27 Dec 2006 Belarus

30 May 2008 Monaco

29 Jan 2010 Portugal1Dissolved 25 Dec 1991, succeeded by Russia. 2From 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. 3East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990.

Arab League22 Mar 1945 League of Arab States (Arab League) founded

Secretaries-general22 Mar 1945 - Sep 1952 Abdel Rahman Azzam (from 27 Dec 1945, Abdel Rahman Azzam Pasha) (Egypt) (b. 1893 - d. 1976) Sep 1952 - 1 Jun 1972 Abdel Khaliq Hassuna (Egypt) (b. 1898 - d. 1992) 1 Jun 1972 - Mar 1979 Mahmoud Riad (Egypt) (b. 1917 - d. 1992) Mar 1979 - Sep 1990 Chedli Klibi (Tunisia) (b. 1925) Sep 1990 - 15 May 1991 Assad al-Assad (Lebanon) (acting) (b. 1920)15 May 1991 - 15 May 2001 Esmat Abdel Meguid (Egypt) (b. 1923)15 May 2001 - Amr Moussa (Egypt) (b. 1936)

Arab League membership

22 Mar 1945 Egypt1, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria2, Transjordan3, Yemen (Sana)4

28 Mar 1953 Libya5

19 Jan 1956 The Sudan 1 Jan 1958 Tunisia 1 Oct 1958 Morocco20 Jul 1961 Kuwait16 Aug 1962 Algeria12 Dec 1967 Yemen (Aden)4

11 Sep 1971 Bahrain, Qatar29 Sep 1971 Oman 6 Dec 1971 United Arab Emirates26 Nov 1973 Mauritania14 Feb 1974 Somalia 9 Sep 1976 Palestine Liberation Organization 4 Sep 1977 Djibouti20 Nov 1993 Comoros

1Suspended from Mar 1979 to May 1989. 2Merged with Egypt to form United Arab Republic 22 Feb 1958; seceded from U.A.R. 28 Sep 1961 and rejoined Arab League 28 Oct 1961. 3From 1949 Jordan. 4Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united in 1990. 5Libya announced its withdrawal 24 Oct 2002; this would be effective one year later; Libya canceled (16 Jan 2003), reaffirmed (3 Apr 2003), and again canceled (25 May 2003) the decision to withdraw.

Arab Maghreb Union17 Feb 1989 Arab Maghreb Union founded

Secretaries-general23 Oct 1991 - 26 Feb 2002 Mohamed Amamou (Tunisia) (b. 1933)26 Feb 2002 - 1 Feb 2006 Habib Boularès (Tunisia) (b. 1933) 1 Feb 2006 - Habib Ben Yahia (Tunisia) (b. 1938)

AMU membership

17 Feb 1989 Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia

Asian Development BankPresidents (all from Japan)24 Nov 1966 - 24 Nov 1972 Takeshi Watanabe (b. 1906)25 Nov 1972 - 23 Nov 1976 Shiro Inoue (b. 1915)24 Nov 1976 - 23 Nov 1981 Taroichi Yoshida (b. 1919)24 Nov 1981 - 23 Nov 1989 Masao Fujioka (b. 1924)24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1993 Kimimasa Tarumizu (b. 1930)24 Nov 1993 - 15 Jan 1999 Mitsuo Sato (b. 1933 - d. 2002)16 Jan 1999 - 1 Feb 2005 Tadao Chino (b. 1934) 1 Feb 2005 - Haruhiko Kuroda (b. 1944)

ADB membership

       1966

Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cambodia, Canada, Ceylon1, Denmark, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam, Western Samoa2

       1967 Switzerland       1969 Hong Kong       1970 Fiji, France       1972 Tonga

       1973 Bangladesh, Burma3, Solomon Islands       1974 Gilbert and Ellice Islands4

       1976 Cook Islands       1978 Maldives       1981 Vanuatu       1982 Bhutan       1986 China, Spain       1990 Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia       1991 Mongolia, Nauru, Turkey       1993 Tuvalu       1994 Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan31 Aug 1995 Uzbekistan20 Apr 1998 Tajikistan22 Dec 1999 Azerbaijan31 Aug 2000 Turkmenistan1From 1972 Sri Lanka. 2From 1997 Samoa. 3From 1989 Myanmar. 4From 1979 Kiribati.

Association of Southeast Asian NationsSecretaries-general 7 Jun 1976 - 18 Feb 1978 Hartono Dharsono (Indonesia) (b. 1925 - d. 1996)19 Feb 1978 - 1 Jul 1978 Umarjadi Njotowijono (Indonesia)10 Jul 1978 - 1 Jul 1980 Datuk Ali bin Abdullah (Malaysia) 1 Jul 1980 - 1 Jul 1982 Narciso G. Reyes (Philippines) (b. 1914 - d. 1996)18 Jul 1982 - 16 Jul 1984 Chan Kai Yau (Singapore)16 Jul 1984 - 16 Jul 1986 Phan Wannamethee (Thailand) (b. 1923)16 Jul 1986 - 16 Jul 1989 Roderick Yong (Brunei)17 Jul 1989 - 1 Jan 1993 Rusli Noor (Indonesia) (b. 1927) 1 Jan 1993 - 5 Jan 1998 Datuk Ajit Singh (Malaysia) (b. 1938) 5 Jan 1998 - 6 Jan 2003 Rodolfo C. Severino (Philippines) (b. 1936) 6 Jan 2003 - 7 Jan 2008 Ong Keng Yong (Singapore) (b. 1954) 7 Jan 2008 - Surin Pitsuwan (Thailand) (b. 1949)

ASEAN membership

 8 Aug 1967 Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand 7 Jan 1984 Brunei28 Jul 1995 Vietnam23 Jul 1997 Laos, Myanmar

30 Apr 1999 Cambodia

Caribbean CommunitySecretaries-general 1973 - 1974 William Demas (Trinidad and Tobago) (b. 1929 - d. 1998) 1974 - Aug 1977 Sir Alister McIntyre (Grenada) (b. 1932) Aug 1977 - Aug 1978 Joseph Tyndall (Guyana) (acting) (b. 1927) 1 Nov 1978 - Sep 1983 Kurleigh King (Barbados) (b. 1933 - d. 1998) Sep 1983 - 1 Aug 1992 Roderick Rainford (Jamaica) (b. 1940) 1 Aug 1992 - Edwin W. Carrington (Trinidad and Tobago) (b. 1938)

CARICOM membership

 1 Aug 1973 Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago

 1 May 1974

Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

 4 Jul 1974 Antigua1

26 Jul 1974 Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla2

 4 Jul 1983 The Bahamas

 4 Jul 1995 Suriname

 5 Jul 2002 Haiti3

1From 1981 Antigua and Barbuda. 2From 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis. 3Suspended 2004 - Jun 2006.

Central American ParliamentPresidents28 Oct 1991 - 28 Oct 1992 Roberto Carpio Nicolle (Guatemala)28 Oct 1992 - 28 Oct 1993 Ilsa Díaz Zelaya (f) (Honduras) (b. 1942)28 Oct 1993 - 4 Jul 1994 José Francisco Guerrero Munguía (El Salvador) (b. 1937 - d. 1994)12 Jul 1994 - 28 Oct 1994 Francisco Merino (El Salvador)28 Oct 1994 - 28 Oct 1995 Augusto Vela Mena (Guatemala) (1st time)

28 Oct 1995 - 2 Dec 1995 Roland Valenzuela Oyuela (Honduras) (b. ... - d. 1995) 6 Dec 1995 - 28 Oct 1996 Raúl Zaldívar Guzmán (Honduras)28 Oct 1996 - 28 Oct 1997 Ernesto Lima Mena (El Salvador)28 Oct 1997 - 28 Oct 1998 Marco Antonio Solares Pérez (Guatemala) (b. 1956)28 Oct 1998 - 28 Oct 1999 Carlos Roberto Reina (Honduras) (b. 1926 - d. 2003)28 Oct 1999 - 28 Oct 2000 José Ernesto Somarriba Sosa (Nicaragua) (b. 1920? - d. 2009)28 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001 Hugo Guiraud Gargano (Panama)28 Oct 2001 - 28 Oct 2002 Rodrigo Samayoa Rivas (El Salvador)28 Oct 2002 - 28 Oct 2003 Augusto Vela Mena (Guatemala) (2nd time)28 Oct 2003 - 28 Oct 2004 Mario Facussé Handal (Honduras) (b. 1946)28 Oct 2004 - 28 Oct 2005 Fabio Gadea Mantilla (Nicaragua) (b. 1931)28 Oct 2005 - 30 Oct 2006 Julio Palacios (Panama)30 Oct 2006 - 26 Oct 2007 Ciro Cruz Zepeda (El Salvador) (b. 1946)26 Oct 2007 - 28 Oct 2008 Julio Guillermo González Gamarra (Guatemala)28 Oct 2008 - 28 Oct 2009 Gloria Guadalupe Oquelí (f) (Honduras)28 Oct 2009 - 28 Oct 2010 Jacinto Suárez (Nicaragua) (b. 1947)28 Oct 2010 - Dorindo Cortez (Panama)

PARLACEN membership

28 Oct 1991 El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras21 Jan 1997 Nicaragua 1 Sep 1999 Panama30 Oct 2006 Dominican Republic

Central Treaty Organization15 Apr 1955 Middle East Treaty Organization (Baghdad Pact)19 Aug 1959 Central Treaty Organization26 Sep 1979 dissolved

Secretaries-general 1955 - 31 Dec 1958 Awni Khalidy (Iraq) 1 Jan 1959 - 1961 M.O.A. Baig (Pakistan) (b. 1904) 1962 - 1967 Abbas Ali Khalatbari (Iran) (b. 1912 - d. 1979) 1967 - 1 Feb 1972 Turgut Menemencioglu (Turkey) 1 Feb 1972 - Jan 1975 Nassir Assar (Iran) Jan 1975 - 1 Aug 1977 Haluk Bayülken (Turkey) (b. 1921 - d. 2007)31 Mar 1978 - 1979 Kamuran Gürün (Turkey) (b. 1924)

CENTO membership

15 Apr 1955 Iraq1, Turkey, United Kingdom23 Sep 1955 Pakistan2

23 Oct 1955 Iran3

1Withdrew 24 Mar 1959. 2Withdrew 12 Mar 1979. 3Withdrew 13 Mar 1979.

The CommonwealthSecretaries-general Jun 1965 - 30 Jun 1975 Arnold Smith (Canada) (b. 1915 - d. 1994) 1 Jul 1975 - 30 Jun 1990 Sir Shridath Ramphal (Guyana) (b. 1928) 1 Jul 1990 - 3 Apr 2000 Emeka Anyaoku (Nigeria) (b. 1933) 3 Apr 2000 - 1 Apr 2008 Don McKinnon (New Zealand) (b. 1939) 1 Apr 2008 - Kamalesh Sharma (India) (b. 1941)

Commonwealth membership

11 Dec 1931 Australia, Canada, Ireland1, New Zealand, Newfoundland2, South Africa3, United Kingdom

15 Oct 1947 India, Pakistan4

 4 Feb 1948 Ceylon5

 6 Mar 1957 Ghana31 Aug 1957 Malaya6

 1 Oct 1960 Nigeria7

13 Mar 1961 Cyprus27 Apr 1961 Sierra Leone8

 9 Dec 1961 Tanganyika9

 6 Aug 1962 Jamaica31 Aug 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 9 Oct 1962 Uganda12 Dec 1963 Kenya 6 Jul 1964 Malawi21 Sep 1964 Malta24 Oct 1964 Zambia18 Feb 1965 The Gambia15 Oct 1965 Singapore

26 May 1966 Guyana30 Sep 1966 Botswana 4 Oct 1966 Lesotho30 Nov 1966 Barbados12 Mar 1968 Mauritius 6 Sep 1968 Swaziland29 Nov 1968 Nauru10

 4 Jun 1970 Tonga28 Aug 1970 Western Samoa11

10 Oct 1970 Fiji12

18 Apr 1972 Bangladesh10 Jul 1973 The Bahamas 7 Feb 1974 Grenada16 Sep 1975 Papua New Guinea28 Jun 1976 Seychelles 7 Jul 1978 Solomon Islands 1 Oct 1978 Tuvalu13

 3 Nov 1978 Dominica22 Feb 1979 Saint Lucia12 Jul 1979 Kiribati27 Oct 1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines14

18 Apr 1980 Zimbabwe15

30 Jul 1980 Vanuatu21 Sep 1981 Belize 1 Nov 1981 Antigua and Barbuda 9 Jul 1982 Maldives14

19 Sep 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 Jan 1984 Brunei21 Mar 1990 Namibia 1 Nov 1995 Cameroon12 Nov 1995 Mozambique28 Nov 2009 Rwanda1Withdrew 18 Apr 1949. 2Became a colony in 1934. 3Withdrew 31 May 1961, rejoined 1 Jun 1994. 4Withdrew 30 Jan 1972, rejoined 1 Oct 1989; suspended from councils 18 Oct 1999 - 22 May 2004 and 22 Nov 2007 - 12 May 2008. 5From 1972 Sri Lanka. 6From 1963 Malaysia.

7Suspended 11 Nov 1995 - 29 May 1999. 8Suspended from councils 1997-98. 9From 1964 Tanzania. 10Special member to 1 May 1999 and from 9 Jan 2006; from Nov 2007 "member in arrears." 11From 1997 Samoa. 12Withdrew 15 Oct 1987, rejoined 30 Sep 1997; suspended from councils 6 Jun 2000 - 20 Dec 2001 and from 8 Dec 2006; fully suspended 1 Sep 2009. 13Special member to 1 Sep 2000. 14Special member to Jun 1985. 15Suspended from councils 19 Mar 2002; withdrew 7 Dec 2003.

Commonwealth of Independent StatesExecutive secretaries May 1993 - 29 Apr 1998 Ivan Korotchenya (Belarus) (1st time) (b. 1948)29 Apr 1998 - 4 Mar 1999 Boris Berezovsky (Russia) (b. 1946) 4 Mar 1999 - 2 Apr 1999 Ivan Korotchenya (Belarus) (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 2 Apr 1999 - 14 Jun 2004 Yury Yarov (Russia) (b. 1942)14 Jun 2004 - 5 Oct 2007 Vladimir Rushailo (Russia) (b. 1953) 5 Oct 2007 - Sergey Lebedev (Russia) (b. 1948)

CIS membership

21 Dec 1991 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan1, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

 9 Dec 1993 Georgia2

1Withdrew 26 Aug 2005. 2Withdrew 18 Aug 2009.

Council of EuropeSecretaries-general11 Aug 1949 - 17 Sep 1953 Jacques Camille Paris (France) (b. 1902 - d. 1953)21 Sep 1953 - 24 Sep 1956 Léon Marchal (France) (b. 1900 - d. 1956)15 Sep 1957 - 15 Mar 1964 Lodovico Benvenuti (Italy) (b. 1899 - d. 1966)16 Mar 1964 - 15 Sep 1969 Peter Smithers (U.K.) (b. 1913 - d. 2006)16 Sep 1969 - 16 Sep 1974 Lujo Toncic-Sorinj (Austria) (b. 1915 - d. 2005)17 Sep 1974 - 17 Sep 1979 Georg Kahn-Ackermann (W.Ger.) (b. 1918 - d. 2008) 1 Oct 1979 - 1 Oct 1984 Franz Karasek (Austria) (b. 1924 - d. 1986) 1 Oct 1984 - 1 Jun 1989 Marcelino Oreja Aguirre (Spain) (b. 1935) 1 Jun 1989 - 31 May 1994 Catherine Lalumière (f) (France) (b. 1935)20 Jun 1994 - 1 Sep 1999 Daniel Tarschys (Sweden) (b. 1943) 1 Sep 1999 - 1 Sep 2004 Walter Schwimmer (Austria) (b. 1942)

1 Sep 2004 - 1 Sep 2009 Terry Davis (U.K.) (b. 1938) 1 Sep 2009 - 1 Oct 2009 Maud de Boer-Buquicchio (f) (Netherlands) (acting) (b. 1944) 1 Oct 2009 - Thorbjørn Jagland (Norway) (b. 1950)

COE membership

 5 May 1949 Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom

 9 Aug 1949 Greece1

 9 Mar 1950 Iceland13 Apr 1950 Turkey13 Jul 1950 Federal Republic of Germany16 Apr 1956 Austria24 May 1961 Cyprus 6 May 1963 Switzerland29 Apr 1965 Malta22 Sep 1976 Portugal24 Nov 1977 Spain23 Nov 1978 Liechtenstein16 Nov 1988 San Marino 5 May 1989 Finland 6 Nov 1990 Hungary29 Nov 1991 Poland 7 May 1992 Bulgaria14 May 1993 Estonia, Lithuania, Slovenia30 Jun 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia 7 Oct 1993 Romania10 Nov 1994 Andorra10 Feb 1995 Latvia13 Jul 1995 Albania, Moldova 9 Nov 1995 Macedonia, Ukraine28 Feb 1996 Russia 6 Nov 1996 Croatia27 Apr 1999 Georgia25 Jan 2001 Armenia, Azerbaijan24 Apr 2002 Bosnia and Hercegovina

 3 Apr 2003 Serbia and Montenegro2

 5 Oct 2004 Monaco11 May 2007 Montenegro1Withdrew 12 Dec 1969; rejoined 28 Nov 1974. 2From 5 Jun 2006, Serbia.

East African Community 6 Jun 1967 East African Community established Jun 1977 dissolved14 Mar 1996 East African Cooperation secretariat inaugurated15 Jan 2001 East African Community reestablished

Secretaries-general 1968 - 1971 Z.H.K. Bigirwenkya (Uganda) (b. 1926?) Jun 1971 - Apr 1974 Charles Maina (Kenya) 1974 - 1977 Edwin Mtei (Tanzania) (b. 1932)14 Mar 1996 - 24 Apr 2001 Francis Muthaura (Kenya) (b. 1946)24 Apr 2001 - 24 Apr 2006 Nuwe Amanya Mushega (Uganda) (b. 1946)25 Apr 2006 - Juma Volter Mwapachu (Tanzania) (b. 1942)

Speakers of the East African Legislative Assembly29 Nov 2001 - 5 Jun 2007 Abdulrahman Kinana (Tanzania) (b. 1951) 5 Jun 2007 - Abdirahin Haithar Abdi (Kenya) (b. 1967?)

EAC membership

6 Jun 1967 Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda1 Jul 2007 Burundi, Rwanda

Economic Community of West African StatesExecutive secretaries (from 1 Jan 2007, presidents of the Commission) Jan 1977 - 1985 Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara (Ivory Coast) (b. 1938) 1985 - 1989 Momodu Munu (Sierra Leone) (b. 1938) 1989 - 1993 Abass Bundu (Sierra Leone) (b. 1948) 1993 - 1997 Edouard Benjamin (Guinea) (b. 1941) Sep 1997 - 6 Feb 2002 Lansana Kouyaté (Guinea) (b. 1950) 6 Feb 2002 - 16 Feb 2010 Mohamed Ibn Chambas (Ghana) (b. 1950)16 Feb 2010 - Victor Gbeho (Ghana) (b. 1935)

Chairmen 1977 - 1978 Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo) (1st time) (b. 1937 - d. 2005) 1978 - 1979 Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria) (b. 1937)

1979 - 1980 Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal) (b. 1906 - d. 2001) 1980 - 1981 Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1981 - 1982 Siaka Stevens (Sierra Leone) (b. 1905 - d. 1988) 1982 - 1983 Mathieu Kérékou (Benin) (b. 1933) 1983 - 1984 Ahmed Sékou Touré (Guinea) (b. 1922 - d. 1984) 1984 - 1985 Lansana Conté (Guinea) (b. 1934 - d. 2008) 1985 - 27 Aug 1985 Muhammadu Buhari (Nigeria) (b. 1942)27 Aug 1985 - 1989 Ibrahim Babangida (Nigeria) (b. 1941) 1989 - 1990 Sir Dawda Jawara (The Gambia) (1st time) (b. 1924) 1990 - 1991 Blaise Compaoré (Burkina Faso) (1st time) (b. 1951) 1991 - 1992 Sir Dawda Jawara (The Gambia) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1992 - 1993 Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (b. 1935) 1993 - 1994 Nicéphore Soglo (Benin) (b. 1934) 1994 - 27 Jul 1996 Jerry John Rawlings (Ghana) (b. 1947)27 Jul 1996 - 8 Jun 1998 Sani Abacha (Nigeria) (b. 1943 - d. 1998) 9 Jun 1998 - 1999 Abdulsalami Abubakar (Nigeria) (b. 1942) 1999 Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo) (3rd time) (s.a.) 1999 - 21 Dec 2001 Alpha Oumar Konaré (Mali) (b. 1946)21 Dec 2001 - 31 Jan 2003 Abdoulaye Wade (Senegal) (b. 1926)31 Jan 2003 - 19 Jan 2005 John Agyekum Kufuor (Ghana) (b. 1938)19 Jan 2005 - 19 Jan 2007 Mamadou Tandja (Niger) (b. 1938)19 Jan 2007 - 19 Dec 2008 Blaise Compaoré (Burkina Faso) (2nd time) (s.a.)19 Dec 2008 - 16 Feb 2010 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (Nigeria) (b. 1951 - d. 2010)16 Feb 2010 - Goodluck Jonathan (Nigeria) (b. 1957)

ECOWAS membership

28 May 1975 Benin, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea1, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast2, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania3, Niger4, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo5, Upper Volta6

       1977 Cape Verde1Suspended 10 Jan 2009. 2From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 3Withdrew Dec 1999 (effective Dec 2000). 4Suspended 20 Oct 2009. 5Suspended 19-26 Feb 2005. 6From 1984 Burkina Faso.

European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentPresidents15 Apr 1991 - 16 Jul 1993 Jacques Attali (France) (b. 1943)16 Jul 1993 - 27 Sep 1993 Ron Freeman (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1939)27 Sep 1993 - 31 Jan 1998 Jacques de Larosière (France) (b. 1929)

31 Jan 1998 - 1 Sep 1998 Charles Frank (U.S.) (1st time) (b. 1937) (acting) 1 Sep 1998 - 18 Apr 2000 Horst Köhler (Germany) (b. 1943)18 Apr 2000 - 3 Jul 2000 Charles Frank (U.S.) (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 3 Jul 2000 - 3 Jul 2008 Jean Lemierre (France) (b. 1950) 3 Jul 2008 - Thomas Mirow (Germany) (b. 1953)

EBRD membership

28 Mar 1991

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia1, Denmark, Egypt, European Community, European Investment Bank, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Soviet Union2, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia3

18 Dec 1991 Albania28 Feb 1992 Estonia 5 Mar 1992 Lithuania18 Mar 1992 Latvia 9 Apr 1992 Russia30 Apr 1992 Uzbekistan 5 May 1992 Moldova 1 Jun 1992 Turkmenistan 5 Jun 1992 Kyrgyzstan10 Jun 1992 Belarus27 Jul 1992 Kazakhstan13 Aug 1992 Ukraine 4 Sep 1992 Georgia25 Sep 1992 Azerbaijan16 Oct 1992 Tajikistan 7 Dec 1992 Armenia23 Dec 1992 Slovenia15 Apr 1993 Croatia21 Apr 1993 Macedonia17 Jun 1996 Bosnia and Hercegovina 9 Oct 2000 Mongolia1From 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. 2Dissolved 25 Dec 1991. 3Broke up in 1992; the smaller Yugoslavia joined anew 19 Jan 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia.

European Free Trade Association 3 May 1960 European Free Trade Association established

Secretaries-general 1 Sep 1960 - 31 Oct 1965 Frank E. Figgures (U.K.) (b. 1910 - d. 1990) 1 Nov 1965 - 5 May 1972 Sir John Coulson (U.K.) (b. 1909 - d. 1997) 6 May 1972 - 30 Nov 1975 Bengt Rabaeus (Sweden) (b. 1917) 1 Dec 1975 - 31 Dec 1975 Cornelio Sommaruga (Switzerland) (b. 1932) (interim) 1 Jan 1976 - 30 Sep 1981 Charles Müller (Switzerland) (b. 1922) 1 Oct 1981 - 30 Nov 1981 Magnus Vahlquist (Sweden) (interim) 1 Dec 1981 - 15 Apr 1988 Per Kleppe (Norway) (b. 1923)16 Apr 1988 - 31 Aug 1994 Georg Reisch (Austria) (b. 1930) 1 Sep 1994 - 31 Aug 2000 Kjartan Jóhannsson (Iceland) (b. 1939) 1 Sep 2000 - 31 Aug 2006 William Rossier (Switzerland) (b. 1942) 1 Sep 2006 - Kåre Bryn (Norway) (b. 1944)

EFTA membership

 3 May 1960 Austria1, Denmark2, Norway, Portugal3, Sweden1, Switzerland, United Kingdom2

 1 Mar 1970 Iceland 1 Jan 1986 Finland1

 1 Sep 1991 Liechtenstein1Withdrew 1 Jan 1995. 2Withdrew 1 Jan 1973. Denmark's membership included Greenland from 1 Jul 1961 and the Faeroe Islands from 1 Jan 1968. 3Withdrew 1 Jan 1986.

European Union 1 Jan 1958 European Economic Community 1 Jul 1967 joined with European Coal and Steel Community and European Atomic Community to form the European Communities (from the 1980s usually known as European Community) 1 Nov 1993 European Union

Presidency of the European Council 1 Jul 1987 - 31 Dec 1987 Denmark 1 Jan 1988 - 30 Jun 1988 West Germany 1 Jul 1988 - 31 Dec 1988 Greece 1 Jan 1989 - 30 Jun 1989 Spain 1 Jul 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 France 1 Jan 1990 - 30 Jun 1990 Ireland

1 Jul 1990 - 31 Dec 1990 Italy 1 Jan 1991 - 30 Jun 1991 Luxembourg 1 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Netherlands 1 Jan 1992 - 30 Jun 1992 Portugal 1 Jul 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 United Kingdom 1 Jan 1993 - 30 Jun 1993 Denmark 1 Jul 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Belgium 1 Jan 1994 - 30 Jun 1994 Greece 1 Jul 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Germany 1 Jan 1995 - 30 Jun 1995 France 1 Jul 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Spain 1 Jan 1996 - 30 Jun 1996 Italy 1 Jul 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Ireland 1 Jan 1997 - 30 Jun 1997 Netherlands 1 Jul 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Luxembourg 1 Jan 1998 - 30 Jun 1998 United Kingdom 1 Jul 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Austria 1 Jan 1999 - 30 Jun 1999 Germany 1 Jul 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Finland 1 Jan 2000 - 30 Jun 2000 Portugal 1 Jul 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 France 1 Jan 2001 - 30 Jun 2001 Sweden 1 Jul 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Belgium 1 Jan 2002 - 30 Jun 2002 Spain 1 Jul 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Denmark 1 Jan 2003 - 30 Jun 2003 Greece 1 Jul 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Italy 1 Jan 2004 - 30 Jun 2004 Ireland 1 Jul 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Netherlands 1 Jan 2005 - 30 Jun 2005 Luxembourg 1 Jul 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 United Kingdom 1 Jan 2006 - 30 Jun 2006 Austria 1 Jul 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Finland 1 Jan 2007 - 30 Jun 2007 Germany 1 Jul 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Portugal 1 Jan 2008 - 30 Jun 2008 Slovenia 1 Jul 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 France 1 Jan 2009 - 30 Jun 2009 Czech Republic 1 Jul 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 SwedenPresident of the European Council 1 Dec 2009 - Herman Van Rompuy (Belgium) (b. 1947)

Presidents of the European Commission31 Jan 1958 - 30 Jun 1967 Walter Hallstein (W. Germany) (b. 1901 - d. 1982) 1 Jul 1967 - 1 Jul 1970 Jean Rey (Belgium) (b. 1902 - d. 1983) 2 Jul 1970 - 22 Mar 1972 Franco Maria Malfatti (Italy) (b. 1927 - d. 1991)22 Mar 1972 - 5 Jan 1973 Sicco Mansholt (Netherlands) (b. 1908 - d. 1995) 9 Jan 1973 - 5 Jan 1977 François-Xavier Ortoli (France) (b. 1925 - d. 2007)11 Jan 1977 - 5 Jan 1981 Roy Jenkins (U.K.) (b. 1920 - d. 2003)12 Jan 1981 - 5 Jan 1985 Gaston Thorn (Luxembourg) (b. 1928 - d. 2007)

15 Jan 1985 - 5 Jan 1995 Jacques Delors (France) (b. 1925)24 Jan 1995 - 14 Jul 1999 Jacques Santer (Luxembourg) (b. 1937)14 Jul 1999 - 15 Sep 1999 Manuel Marín (Spain) (acting) (b. 1949)15 Sep 1999 - 22 Nov 2004 Romano Prodi (Italy) (b. 1939)22 Nov 2004 - José Manuel Durão Barroso (Portugal) (b. 1956)

Presidents of the Parliamentary Assembly (from 30 Mar 1962, European Parliament)19 Mar 1958 - 28 Mar 1960 Robert Schuman (France) (b. 1886 - d. 1963)28 Mar 1960 - 27 Mar 1962 Hans Furler (W. Germany) (b. 1904 - d. 1975)27 Mar 1962 - 21 Mar 1964 Gaetano Martino (Italy) (b. 1900 - d. 1967)21 Mar 1964 - 24 Sep 1965 Jean Duvieusart (Belgium) (b. 1900 - d. 1977)24 Sep 1965 - 7 Mar 1966 Victor Leemans (Netherlands) (b. 1901 - d. 1971) 7 Mar 1966 - 11 Mar 1969 Alain Poher (France) (b. 1909 - d. 1996)11 Mar 1969 - 9 Mar 1971 Mario Scelba (Italy) (b. 1901 - d. 1991) 9 Mar 1971 - 13 Mar 1973 Walter Behrendt (W. Germany) (b. 1914 - d. 1997)13 Mar 1973 - 11 Mar 1975 Cornelis Berkhouwer (Netherlands) (b. 1919 - d. 1992)11 Mar 1975 - 8 Mar 1977 Georges Spénale (France) (b. 1913 - d. 1983) 8 Mar 1977 - 17 Jul 1979 Emilio Colombo (Italy) (b. 1920)17 Jul 1979 - 19 Jan 1982 Simone Veil (f) (France) (b. 1927)19 Jan 1982 - 24 Jul 1984 Piet Dankert (Netherlands) (b. 1934 - d. 2003)24 Jul 1984 - 20 Jan 1987 Pierre Pflimlin (France) (b. 1907 - d. 2000)20 Jan 1987 - 25 Jul 1989 Henry Plumb, Baron Plumb (U.K.) (b. 1925)25 Jul 1989 - 14 Jan 1992 Enrique Barón Crespo (Spain) (b. 1944)14 Jan 1992 - 19 Jul 1994 Egon Klepsch (Germany) (b. 1930 - d. 2010)19 Jul 1994 - 14 Jan 1997 Klaus Hänsch (Germany) (b. 1938)14 Jan 1997 - 20 Jul 1999 José María Gil-Robles (Spain) (b. 1935)20 Jul 1999 - 15 Jan 2002 Nicole Fontaine (f) (France) (b. 1942)15 Jan 2002 - 20 Jul 2004 Pat Cox (Ireland) (b. 1952)20 Jul 2004 - 16 Jan 2007 Josep Borrell (Spain) (b. 1947)16 Jan 2007 - 14 Jul 2009 Hans-Gert Pöttering (Germany) (b. 1945)14 Jul 2009 - Jerzy Buzek (Poland) (b. 1940)

Presidents of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community10 Aug 1952 - 1 Jun 1955 Jean Monnet (France) (b. 1888 - d. 1979) 1 Jun 1955 - 7 Jan 1958 René Mayer (France) (b. 1895 - d. 1972) 7 Jan 1958 - 11 Sep 1959 Paul Finet (Belgium) (b. 1897 - d. 1965)11 Sep 1959 - 5 Nov 1963 Piero Malvestiti (Italy) (b. 1899 - d. 1964)

5 Nov 1963 - Mar 1967 Dino Del Bo (Italy) (b. 1916 - d. 1991) Mar 1967 - 30 Jun 1967 Albert Coppé (Belgium) (acting) (b. 1911 - d. 1999)

Presidents of the Commission of the European Atomic Community 7 Jan 1958 - 2 Feb 1959 Louis Armand (France) (b. 1905 - d. 1971) 2 Feb 1959 - 10 Jan 1962 Étienne Hirsch (France) (b. 1901 - d. 1994)10 Jan 1962 - 30 Jun 1967 Pierre Chatenet (France) (b. 1917 - d. 1997)

High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy18 Oct 1999 - 1 Dec 2009 Javier Solana Madariaga (Spain) (b. 1942)High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy 1 Dec 2009 - Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland (f) (United Kingdom) (b. 1956)

Presidents of the European Monetary Institute 1 Jan 1994 - 30 Jun 1997 Alexandre Lamfalussy (Belgium) (b. 1929) 1 Jul 1997 - 31 May 1998 Wim Duisenberg (Netherlands) (b. 1935 - d. 2005)Presidents of the European Central Bank 1 Jun 1998 - 31 Oct 2003 Wim Duisenberg (Netherlands) (s.a.) 1 Nov 2003 - Jean-Claude Trichet (France) (b. 1942)

EU membership

1 Jan 1958

Belgium, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands

1 Jan 1973

Denmark1, Ireland, United Kingdom

1 Jan 1981 Greece

1 Jan 1986 Portugal, Spain

1 Jan 1995 Austria, Finland, Sweden

1 May 2004

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia

1 Jan 2007 Bulgaria, Romania

1Greenland, which joined as part

of Denmark and was never recognized as a separate member, withdrew 1 Feb 1985.

Food and Agriculture OrganizationDirectors-general Oct 1945 - 14 Apr 1948 Sir John Boyd Orr (U.K.) (b. 1880 - d. 1971)14 Apr 1948 - 31 Dec 1953 Norris E. Dodd (U.S.) (b. 1879 - d. 1968) 1 Jan 1954 - Apr 1956 Philip V. Cardon (U.S.) (b. 1889 - d. 1965) Apr 1956 - Nov 1956 Sir Herbert Broadley (U.K.) (b. 1892 - d. 1983) (acting) Nov 1956 - 31 Dec 1967 Binay Ranjan Sen (India) (b. 1898 - d. 1993) 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1975 Addeke Hendrik Boerma (Neth.) (b. 1912 - d. 1992) 1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1993 Édouard Saouma (Lebanon) (b. 1926) 1 Jan 1994 - Jacques Diouf (Senegal) (b. 1938)

La Francophonie20 Mar 1970 Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation 1996 Agency for the Francophonie 1998 International Organization of the Francophonie

Secretaries-general16 Nov 1997 - 31 Dec 2002 Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) (b. 1922) 1 Jan 2003 - Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (b. 1935)

Francophonie membership

20 Mar 1970Belgium, Burundi, Canada, Chad, Dahomey1, France, Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast2, Luxembourg, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo3, Tunisia, Upper Volta4, Vietnam

   Jun 1973 Lebanon   Oct 1973 Central African Republic   Jun 1976 Seychelles

   Dec 1977 Comoros, Djibouti, Zaire5

   Dec 1979 Dominica, Guinea-Bissau, New Hebrides6

   Mar 1980 Mauritania   Dec 1981 Congo (Brazzaville), Guinea, Morocco, Saint Lucia   Dec 1983 Egypt   Dec 1989 Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar   Dec 1991 Cameroon, Laos   Dec 1993 Bulgaria, Cambodia, Romania   Dec 1995 São Tomé and Príncipe   Feb 1996 Moldova, Switzerland   Dec 1996 Cape Verde1From 1975 Benin. 2From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 3Suspended 9 Feb - 8 Apr 2005. 4From 1984 Burkina Faso. 5From 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 6From 1980 Vanuatu.

Gulf Cooperation Council25 May 1981 Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (Gulf Cooperation Council) founded

Secretaries-general26 May 1981 - Apr 1993 Abdullah Bishara (Kuwait) (b. 1936) Apr 1993 - Apr 1996 Fahim ibn Sultan al-Qasimi (United Arab Emirates) (b. 1948) Apr 1996 - 31 Mar 2002 Jamil ibn Ibrahim al-Hujailan (Saudi Arabia) 1 Apr 2002 - Abdul Rahman ibn Hamad al-Attiyah (Qatar) (b. 1950)

GCC membership

25 May 1981 Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates

Ibero-American SecretariatSecretary-general Oct 2005 - Enrique Iglesias (Uruguay) (b. 1930)

SEGIB membership

Oct 2005

Andorra, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,

Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay, Venezuela

Inter-American Development BankPresidents 5 Feb 1960 - 28 Feb 1971 Felipe Herrera (Chile) (b. 1922 - d. 1996) 1 Mar 1971 - 31 Mar 1988 Antonio Ortiz Mena (Mexico) (b. 1908 - d. 2007) 1 Apr 1988 - 30 Sep 2005 Enrique Iglesias (Uruguay) (b. 1930) 1 Oct 2005 - Luis Alberto Moreno (Colombia) (b. 1953)

IADB membership

30 Dec 1959Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States

12 Feb 1960 Uruguay13 Feb 1960 Venezuela10 Jul 1967 Trinidad and Tobago19 Mar 1969 Barbados30 Dec 1969 Jamaica 3 May 1972 Canada

 9 Jul 1976 Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, The Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia1

 9 Sep 1976 Spain16 Nov 1976 Guyana10 Jan 1977 France26 May 1977 Italy30 Jun 1977 Finland19 Sep 1977 Sweden15 Dec 1977 The Bahamas25 Mar 1980 Portugal12 Dec 1980 Suriname 7 Jul 1986 Norway28 Sep 1992 Belize       1993 Croatia, Slovenia16 Mar 2005 South Korea

1Ceased to be a member in 1993.

International Atomic Energy AgencyDirectors-general 7 Oct 1957 - 6 Oct 1961 W. Sterling Cole (U.S.) (b. 1904 - d. 1987) 6 Oct 1961 - 30 Nov 1981 Sigvard Eklund (Sweden) (b. 1911 - d. 2000) 1 Dec 1981 - 30 Nov 1997 Hans Blix (Sweden) (b. 1928) 1 Dec 1997 - 30 Nov 2009 Muhammad al-Baradei (Egypt) (b. 1942) 1 Dec 2009 - Yukiya Amano (Japan) (b. 1947)

International Civil Aviation Organization15 Aug 1945 Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization 4 Apr 1947 International Civil Aviation Organization

Presidents of the Council15 Aug 1945 - 18 Apr 1957 Edward Warner (U.S.) (b. 1894 - d. 1958)18 Apr 1957 - 31 Jul 1976 Walter Binaghi (Argentina) (b. 1919 - d. 2006) 1 Aug 1976 - 31 Jul 2006 Assad Kotaite (Lebanon) (b. 1924) 1 Aug 2006 - Roberto Kobeh González (Mexico) (b. 1943)

Secretaries-general15 Aug 1945 - 31 Dec 1951 Albert Roper (France) (b. 1891 - d. 1969)28 Mar 1952 - 31 Jul 1959 Carl Ljungberg (Sweden) (b. 1897 - d. 1982) 1 Aug 1959 - 31 Jul 1964 Ronald Macdonnell (Canada) (b. 1909 - d. 1973) 1 Aug 1964 - 31 Jul 1970 Bernardus Tieleman Twigt (Neth.) (b. 1912 - d. 1993) 1 Aug 1970 - 31 Jul 1976 Assad Kotaite (Lebanon) (s.a.) 1 Aug 1976 - 31 Jul 1988 Yves Lambert (France) (b. 1936) 1 Aug 1988 - 31 Jul 1991 Shivinder Singh Sidhu (India) (b. 1929) 1 Aug 1991 - 31 Jul 1997 Philippe Rochat (Switzerland) (b. 1942) 1 Aug 1997 - 31 Jul 2003 Renato Cláudio Costa Pereira (Brazil) (b. 1936) 1 Aug 2003 - 31 Jul 2009 Taïeb Chérif (Algeria) (b. 1941) 1 Aug 2009 - Raymond Benjamin (France)

International Court of Justice 1922 Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)

Apr 1946 International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Presidents Feb 1922 - 1924 Bernard C.J. Loder (Netherlands) (b. 1849 - d. 1935) 1925 - 1927 Max Huber (Switzerland) (b. 1874 - d. 1960) 1928 - 1930 Dionisio Anzilotti (Italy) (b. 1867 - d. 1950) 1931 - 1933 Mineichiro Adachi (Japan) (b. 1869 - d. 1934) 1934 - 1936 Cecil J.B. Hurst (U.K.) (b. 1870 - d. 1963) 1936 - 1949 José Gustavo Guerrero (El Salvador) (b. 1876 - d. 1958) 1949 - 7 May 1952 Jules Basdevant (France) (b. 1877 - d. 1968) 7 May 1952 - 9 Feb 1955 Sir Arnold Duncan McNair (U.K.) (b. 1885 - d. 1975) 9 Feb 1955 - 5 Feb 1958 Green H. Hackworth (U.S.) (b. 1883 - d. 1973) 5 Feb 1958 - 5 Apr 1961 Helge Klæstad (Norway) (b. 1885 - d. 1965) 5 Apr 1961 - 9 Mar 1964 Bohdan Winiarski (Poland) (b. 1884 - d. 1969) 9 Mar 1964 - 9 Apr 1967 Sir Percy Claude Spender (Australia) (b. 1897 - d. 1985) 9 Apr 1967 - 19 Feb 1970 José Luis Bustamante y Rivero (Peru) (b. 1894 - d. 1989)19 Feb 1970 - 8 Feb 1973 Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan (Pakistan) (b. 1893 - d. 1985) 8 Feb 1973 - 12 Feb 1976 Manfred Lachs (Poland) (b. 1914 - d. 1993)12 Feb 1976 - 23 Feb 1979 Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga (Uruguay) (b. 1918 - d. 1994)23 Feb 1979 - 15 Aug 1981 Sir Humphrey Waldock (U.K.) (b. 1904 - d. 1981)15 Aug 1981 - 14 Feb 1985 Taslim Olawale Elias (Nigeria) (b. 1914 - d. 1991) (acting to 25 Feb 1982)14 Feb 1985 - 24 Feb 1988 Nagendra Singh (India) (b. 1914 - d. 1988)24 Feb 1988 - 7 Feb 1991 José María Ruda (Argentina) (b. 1924 - d. 1994) 7 Feb 1991 - 7 Feb 1994 Sir Robert Y. Jennings (U.K.) (b. 1913 - d. 2004) 7 Feb 1994 - 6 Feb 1997 Mohammed Bedjaoui (Algeria) (b. 1929) 6 Feb 1997 - 7 Feb 2000 Stephen M. Schwebel (U.S.) (b. 1929) 7 Feb 2000 - 6 Feb 2003 Gilbert Guillaume (France) (b. 1930) 6 Feb 2003 - 6 Feb 2006 Shi Jiuyong (China) (b. 1926) 6 Feb 2006 - 6 Feb 2009 Dame Rosalyn Higgins (f) (U.K.) (b. 1937) 6 Feb 2009 - Hisashi Owada (Japan) (b. 1932)

International Criminal Court 1 Jul 2002 International Criminal Court established

Presidents11 Mar 2003 - 11 Mar 2009 Philippe Kirsch (Canada) (b. 1947)11 Mar 2009 - Sang-Hyun Song (South Korea) (b. 1941)

International Criminal Police Organization 1923 International Criminal Police Commission13 Jun 1956 International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)

Secretaries-general 1923 - 1946 Oskar Dressler (Austria [1938-45 Germany]) (secretary to 1932) 1946 - 1951 Louis Ducloux (France) 1951 - 1963 Marcel Sicot (France) 1963 - 1978 Jean Népote (France) 1978 - 1985 André Bossard (France) (b. 1926) 1985 - 2000 Raymond E. Kendall (U.K.) (b. 1933) 2 Nov 2000 - Ronald K. Noble (U.S.) (b. 1956)

Presidents 1923 - 1932 Johann Schober (Austria) (b. 1874 - d. 1932) 1932 - 1934 Franz Brandl (Austria) (b. 1875 - d. 19...) 1934 - 1935 Eugen Seydel (Austria) 1935 - Mar 1938 Michael Skubl (Austria) (b. 1877 - d. 19...) Mar 1938 - 1940 Otto Steinhäusl (Germany) (b. 1879 - d. 1940) 1940 - 1942 Reinhard Heydrich (Germany) (b. 1904 - d. 1942) 1942 - 1943 Arthur Nebe (Germany) (b. 1894 - d. 1945) 1943 - 1945 Ernst Kaltenbrunner (Germany) (b. 1903 - d. 1946) 1946 - 1956 Florent Louwage (Belgium) (b. 1888 - d. 1967) 1956 - 1960 Agostinho Lourenço (Portugal) (b. 1886 - d. 1964) 1960 - 1963 Richard Jackson (U.K.) (b. 1902 - d. 1975) 1963 - 1964 Fjalar Jarva (Finland) 1964 - 1968 Firmin Franssen (Belgium)

1968 - 1972 Paul Dickopf (W. Germany) (b. 1910 - d. 1973) 1972 - 1976 William Leonard Higgitt (Canada) (b. 1917 - d. 1989) 1976 - 1980 Carl Persson (Sweden) (b. 1919) 1980 - 1984 Jolly Bugarin (Philippines) 1984 - 1988 John Simpson (U.S.) 1988 - 1992 Ivan Barbot (France) (b. 1937) 1992 - 1994 Norman Inkster (Canada) (b. 1938) 4 Oct 1994 - 1996 Björn Eriksson (Sweden) (b. 1945) 1996 - 2000 Toshinori Kanemoto (Japan) (b. 1945) 3 Nov 2000 - 8 Oct 2004 Jesús Espigares Mira (Spain) (b. 1946) 8 Oct 2004 - 13 Feb 2008 Jackie Selebi (South Africa) (b. 1950)13 Feb 2008 - 10 Oct 2008 Arturo Herrera Verdugo (Chile) (b. 1951) (acting)10 Oct 2008 - Khoo Boon Hui (Singapore) (b. 1954)

International Labour OrganizationDirectors-general 1919 - 7 May 1932 Albert Thomas (France) (b. 1878 - d. 1932) 1932 - 1939 Harold B. Butler (U.K.) (b. 1883 - d. 1951) 1939 - Feb 1941 John G. Winant (U.S.) (b. 1889 - d. 1947) Feb 1941 - 1948 Edward J. Phelan (Ireland) (b. 1888 - d. 1967) (acting to 16 Sep 1946) 1948 - 1970 David A. Morse (U.S.) (b. 1907 - d. 1990) 1 Jun 1970 - 9 Oct 1973 Wilfred Jenks (U.K.) (b. 1909 - d. 1973)26 Feb 1974 - 27 Feb 1989 Francis Blanchard (France) (b. 1916 - d. 2009)27 Feb 1989 - 4 Mar 1999 Michel Hansenne (Belgium) (b. 1940) 4 Mar 1999 - Juan Somavia (Chile) (b. 1941)

International Maritime Organization 6 Jan 1959 Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization22 May 1982 International Maritime Organization

Secretaries-general13 Jan 1959 - 20 Nov 1961 Ove Nielsen (Denmark) (b. 1893? - d. 1961)20 Nov 1961 - 10 Jan 1963 William Graham (U.K.) (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1981)10 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1967 Jean Roullier (France) 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1973 Colin Goad (U.K.) (b. 1914 - d. 1998)

1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1989 Chandrika Prasad Srivastava (India) (b. 1920) 1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 2003 William A. O'Neil (Canada) (b. 1927) 1 Jan 2004 - Efthimios E. Mitropoulos (Greece) (b. 1939)

International Monetary Fund27 Dec 1945 Articles of Agreement (adopted by the Bretton Woods Conference 22 Jul 1944) become effective 1 Mar 1947 International Monetary Fund begins operations

Managing directors 6 May 1946 - 6 May 1951 Camille Gutt (Belgium) (b. 1884 - d. 1971) 6 May 1951 - 3 Aug 1951 Andrew N. Overby (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1909 - d. 1984) 3 Aug 1951 - 3 Oct 1956 Ivar Rooth (Sweden) (b. 1888 - d. 1972) 3 Oct 1956 - 21 Nov 1956 H. Merle Cochran (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1973)21 Nov 1956 - 5 May 1963 Per Jacobsson (Sweden) (b. 1894 - d. 1963) 5 May 1963 - 1 Sep 1963 Frank A. Southard, Jr. (U.S.) (b. 1907 - d. 1989) (acting) 1 Sep 1963 - 1 Sep 1973 Pierre-Paul Schweitzer (France) (b. 1912 - d. 1994) 1 Sep 1973 - 17 Jun 1978 Johannes Witteveen (Netherlands) (b. 1921)17 Jun 1978 - 16 Jan 1987 Jacques de Larosière (France) (b. 1929)16 Jan 1987 - 14 Feb 2000 Michel Camdessus (France) (b. 1933)14 Feb 2000 - 1 May 2000 Stanley Fischer (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1943) 1 May 2000 - 4 Mar 2004 Horst Köhler (Germany) (b. 1943) 4 Mar 2004 - 4 May 2004 Anne Krueger (f) (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1934) 4 May 2004 - 1 Nov 2007 Rodrigo Rato (Spain) (b. 1949) 1 Nov 2007 - Dominique Strauss-Kahn (France) (b. 1949)

IMF membership

27 Dec 1945

Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia1, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iraq, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland2, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia3

28 Dec 1945 Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay29 Dec 1945 Iran31 Dec 1945 Chile, Mexico, Peru 8 Jan 1946 Costa Rica14 Jan 1946 Brazil11 Mar 1946 Uruguay

14 Mar 1946 Cuba4, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama30 Mar 1946 Denmark30 Dec 1946 Venezuela11 Mar 1947 Turkey27 Mar 1947 Italy10 Apr 1947 Syria14 Apr 1947 Lebanon 5 Aug 1947 Australia14 Jan 1948 Finland27 Aug 1948 Austria 3 May 1949 Thailand11 Jul 1950 Pakistan29 Aug 1950 Ceylon5

31 Aug 1951 Sweden 3 Jan 1952 Burma6

13 Aug 1952 Japan14 Aug 1952 Federal Republic of Germany29 Aug 1952 Jordan 8 Sep 1953 Haiti12 Jul 1954 Israel14 Jul 1955 Afghanistan26 Aug 1955 South Korea20 Sep 1956 Argentina21 Sep 1956 Vietnam 8 Aug 1957 Ireland26 Aug 1957 Saudi Arabia 5 Sep 1957 The Sudan20 Sep 1957 Ghana 7 Mar 1958 Malaysia14 Apr 1958 Tunisia25 Apr 1958 Morocco15 Sep 1958 Spain17 Sep 1958 Libya29 Mar 1961 Portugal30 Mar 1961 Nigeria

 5 Jul 1961 Laos31 Aug 1961 New Zealand 6 Sep 1961 Nepal21 Dec 1961 Cyprus28 Mar 1962 Liberia 1 Aug 1962 Togo31 Aug 1962 Senegal, Somalia10 Sep 1962 Sierra Leone, Tanzania13 Sep 1962 Kuwait21 Feb 1963 Jamaica11 Mar 1963 Ivory Coast7

24 Apr 1963 Niger 2 May 1963 Upper Volta8

10 Jul 1963 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey9

10 Sep 1963 Gabon, Mauritania16 Sep 1963 Trinidad and Tobago25 Sep 1963 Madagascar26 Sep 1963 Algeria27 Sep 1963 Mali, Uganda28 Sep 1963 Burundi, Congo (Kinshasa), Guinea30 Sep 1963 Rwanda 3 Feb 1964 Kenya19 Jul 1965 Malawi23 Sep 1965 Zambia 3 Aug 1966 Singapore26 Sep 1966 Guyana21 Feb 1967 Indonesia21 Sep 1967 The Gambia24 Jul 1968 Botswana25 Jul 1968 Lesotho11 Sep 1968 Malta23 Sep 1968 Mauritius22 Sep 1969 Swaziland22 Dec 1969 Equatorial Guinea31 Dec 1969 Cambodia

29 Dec 1970 Barbados28 May 1971 Fiji23 Dec 1971 Oman28 Dec 1971 Western Samoa10

17 Aug 1972 Bangladesh 7 Sep 1972 Bahrain 8 Sep 1972 Qatar22 Sep 1972 United Arab Emirates15 Dec 1972 Romania21 Aug 1973 The Bahamas27 Aug 1975 Grenada 9 Oct 1975 Papua New Guinea21 Sep 1976 Comoros24 Mar 1977 Guinea-Bissau30 Jun 1977 Seychelles30 Sep 1977 São Tomé and Príncipe13 Jan 1978 Maldives27 Apr 1978 Suriname22 Sep 1978 Solomon Islands20 Nov 1978 Cape Verde12 Dec 1978 Dominica29 Dec 1978 Djibouti15 Nov 1979 Saint Lucia28 Dec 1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines29 Sep 1980 Zimbabwe28 Sep 1981 Bhutan, Vanuatu25 Feb 1982 Antigua and Barbuda16 Mar 1982 Belize 6 May 1982 Hungary15 Aug 1984 Saint Kitts and Nevis24 Sep 1984 Mozambique13 Sep 1985 Tonga 3 Jun 1986 Kiribati19 Sep 1989 Angola22 May 1990 Yemen

25 Sep 1990 Bulgaria, Namibia14 Feb 1991 Mongolia15 Oct 1991 Albania29 Apr 1992 Lithuania 5 May 1992 Georgia 8 May 1992 Kyrgyzstan19 May 1992 Latvia21 May 1992 Marshall Islands26 May 1992 Estonia28 May 1992 Armenia29 May 1992 Switzerland 1 Jun 1992 Russia10 Jul 1992 Belarus15 Jul 1992 Kazakhstan12 Aug 1992 Moldova 3 Sep 1992 Ukraine18 Sep 1992 Azerbaijan21 Sep 1992 Uzbekistan22 Sep 1992 Turkmenistan23 Sep 1992 San Marino14 Dec 1992 Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia27 Apr 1993 Tajikistan24 Jun 1993 Federated States of Micronesia 6 Jul 1994 Eritrea10 Oct 1995 Brunei17 Dec 1997 Palau18 Jan 2007 Montenegro29 Jun 2009 Kosovo24 Jun 2010 Tuvalu1Withdrew 31 Dec 1954; rejoined 20 Sep 1990; from 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. 2Withdrew 14 Mar 1950; rejoined 12 Jun 1986. 3Expelled 14 Dec 1992; readmitted 20 Dec 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 4Withdrew 2 Apr 1964. 5From 1972 Sri Lanka. 6From 1989 Myanmar. 7From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 8From 1984 Burkina Faso. 9From 1975 Benin. 10From 1997 Samoa.

International Olympic CommitteePresidents23 Jun 1894 - 8 Apr 1896 Dimitrios Vikelas (Greece) (b. 1835 - d. 1908) 8 Apr 1896 - 1916 Pierre, baron de Coubertin (France) (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1937) 1916 - 1919 Godefroy de Blonay (Switzerland) (b. 1869 - d. 1937) (interim) 1919 - 1 Sep 1925 Pierre, baron de Coubertin (France) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Sep 1925 - 6 Jan 1942 Henri, comte de Baillet-Latour (Belgium) (b. 1876 - d. 1942) 6 Jan 1942 - 14 Aug 1952 J. Sigfrid Edström (Sweden) (b. 1870 - d. 1964) (acting to 4 Sep 1946)14 Aug 1952 - 12 Sep 1972 Avery Brundage (U.S.) (b. 1887 - d. 1975)12 Sep 1972 - 4 Aug 1980 Michael Morris, Baron Killanin (Ireland) (b. 1914 - d. 1999) 4 Aug 1980 - 20 Jul 2001 Juan Antonio Samaranch (Spain) (b. 1920 - d. 2010)20 Jul 2001 - Jacques Rogge (from 21 Oct 2003, Jacques, graaf Rogge) (Belgium) (b. 1942)

International Telecommunication Union17 May 1865 International Telegraph Union 1 Jan 1934 International Telecommunication Union

Directors 1 Jan 1869 - 24 May 1872 Louis Curchod (Switzerland) (1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1889)24 May 1872 - 12 Jan 1873 Karl Lendi (Switzerland) (b. 1825 - d. 1873)23 Feb 1873 - 18 Oct 1889 Louis Curchod (Switzerland) (2nd time) (s.a.)25 Feb 1890 - 28 Jun 1890 August Frey (Switzerland) (b. 1831 - d. 1890)25 Nov 1890 - 11 Feb 1897 Timotheus Rothen (Switzerland) (b. 1830 - d. 1897)11 Mar 1897 - 1 Aug 1921 Emil Frey (Switzerland) (b. 1838 - d. 1922) 2 Aug 1921 - 16 Dec 1927 Henri Étienne (Switzerland) (b. 1862 - d. 1927) 1 Feb 1928 - 30 Oct 1934 Joseph Räber (Switzerland) (b. 1872 - d. 1934)

1 Jan 1935 - 31 Dec 1949 Franz von Ernst (Switzerland) (b. 1879 - d. 1957)Secretaries-general 1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1953 Léon Mulatier (France) (b. 1887 - d. 19...) 1 Jan 1954 - 18 Jun 1958 Marco Aurelio Andrada (Argentina) 1 Jan 1960 - 29 Oct 1965 Gerald C. Gross (U.S.)30 Oct 1965 - 19 Feb 1967 Manohar Balaji Sarwate (India)20 Feb 1967 - 31 Dec 1982 Mohamed Ezzedine Mili (Tunisia) (b. 1917) 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Oct 1989 Richard E. Butler (Australia) (b. 1926) 1 Nov 1989 - 31 Jan 1999 Pekka Tarjanne (Finland) (b. 1937) 1 Feb 1999 - 31 Dec 2006 Yoshio Utsumi (Japan) (b. 1942) 1 Jan 2007 - Hamadoun Touré (Mali) (b. 1953)

League of Nations18 Apr 1946 League of Nations dissolved

Secretaries-general10 Jan 1920 - 3 Jul 1933 Sir James Eric Drummond (U.K.) (b. 1876 - d. 1951) 3 Jul 1933 - 31 Aug 1940 Joseph Avenol (France) (b. 1879 - d. 1952)31 Aug 1940 - 18 Apr 1946 Seán Lester (Ireland) (b. 1888 - d. 1959)

League of Nations membership

10 Jan 1920

Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil1, Canada, Chile2, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, El Salvador3, France, Greece, Guatemala4, Haiti5, Honduras6, India, Iran, Italy7, Japan8, Liberia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua9, Norway, Panama, Paraguay10, Peru11, Poland, Portugal, Romania12, Siam13, South Africa, Spain14, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela15, Yugoslavia

15 Dec 1920 Austria16

16 Dec 1920 Bulgaria, Costa Rica17, Finland, Luxembourg17 Dec 1920 Albania18

22 Sep 1921 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania18 Sep 1922 Hungary19

10 Sep 1923 Ireland28 Sep 1923 Ethiopia29 Sep 1924 Dominican Republic 8 Sep 1926 Germany20

23 Sep 1931 Mexico18 Jul 1932 Turkey

 3 Oct 1932 Iraq18 Sep 1934 Soviet Union21

27 Sep 1934 Afghanistan28 Sep 1934 Ecuador26 May 1937 Egypt1Withdrew 14 Jun 1926. 2Withdrew 14 May 1938. 3Withdrew 11 Aug 1937. 4Withdrew 26 May 1936. 5Withdrew 8 Apr 1942. 6Withdrew 10 Jul 1936. 7Withdrew 11 Dec 1937. 8Withdrew 27 Mar 1933. 9Withdrew 27 Jun 1936. 10Withdrew 23 Feb 1935. 11Withdrew 8 Apr 1939. 12Withdrew 11 Jul 1940. 13From 1939 Thailand. 14Withdrew 9 May 1939. 15Withdrew 12 Jul 1938. 16Annexed by Germany 13 Mar 1938. 17Withdrew 22 Jan 1925. 18Withdrew 14 Apr 1939. 19Withdrew 11 Apr 1939. 20Withdrew 21 Oct 1933. 21Expelled 14 Dec 1939.Note: The Covenant of the League of Nations provided that "Any Member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention so to do, withdraw from the League"; the withdrawal dates given here are the dates such notice was given, though formally the withdrawals became effective only two years later.

Nordic Council12 Feb 1953 Nordic Council inaugurated

Secretaries-general Jul 1971 - Jun 1973 Emil Vindsetmo (Norway) Dec 1973 - Aug 1977 Helge Seip (Norway) (b. 1919 - d. 2004) Aug 1977 - Aug 1982 Gudmund Saxrud (Norway) Sep 1982 - Jan 1987 Ilkka-Christian Björklund (Finland) (b. 1947) Feb 1987 - Dec 1989 Gerhard af Schultén (Finland) Jan 1990 - Aug 1994 Jostein Osnes (Norway) Sep 1994 - Jul 1996 Anders Wenström (Sweden) (b. 1946) Aug 1996 - Apr 1999 Berglind Ásgeirsdóttir (f) (Iceland) Sep 1999 - Jul 2007 Frida Nokken (f) (Norway) (b. 1948) Aug 2007 - Jan-Erik Enestam (Finland) (b. 1947)

Presidents12 Feb 1953 - 31 Dec 1953 Hans Hedtoft (Denmark) (b. 1903 - d. 1955) 1 Jan 1954 - 31 Dec 1954 Einar Henry Gerhardsen (Norway) (b. 1897 - d. 1987) 1 Jan 1955 - 31 Dec 1955 Nils Herlitz (Sweden) (b. 1888 - d. 1978) 1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956 Erik Eriksen (Denmark) (1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1972) 1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957 Lennart Heljas (Finland) (b. 1896 - d. 1972) 1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1958 Nils Hønsvald (Norway) (1st time) (b. 1899 - d. 1971)

1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959 Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) (1st time) (b. 1899 - d. 1979) 1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960 Gísli Jónsson (Iceland) (b. 1889 - d. 1970) 1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961 Erik Eriksen (Denmark) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962 Karl August Fagerholm (Finland) (b. 1901 - d. 1984) 1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Nils Hønsvald (Norway) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1964 Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1965 Sigurdur Bjarnason (Iceland) (b. 1915) 1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966 Harald Nielsen (Denmark) 1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967 Eino Sirén (Finland) (b. 1909 - d. 1981) 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968 Svenn Thorkild Stray (Norway) (b. 1922) 1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969 Leif Cassel (Sweden) (b. 1906 - d. 1988) 1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970 Matthías Á. Mathiesen (Iceland) (1st time) (b. 1931) 1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971 Jens Otto Krag (Denmark) (b. 1914 - d. 1978) 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972 Vieno Johannes Sukselainen (Finland) (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1995) 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973 Kåre Willoch (Norway) (b. 1928) 1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974 Johannes Antonsson (Sweden) (b. 1921 - d. 1995) 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1975 Ragnhildur Helgadóttir (f) (Iceland) (b. 1930) 1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1976 Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (1st time) (b. 1929) 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977 Vieno Johannes Sukselainen (Finland) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1978 Trygve Bratteli (Norway) (b. 1910 - d. 1984) 1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1979 Olof Palme (Sweden) (b. 1927 - d. 1986) 1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1980 Matthías Á. Mathiesen (Iceland) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981 Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982 Elsi Hetemäki-Olander (f) (Finland) (1st time) (b. 1927) 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983 Jo Benkow (Norway) (b. 1924) 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1984 Karin Söder (f) (Sweden) (1st time) (b. 1928) 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1985 Páll Pétursson (Iceland) (1st time) (b. 1937) 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986 Anker Jørgensen (Denmark) (1st time) (b. 1922) 1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1987 Elsi Hetemäki-Olander (f) (Finland) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1988 Jan Peder Syse (Norway) (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 1997) 1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 Karin Söder (f) (Sweden) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990 Páll Pétursson (Iceland) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Anker Jørgensen (Denmark) (2nd time) (s.a.)

1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Ilkka Suominen (Finland) (b. 1939) 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Jan Peder Syse (Norway) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1994 - Sep 1994 Sten Andersson (Sweden) (b. 1923 - d. 2006) Sep 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Per Olof Håkansson (Sweden) 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Geir H. Haarde (Iceland) (b. 1951) 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (3rd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Olof Salmén (Finland) (b. 1927) 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Berit Brørby Larsen (f) (Norway) (b. 1950) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Gun Hellsvik (f) (Sweden) (b. 1942) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Sigridur Anna Thórdardóttir (f) (Iceland) (b. 1946) 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Svend Erik Hovmand (Denmark) (b. 1945) 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Outi Ojala (Finland) (b. 1946) 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Inge Lønning (Norway) (b. 1938) 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Gabriel Romanus (Sweden) (b. 1939) 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Rannveig Gudmundsdóttir (f) (Iceland) (b. 1940) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Ole Stavad (Denmark) (b. 1949) 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Dagfinn Høybråten (Norway) (b. 1957) 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Erkki Tuomioja (Finland) (b. 1946) 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Sinikka Bohlin (f) (Sweden) (b. 1947) 1 Jan 2010 - Helgi Hjörvar (Iceland) (b. 1967)

Nordic Council membership

12 Feb 1953 Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden27 Jan 1956 Finland

North Atlantic Treaty Organization24 Aug 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization established

Secretaries-general 4 Apr 1952 - 16 May 1957 Hastings Ismay, Baron Ismay (U.K.) (b. 1887 - d. 1965)16 May 1957 - 4 Mar 1961 Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium) (b. 1899 - d. 1972) 4 Mar 1961 - 21 Apr 1961 Alberico Casardi (Italy) (acting)21 Apr 1961 - 1 Aug 1964 Dirk Uipko Stikker (Neth.) (b. 1897 - d. 1979) 1 Aug 1964 - 1 Oct 1971 Manlio Brosio (Italy) (b. 1897 - d. 1980) 1 Oct 1971 - 25 Jun 1984 Joseph Luns (Neth.) (b. 1911 - d. 2002)25 Jun 1984 - 1 Jul 1988 Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, Baron Carrington (U.K.) (b. 1919) 1 Jul 1988 - 13 Aug 1994 Manfred Wörner (Germany) (b. 1934 - d. 1994)13 Aug 1994 - 17 Oct 1994 Sergio Balanzino (Italy) (1st time) (acting) (b. 1934)17 Oct 1994 - 20 Oct 1995 Willy Claes (Belgium) (b. 1938)

20 Oct 1995 - 5 Dec 1995 Sergio Balanzino (Italy) (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 5 Dec 1995 - 6 Oct 1999 Javier Solana Madariaga (Spain) (b. 1942)14 Oct 1999 - 17 Dec 2003 George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen (U.K.) (b. 1946)17 Dec 2003 - 5 Jan 2004 Alessandro Minuto Rizzo (Italy) (b. 1940) (acting) 5 Jan 2004 - 1 Aug 2009 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (Neth.) (b. 1948) 1 Aug 2009 - Anders Fogh Rasmussen (Denmark) (b. 1953)

Supreme Allied Commanders Europe (SACEUR) (all from U.S.) 2 Apr 1951 - 30 May 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower (b. 1890 - d. 1969)30 May 1952 - 11 Jul 1953 Matthew B. Ridgway (b. 1895 - d. 1993)11 Jul 1953 - 20 Nov 1956 Alfred M. Gruenther (b. 1899 - d. 1983)20 Nov 1956 - 1 Jan 1963 Lauris Norstad (b. 1907 - d. 1988) 1 Jan 1963 - 1 Jul 1969 Lyman L. Lemnitzer (b. 1899 - d. 1988) 1 Jul 1969 - 15 Dec 1974 Andrew J. Goodpaster (b. 1915 - d. 2005)15 Dec 1974 - 1 Jul 1979 Alexander Haig (b. 1924 - d. 2010) 1 Jul 1979 - 26 Jun 1987 Bernard W. Rogers (b. 1921 - d. 2008)26 Jun 1987 - 23 Jun 1992 John Galvin (b. 1929)23 Jun 1992 - 22 Oct 1993 John Shalikashvili (b. 1936)22 Oct 1993 - 11 Jul 1997 George A. Joulwan (b. 1939)11 Jul 1997 - 3 May 2000 Wesley K. Clark (b. 1944) 3 May 2000 - 17 Jan 2003 Joseph W. Ralston (b. 1943)17 Jan 2003 - 7 Dec 2006 James L. Jones (b. 1943) 7 Dec 2006 - 2 Jul 2009 Bantz J. Craddock (b. 1949) 2 Jul 2009 - James G. Stavridis (b. 1955)

NATO membership

24 Aug 1949 Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France1, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States

18 Feb 1952 Greece2, Turkey 9 May 1955 Federal Republic of Germany30 May 1982 Spain12 Mar 1999 Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland29 Mar 2004 Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia 1 Apr 2009 Albania, Croatia1Withdrew from integrated military structure 1 Jul 1966; rejoined 3 Apr 2009. 2Withdrew from integrated military structure 14 Aug 1974; rejoined 20 Oct 1980.