international atomic energy agency ix.4.6. management of disused sealed sources technical options...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
IX.4.6.IX.4.6.Management ofManagement of
disused sealed sourcesdisused sealed sources
Technical options and safety aspects
![Page 2: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
ScopeScope
• Introduction
• Integrated source management strategy
• Categorization of disused sources
• Conditioning and packaging of disused sources
• Storage of disused sources
• Disposal of disused sources
• Conclusions
![Page 3: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
IntroductionIntroduction
• Disused sealed radiation sourceA source permanently sealed in a capsule, or closely bonded and in a solid form, emitting ionizing radiation and that is no longer in use or intended to be used
• In use since 1901; until 1940 limited to radium used in medicine thus resulting in widespread storage of radium needles
• Today, widely used in medicine, industry, agricultural, research and consumer products
• Physically small, but contain high concentrations of radionuclides• Require heavily shielded containers for safe use, transport and
storage
• Give rise to serious safety problems if not managed properly
![Page 4: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Introduction Introduction
• Poor management practices resulted in disused sources being stored in unsatisfactory conditions or no longer under regulatory control.
• Deliberate and malicious acts involving disused sources• Cs-137 container placed in Moscow park (1995) by terrorists
• Lithuania - persons arrested with Cs-137 in their possession (Vilnius, 2002)
• Accidents involving abandoned, lost or stolen gamma-radiation sources• Cobalt-60 in Juarez, Mexico, 1983
• Cesium-137 in Goiania, Brazil, 1987
• Others include accidents• Morocco (eight fatalilities)
• Shanxi Province in China (54 injured, 4 fatalities)
![Page 5: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Activity ranges of radiation sources
Miscellaneous waste containing DSRS
![Page 6: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Sr-90 radioactive sourcerecovered in the Rep. of Georgia Sources used in mobile caesium
irradiators in the former Soviet Union
Miscellaneous waste containing DSRS
![Page 7: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
The MessageThe Message
Clearly, an integrated strategy for lifecycle management of disused sealed radiation sources is needed.
![Page 8: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Disused source
Characterising(potential use)
Non-usable source Usable source
Leaking source Non-leaking source
Packaging
Characterising(nuclide, half-life)
Return tosupplier
Transfer to another user
Potential use
Very short-lived Short-lived Long-lived
Clearancelevelsmet?
Decay storage
Transportation
LandfillDisposal?
Conditioning Conditioning
Long-terminterim storage
Transportation Transportation
Near-SurfaceDisposal?
GeologicalDisposal?
DS-160, Integrated SourceDS-160, Integrated SourceManagement StrategyManagement Strategy
• Establish a national inventory• Locate and transport disused sources to storage facilities TECDOC-804
• Characterize the sources and categorize them for storage TECDOC-1344
• Conditioning and packaging of sources for storage and/or disposal TECDOC-886
• Disposal of conditioned disused sources Draft TECDOC• Security of Sources, TECDOC-1355
• Code of Conduct
![Page 9: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Categorization of disused sources (1)Categorization of disused sources (1)
• IAEA TECDOC 1344 (Categorization of radioactive sources)• To provide a simple, logical system for ranking radioactive sources
• Their potential to cause harm to human health
• Group practices in which sources are used into discrete categories
• To provide a fundamental and internationally harmonized basis for risk-informed decision making
• Used as an input to activities relating to the safety and security of radioactive sources
• Develop or refine (inter)national safety standards
• Develop or refine national regulatory infrastructures to meet the State’s requirements
• Optimize decisions about priorities for regulation within resource constraints
• Optimize security measures for radioactive sources, including potential malicious use
• Emergency planning and response
• Develop national strategies for improving control over radioactive sources
• Each category contains a mixture of radionuclides, half-lives
![Page 10: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Storage of disused sources Storage of disused sources (1)(1)
Issues to consider• For many countries, it is the only option available
• Storage conditions not always satisfactory
• Most sources remain in storage pending the availability of a suitable disposal option
• Adequate final management option for sources containing short-lived radionuclides
• Centralized storage facility for a country/region
• Various options can be used as storage facilities• Shipping container
• Corrugated iron shed
• Below surface (basements)
• Boreholes
• Record keeping and radiation protection principles essential
![Page 11: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Storage of disused sources (2)Storage of disused sources (2)
![Page 12: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Storage of disused sources (3)Storage of disused sources (3)
![Page 13: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Storage of disused sources (4)Storage of disused sources (4)
![Page 14: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Storage of disused sources (5)Storage of disused sources (5)
![Page 15: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Storage of disused sources (6)Storage of disused sources (6)
![Page 16: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Storage of disused sources (7)Storage of disused sources (7)
![Page 17: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Disposal of disused sources (1)Disposal of disused sources (1)
Issues to consider• Specific activity of many disused sources exceed the waste acceptance
criteria for near-surface disposal facilities for low- and intermediate level waste
• Constitute high, localized concentrations (hot spots), resulting in unacceptable risk during human intrusion conditions
• Reasonable assurance of compliance with safety requirements not always adequately demonstrated in cases where it has been implemented
• Assumed institutional control not always the answer
• Disposal facilities providing higher levels of isolation is required
• Geological disposal is a possibility, but may not be available to many
• Countries lack an infrastructure for long-term waste management
• Borehole disposal of disused sealed radioactive sources
![Page 18: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Disposal of disused sources (3)Disposal of disused sources (3)
![Page 19: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Disposal of disused sources (4)Disposal of disused sources (4)
![Page 20: International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.6. Management of disused sealed sources Technical options and safety aspects](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef25503460f94c034dc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
International Atomic Energy Agency
Disposal of disused sources (5)Disposal of disused sources (5)