GREEN BUILDING AndInternational Rating sytems:

Dennis Patel

Defining Sustainability:

United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development

“Development that meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

GREEN BUILDING

Refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout a building’s life cycle : from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.

Green building – also known as sustainable or high performance building increases the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use and harvest energy, water, and materials.

GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT

The ‘GREEN BUILDING’ concept is gaining importance in various countries, including India. These are buildings that ensure waste is minimized at every stage during the construction and operation of the building, resulting in low costs, according to experts in technology.

A Green building is a structure that is environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout it’s life cycle.

OBJECTIVE

Green building are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by :

Efficiently using energy, water and other resources.

Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity.

Reducing waste, pollution and environment degradation.

Goals of green building

Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.

Fundamental principles :   Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction

Structure design efficiency The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the

concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.

Energy efficiency

To reduce operating energy use, high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.

Water efficiency

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

Materials efficiency

Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources. Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product. Depending upon project-specific goals, an assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of one or more of the criteria listed below.

Green building material/product selection criteria : Resource efficiency  Indoor air quality   Energy efficiency  Water conservation   Affordability

Resource Efficiency

Recycled Content: Products with identifiable recycled content, including postindustrial content with a preference for post consumer content.

Resource efficient manufacturing process: Products manufactured with resource-efficient processes including reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste (recycled, recyclable and or source reduced product packaging), and reducing greenhouse gases.

Locally available: Building materials, components, and systems found locally or regionally saving energy and resources in transportation to the project site.

Durable: Materials that are longer lasting or are comparable to conventional products with long life expectancies.

Indoor environmental quality enhancement

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds , or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally- or mechanically-powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies.

Low or non-toxic: Materials that emit few or no carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, or irritants as demonstrated by the manufacturer through appropriate testing.

Moisture resistant: Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit the growth of biological contaminants in buildings.

Systems or equipment: Products that promote healthy IAQ by identifying indoor air pollutants or enhancing the air quality.

Operations and maintenance optimization

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly.. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place

Waste reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and

materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings .During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.

To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits.

HOW TO MAKE GREEN HOMES

Cost and payoff The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally

friendly buildings is the price. Photo-voltaics, new appliances, and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10 times as much over the entire life of the building. The stigma is between the knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle cost. The savings in money come from more efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy bills. It is projected that different sectors could save $130 Billion on energy bills. Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost deductions.

Studies have shown over a 20 year life period, some green buildings have yielded $53 to $71 per square foot back on investment. Confirming the rentability of green building investments, further studies of the commercial real estate market have found that LEED and Energy Star certified buildings achieve significantly higher rents, sale prices and occupancy rates as well as lower capitalization rates potentially reflecting lower investment risk.

Regulation and operation

The Indian building industry is highly de-centralized with people and/ or groups engaged in design, construction, equipment provision, installation, and renovation working together. Each group may be organized to some extent, but there is limited interaction among the groups, thus disabling the integrated green design and application process.

Hence, it is very important to define and quantify sustainable building practices and their benefits. It is also important to separate the role of different participants in ensuring that the building consumes minimal resources over its entire life cycle and leaves behind a minimal environmental footprint.

Indian Green Building Council The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), was formed in the

year 2001 by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). The vision of the council is to usher in a green building movement in India and facilitate India to become one of the global leaders in green buildings by 2015.

With a modest beginning of 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m2). green built-up area in the country in the year 2003, today more than 1053 green buildings ( as on April 2011) with a built-up area of over 648,000,000 sq ft (60,200,000 m2). are being constructed all over India, of which 147 green buildings are certified and fully functional

LEED India for New Construction LEED India for Core and Shell IGBC Green Homes IGBC Green Factory Building IGBC Green SEZ IGBC Green Townships

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat  Assessment

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

GRIHA has been developed after a thorough study and understanding of the current internationally accepted green building rating systems and the prevailing building practices in India. The team has researched on several international rating systems. A few team members were also sponsored under a study tour by USAEP (United States Asia Environmental Partnership) to understand the eco-rating systems prevalent in the US. The team has vast experience in providing design assistance to green buildings in the country and long and varied experience in carrying out energy conservation studies in existing hotels, offices, and other commercial building. The team has effectively utilized the several multi-disciplinary strengths and experiences of the colleagues at TERI to arrive at the tools that addresses cross-cutting issues in the design, development, and operation of a green building.

Suzlon Energy Limited - PuneSeveral accolades continue to shower upon Suzlon’s global headquarter in Pune - “One Earth” - ever since the facility has been LEED ‘Platinum’ rated and certified as an eco-friendly building by the Green Building Council. Built to perfection on an area of 41,000 square meters (10.13 acres), One Earth can be counted as among the largest green building projects in India and is living proof that our world can be replenished with a little green effort, everyday.

Biodiversity Conservation India Ltd (BCIL) - BangaloreAs a green builder who strives for the conservation of diversity in vegetation, forests, culture and urban lifestyles, BCIL has created some of the most energy-efficient residential homes India has ever set eyes upon. The company’s TZed homes in Whitefield, Bangalore has been certified as the first residential apartment in the world to be rated ‘Platinum’ under LEED. TZed, which means “Towards Zero Energy Development” is a 2,49,000 sq.ft. green project spread across 5.5 acres and is designed to reduce lighting and energy by nearly 70 per cent.

No home at BCIL TZed Homes uses incandescent lamps, halogens and fluorescent tubelights

ITC Green Centre - GurgaonRenowned as one of the early adopters of the green building movement in India, the ITC Green Centre is still considered a benchmark for green buildings. It was the first 'Platinum' rated building in India and has endeavored to adopt green practices that go beyond recycled waste and day-lit offices. Within a built-in area of 180,000 sq.ft., the building features alternative transportation facilities, storm water management system, solar thermal technology, reflective high-albedo roof paint, minimal exterior lighting, separate smoking rooms with exhaust system and zero-water discharge

More than 10% of the building materials are refurbished from other sites and 40% are from within 500 miles of the project site

The Druk White Lotus School - LadakhIn this desert landscape of severe climatic conditions, 3,500 meters above sea level, was born a modest school that is adjudged as an outstanding example of sustainable, green, cost effective building development. This multi-award winning structure is the recipient of the Best Asian Building, Best Education Building and Best Green Building awards. It combines the best of traditional Ladakhi architecture with 21st century engineering excellence and is built with traditional materials such as locally excavated stone, mud bricks, timber and grass.

Traditional mud brick masonry is used internally to provide increased thermal performance and durability

La Cuisine Solaire - Auroville One of the most

innovative green buildings in the country is the solar kitchen at Auroville that best demonstrates the use of solar energy to produce steam. This 1700 sq. m. kitchen is named thus because of the huge 15 diameter solar bowl that has been fixed at the top of the structure to harvest solar energy. On a clear day, this green structure can generate enough steam at a temperature of 150°C that can be used to cook meals for 1000 people, three times a day.

This building puts to use appropriate technologoes and passive solar concepts to achieve energy-efficiency

Doon School - Dehradun

Authorities can rightfully claim that this establishment is one of India's first green school campuses that opted for recycling measures and successfully achieved cent per cent self-sufficiency in energy, water and organic fertilizer. Several old building blocks that were part of the 69 acre school were redesigned and solar thermal systems, waste management processes as well as biomass gasification systems were introduced as part of its green initiatives.

Doon school drastically reduced the need for artificial heating/cooling air conditioning through solar thermal systems and cross-ventilation

Raintree Hotels - Chennai

Here is an eco-sensitive hotel for the eco-savvy traveler. The entire chain of Raintree business hotels across Chennai city are the first eco-sensitive hotels in South India. Everything about this hospitality range is green: right from the rubber wood, bamboo and medium-density fiber used for construction down to the Portland Pozzalana cement containing 15 to 20 per cent fly ash. The George Fisher concealed cistern installed at the hotel controls the water used in toilet flushes and the sewage treatment plant recycles water for use in air conditioners.

Setting new standards of environmental responsibility without compromising on guest experience

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad India’s first Greenfield airport is undeniably among the top 10 green buildings in India and the first airport in Asia to be awarded the LEED ‘Silver’ rating certification by US Green Building Council. Featuring 100,005 sq. m. of glass encased terminal, this green building ensures optimal use of natural light and minimal wastage of electricity or energy consumption. Yet another of its green features includes the recycling of treated wastewater for landscaping, air conditioning and flushing requirements.

This greenfield airport has been built at a cost of Rs 2,478 crore

Patni Knowledge Centre* Climate responsive architecture* Over 50% green area* 75% of the area receives natural daylight* 95% of the occupants get access to outside views* Zero discharge building; 100% recycling of sewage* Drip water irrigation and solar water heating* Interior materials with low volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions* Healthy air quality with CO2 sensors for adding fresh air on demand* Maximum use of eco-friendly recyclable material.

 Set up with an investment of Rs.. 175 crores, this Green IT-BPO centre is spread over 5 acres of land and seats over 3,500 people.

Nokia - Gurgaon

Among India’s most sustainable buildings is the corporate office of Nokia in Gurgaon which has been granted accreditation as one of the world’s leading green buildings by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). This is the first time that a commercial interior fit-out project in India is being awarded the Green Building Award and prestigious LEED ‘Gold’ rating. What makes this green office stand out from the rest is its smart lighting and ventilation systems, high-efficiency chillers, high-performance double glazing, heat recovery wheel, green guard certified furniture and online CO2 monitoring system.

SOME IMAGES OF GREEN BUILDINGS

LEED – The System

- LEED was a step in the right direction- Created a national

standard, providing reliable information, a rigorous rating system, and a checklist for going green

- However, there are serious problems

LEED project certification - provides independent, third-party verification that a building project meets the highest green building and performance measures

United States Green Building Council (USGBC) issued a set of guidelines in 2000

LEED Professional Accreditation - building professionals with the knowledge and skills to successfully steward the LEED certification process

Sustainable Building and Construction Initiative (SBCI) was launched by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in February 2006

Buildings In the United States alone, buildings account for:

65% of electricity consumption 36% of energy use 39% of greenhouse gas emissions 30% of raw materials use 30% of waste output (136 million tons annually) 12% of potable water consumption

Buildings are one of the heaviest consumers of natural resources

Factors that are expediting the growth of green building: Unprecedented level of government initiatives Heightened residential demand for green construction Improvements in sustainable materials

Green Building by the Numbers

The value of green building construction is expected to exceed $12 billion in 2008 and is projected to increase to $60 billion by 2010.

The construction market accounts for 14.2% of the $10 trillion U.S. GDP

The construction market involves a workforce of 120 million people

The three largest segments for nonresidential green building construction (office, education and health care) will account for more than 80% of total nonresidential green construction in 2008.

Benefits of Green Building Environmental

benefits: Enhance and protect

ecosystems and biodiversity

Improve air and water quality

Reduce solid waste

Conserve natural resources

Benefits of Green Building Economic benefits:

Reduce operating costs

Enhance asset value and profits

Improve employee productivity and satisfaction

Optimize life-cycle economic performance

Benefits of Green Building Health and community

benefits: Improve air, thermal, and

acoustic environments

Enhance occupant comfort and health

Minimize strain on local infrastructure

Contribute to overall quality of life

What will green cost? The most common reason for not incorporating green

elements into building designs is the increase in first cost

Reasonable levels of sustainable design can be incorporated into most building types at little or no additional cost.

Sustainable materials and systems are becoming more affordable, sustainable design elements are becoming widely accepted in the mainstream of project design, and building owners and tenants are beginning to demand and value those features.

However, advanced or innovative sustainable features can add significantly to the cost of a project and must be valued independently to ensure that they are cost- and/or environmentally effective.

What will green cost? The cost for incorporating sustainable design

elements will depend greatly on a wide range of factors, including building type, project location, local climate, site conditions, and the familiarity of the project team with sustainable design. In most cases, these factors have a relatively

small but still noticeable impact on the overall cost of sustainability.

Cumulatively, however, they can make quite a difference

There can be no single answer to the question, but it is easier to answer the question “What will green cost me on my project?”

LEED for Homes LEED for Homes Checklist 8 categories:

Innovation and Design Process (ID)

Location and Linkages (LL) Sustainable Sites (SS) Water Efficiency (WE) Energy and Atmosphere (EA) Materials and Resources (MR) Indoor Environmental Air Quality

(EQ) Awareness and Education (AE)

Rating: Certified: 45-59 Silver: 60-74 Gold: 75-89 Platinum: 90-136

Initiative for Affordable Housing

LEED for New Construction

LEED-NC Rating System is designed to guide and distinguish high-performance commercial and institutional projects

Includes office buildings, high-rise residential buildings, government buildings, recreational facilities, manufacturing plants, and laboratories

Rating: Certified: 26-32 points Silver: 33-38 points Gold: 39-51 points Platinum: 52-69 points

LEED-New Construction (NC) buildings are delivering anticipated energy savings

LEED energy use is 25-30% better than the national average

LEED for Existing Buildings The LEED for Existing Buildings Rating System helps building owners and operators measure operations, improvements and maintenance on a consistent scale, with the goal of maximizing operational efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts

• Addresses whole-building cleaning and maintenance issues (including chemical use), recycling programs, exterior maintenance programs, and systems upgrades

• It can be applied both to existing buildings seeking LEED certification for the first time and to projects previously certified under LEED for New Construction or Core & Shell

LEED for Commercial Interiors

LEED for Commercial Interiors is the green benchmark for the tenant improvement market (office, retail, and institutional buildings)

Tenants who lease their space or do not occupy the entire building can LEED certify their space as a green interior

Benefits: Healthy, productive places to work Less costly to operate and

maintain Have a reduced environmental

footprint

LEED for Core & Shell Complementary to the LEED for

Commercial Interiors rating system

Acknowledges the limitations of developers in a speculatively developed building and encourages the implementation of green design and construction practices in areas over which the developer has control

Developers can often implement green strategies that indirectly benefit future tenants. Conversely, developers can inadvertently implement strategies that prohibit tenants from executing green fit-outs

Works to set up a synergistic relationship, which allows future tenants to capitalize on green strategies implemented by the developer

•Core and shell covers base building elements such as structure, envelope and the HVAC system

•Core and shell covers base building elements such as structure, envelope and the HVAC system

LEED for Schools Recognizes the unique nature

of school spaces and children’s health issues

Addresses issues such as classroom acoustics, master planning, mold prevention and environmental site assessment

Green schools are productive learning environments with ample natural light, high-quality acoustics and air that is safe to breathe

Green schools nurture children while saving money

LEED for Retail LEED for Retail is in Pilot

Recognizes the unique nature of the retail environment and addresses the different types of spaces that retailers need for their distinctive product lines. 

USGBC and over 80 Pilot project teams are collaborating to create two new rating systems: LEED for Retail: New

Construction LEED for Retail: Commercial

Interiors

LEED for Healthcare Developed to meet the unique needs

of the health care market, including inpatient care facilities, licensed outpatient care facilities, and licensed long term care facilities

It may also be used for medical offices, assisted living facilities and medical education & research centers

Addresses issues such as increased sensitivity to chemicals and pollutants, traveling distances from parking facilities, and access to natural spaces

Represents a culmination of four years of close collaboration between the Green Guide for Healthcare (GGHC) and USGBC.  

LEED for Neighborhood Development

The LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System is currently in its pilot period

It integrates the principles of smart growth, urbanism and green building into the first national system for neighborhood design

Purposes: Reduce urban sprawl Encourage healthy living Protect threatened species

A collaboration among USGBC, the Congress for the New Urbanism and the Natural Resources Defense Council

Federal/State Requirements The system is rapidly

spreading – federal departments and agencies and state and local governments are adopting LEED as a guideline or are adopting other LEED incentives

The federal government now requires that new official buildings above a certain size be LEED-certified

Several cities have adopted similar measures

Problems with LEED- LEED has become expensive, slow, confusing, and

unwieldy, resulting in:- Mediocre green buildings where certification, not

environmental responsibility is the primary goal

- A few super high level eco-structures built by ultra motivated and wealthy owners – stand as a beacon of impossibility

- Explosion of LEED certified architects and engineers chasing lots of money but designing few buildings

- Discouraged group of professionals who want to build green but cant afford to certify their buildings

Problems with LEED System is easy to manipulate

Focus on points, not environmental benefits points game get the PR benefits of a green project

without actually having the most environmentally friendly building

- a $395 bike rack and a multimillion-dollar low-energy A.C. system both get one point

Basic certification is too low a hurdle to merit the green stamp of approval developers can rack up the minimum

number of needed points without going much beyond the requirements

Problems with LEED System does not consider

regional differences Water conservation is more

important in some areas

Neglects the importance of a building’s life cycle

Location is not emphasized enough

No penalties for non-compliance after certification

Cost Problems Developers have to bring in many

consultants and reviewers to approve each step

Can significantly raise building costs The USGBC's fees for registration range

from $750 to $3,750, and certification runs from $1,500 to $7,500, depending on the size of the building.

The big costs come in the form of energy modeling, commissioning, and other requirements of certification; these can run into the tens of thousands of dollars, according to architects and developers

LEED – the future The idea behind LEED is a

worthy goal, there have just been problems in the execution

LEED does not guarantee energy efficiency

Some critics argue that the basic certification is too low a hurdle to merit the green stamp of approval – developers can rack up the minimum number of needed points without going much beyond the requirements

Energy Use

Construction Impacts 76 million residential buildings in US 5 million commercial buildings in US consume 40 % or raw materials 32% total energy produced 17% fresh water 25% global wood harvest 5 billion gals water/day just for toilets generates

25-40% of municipal solid waste from C&D 50% of US CFC production 30% of US CO2 production

Building Operations Impacts 49% of Sulfur Dioxide emissions

25% nitrous oxide emissions 10% of all particulate matter 1/3 of all energy consumption in US 2/3 of all electricity consumption in US disturbs natural habitats contaminates air, soil, and water depletes non-renewable resources ½ of greenhouse gases 35% of carbon dioxide emissions community issues occupant issues

sources: “The Architecture of Sustainability, 2002”, World Watch Institute, USGBC

Key Issues and Benefits

Institution Building Commissioning Air Quality Occupants productivity and well being Energy Conservation Water Conservation Storm Water Management Waste Management Local & State Standards & Programs

Green ethics / commitment Research and Grant opportunities Being a leader (as it should) Responsibility to show importance Competitive advantage (ie – recruiting) Institutional community demand Great public relations

Overall Financial Benefits

Energy Water Wastewater Reduced Waste Improved Indoor Environmental Quality Greater Employee Comfort/Productivity Reduced Employee Health Costs

Lower Operation and Maintenance Costs Competitive First Costs

Through integrated design & synergies

Increased Value & ROI Marketing Advantage Reduced Liability

Improve Risk Management Insurance costs

Air Quality

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) – effect the contents of the inside air has on a structure and its occupants

People spend 90% of their time indoors

Indoor air has 10-100X higher pollutants than outdoor air

USEPA “Indoor Air Quality” Jan, 6 2003

Green Building Occupants Are Healthier & More Productive In the U.S., people spend on average 90% or more of

their time indoors* Indoor pollutant levels may be 2 – 5 times higher than

outdoor levels EPA ranks poor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in the top 5

health risks** Costs to Americans estimated at:

$1.5 billion in medical bills Tens of billions in lost productivity & absenteeism

LEED certified project case studies illustrate 2 - 16 % increased worker and student productivity*

**

What are the rating systems?

LEED (US)BREEAM (UK)CASBEE (Japan)DGNB (Germany)Green Star (Australia)IGBC/LEED/GRIHA (India)

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Created by the U.S Green Building Council

(USGBC) in 1998 Nationally recognized standard for Green

Building Adapted for other countries

Canada Australia Hong Kong

LEED 2009

An analytical basis for point allocation.

An extensible analytical foundation to address new issues and new green building strategies.

LEED Certification Scorecard Breakdown

Sustainable Sites21%

Water Ef -ficiency

11%

Energy & At-mosphere

37%

Materials & Resources

14%

Indoor En-vironmental

Quality17%

Total : 100 points

Sources: “LEED-NC (V2.2) Point Breakdown”. siemon.com/us/white_paper

Certified 40-49 points Silver 50-59 pointsGold 60-79 pointsPlatinum 80-100 points

*Source: U.S Green Building Council, 2008

Rainwater harvested for irrigation & toilet flushingBeneficial water reuse

Recycled-contentRegionally manufactured

Recycle Construction & demolition waste

Certified Wood

Low-emitting materials

VentilationThermal comfort

Daylight & views

Stormwater management & erosion controlEcosystem

Outdoor microclimate

Alternative transportation

Renewable energyPerformance measurement & verificationLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)

UW School of Human Ecology LEED Gold

UW Madison Education Building LEED Gold

Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery LEED Gold

Wisconsin Institute for Discovery recycling 92 percent of

construction-related debris

solar panels to reduce energy

used to heat the building

glass for natural lighting

automatic window shades to limit

exposure to heat and cold

high-performance terra cotta and

recycled insulation on the exterior

walls 

Installing chilled beams cooled by groundwater in

warm areas

Benefits

Why the Demand?

Unprecedented level of government initiatives

Heightened residential demand for green construction

Improvements in sustainable materials

Source: Facility Management Institute 2008 U.S. Construction Overview

Vertical Farming

Sources: “The Future of Agriculture May Be Up”, Wall Street Journal, Oct 15 2012

1. Plants will grow in boxes on a mechanical track that carries them from the top of the building to the bottom for harvesting

2.Mechanical arms below the track will gradually shift the boxes forward on each level

3. Leafy vegetables will be planted in the boxes in pumice to hold water.An irrigation line will carry water and nutrients to the roots.

Your Role in the Green Environment Fundamental instruction in the green environment, green

construction practices, & green building rating systems

Developed with: Sustainable Facilities & Infrastructure Research Team at

Myers-Lawson School of Construction at Virginia Tech University

NCCER is a USGBC Education Provider

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1988• Work on creating BREEAM began at Building Research Establishment

(BRE) (based in Watford, UK) in 1988

1990• the first version for assessing new office buildings was launched in

1990• This was followed by versions for other buildings including

superstores, industrial units and existing offices

2000

• A version of BREEAM for new homes called EcoHomes was launched in 2000.

• This scheme was later used as the basis of the Code for Sustainable Homes

• This was developed by BRE for the UK Government in 2006/7 and replaced EcoHomes in England and Wales.

2008• An extensive update of all BREEAM schemes in 2008 resulted in the

introduction of mandatory post-construction reviews, minimum standards and innovation credits.

• International versions of BREEAM were also launched that year.

2011• The latest major update in 2011 resulted in the launch of BREEAM

New Construction, which is now used to assess and certify all new UK buildings

2014• Projected Date for next update

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BREEAM LUThe Netherlands – the Dutch Green Building Council operates BREEAM NL Spain – the Instituto Tecnológico de Galicia operates BREEAM ES Norway – the Norwegian Green Building Council operates BREEAM NOR Sweden – the Swedish Green Building Council operates BREEAM SE Germany – the German Institute for Sustainable Real Estate (DIFNI) is operating BREEAM DE Austria – DIFNI is operating BREEAM AT Switzerland – DIFNI is adapting BREEAM CH Luxembourg – DIFNI is adapting BREEAM LU

BREEAM rewards performance above regulation which delivers environmental, comfort or health benefits. BREEAM awards points or ‘Credits’ and groups the environmental impacts as follows:

• Energy: operational energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) • Management: management policy, commissioning, site

management and procurement• Health and Wellbeing: indoor and external issues (noise,

light, air, quality etc)• Transport: transport-related CO2 and location related

factors• Water consumption and efficiency• Materials: embodied impacts of building materials,

including lifecycle impacts like embodied carbon dioxide• Waste: construction resource efficiency and operational

waste management and minimisation• Pollution: external air and water pollution• Land Use: type of site and building footprint• Ecology: ecological value, conservation and enhancement

of the site The total number of points or credits gained in each section is multiplied by an environmental weighting factor which takes into account the relative importance of each section. Section scores are then added together to produce a single overall score.

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BREEAM New Construction is the BREEAM standard against which the sustainability of new, non-residential buildings in the UK is assessed. Developers and their project teams use the scheme at key stages in the design and procurement process to measure, evaluate, improve and reflect the performance of their buildings.

BREEAM International New Construction is the BREEAM standard for assessing the sustainability of new residential and non-residential buildings in countries around the world, except for the UK and other countries with a national BREEAM scheme (see below). This scheme makes use of assessment criteria that take account of the circumstances, priorities, codes and standards of the country or region in which the development is located.

BREEAM In-Use is a scheme to help building managers reduce the running costs and improve the environmental performance of existing buildings. It has three parts – Parts 1 (building asset) and 2 (building management) are relevant to all non-domestic, commercial, industrial, retail and institutional buildings. Part 3 (occupier management) of the BREEAM In-Use certification scheme is currently restricted to offices.

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BREEAM Refurbishment provides a design and assessment method for sustainable housing refurbishment projects, helping to cost effectively improve the sustainability and environmental performance of existing dwellings in a robust way. A scheme for non-housing refurbishment projects is being developed and is targeted for launch in early 2014. The launch date will be announced once the piloting and independent peer review processes has been completed.

BREEAM Communities focuses on the master planning of whole communities.  It is aimed at helping construction industry professionals to design places that people want to live and work in, are good for the environment and are economically successful.BREEAM Rating % SCOREUnclassified <30Pass ≥30 Good ≥45 Very Good ≥55 Excellent ≥70 Outstanding ≥85 * there are additional criteria for achieving a BREEAM Outstanding rating SC

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Innovation Credits Innovation credits are awarded for either complying with pre-defined BREEAM issue exemplary level requirements, through the appointment of a BREEAM Accredited Professional or Suitably Qualified Assessor or via application to BRE Global to have a particular building feature, system or process approved as ‘innovative’.

Fees On top of the BREEAM assessor fees for the time allowance, BRE certification fees must be paid. Currently these are £1,230 (for the design stage and post construction – same cost if just doing the post-construction stage assessment). Additional fees apply for BREEAM Other Buildings.

Timeframe The time for completing the process (design stage and post-construction stage) may take anything from three months to three years depending on the type of building, type of assessment, project programme and how quickly the required documentation is provided by the project team to the BREEAM Assessor.

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dureRegistration:

It is essential to ensure that the scheme is appropriately registered with the BRE. This is done by completing and returning the registration checklist. Once registered, the scheme is then protected from future changes and updates to the scheme.

Pre-Assessment:This stage is undertaken by design teams wanting to establish a realistic baseline for a development from which they can explore the options available to enhance its performance. Pre-assessments are normally undertaken for funding, planning or viability purposes and are generally undertaken as early as possible in the design process, before the design and servicing options have been confirmed.The process starts with the assessor meeting with the design team to talk through the BREEAM criteria and to develop a score based on commitments made in the meeting and using any other information available at that time. This meeting can take 2-3 hours. After the meeting the design team will be given a period of time to review the commitments made in the meeting and to respond to the assessor with any further comments or information. After this point, and with the rating agreed, the assessor will complete and issue the pre-assessment report.The Pre-assessment report is designed to show how, based on the information and commitments provided, the development is capable of achieving a certain score/rating and to provide information with regards to the next steps of the BREEAM assessment process.

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Initial Guidance / Design & Procurement Assessment:The Design and Procurement (D&P) assessment is the first official stage in the BREEAM assessment process and is undertaken for the majority of BREEAM projects. A D&P assessment should be started as early as possible in the design stage in order to ensure that the development picks up as many credits as possible in the most pragmatic and cost effective way.The first stage in the D&P assessment process is for the assessor to meet with the design team in order to establish an ‘agreed’ list of credits to be pursued which will enable the required rating to be achieved. This meeting can take between 2 and 3 hours.After the design team meeting, the assessor will prepare a guidance report which will detail the performance requirements for each credit. In addition the assessor will provide an information required schedule (IRS) which will confirm the documentation required for each credit.The design team will then have an agreed period in which to supply the relevant information to the assessor. Throughout this time, the assessor will continually update and re-issue the IRS to reflect the information received. The assessor will also be available during this time to provide support and assistance to the design team.Once all the information has been received/the agreed target has been achieved, the assessor will submit the D&P assessment report to the BRE for quality assurance and issue of the D&P (Interim) certificate.It is recommended that the design stage assessment is completed prior to the start of works on site or as soon as possible after works commence.

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Whilst there is no formal BREEAM construction stage, Peak Sustainability continues to offer support to the design team to ensure that, if not yet complete, the appropriate information is provided for the design stage assessment and also to provide ongoing advice with regards to the preparation and recording of evidence for the post construction review.

Post Construction Review:The post construction review (PCR) is undertaken upon practical completion of the development. The main purpose of the post construction review is to ensure that the ‘as built’ development meets the standards committed to during the design and procurement stage.

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The post construction review starts with a site visit by the assessor. This visit can take 2-3 hours as the assessor collects photographic evidence of the various systems, materials and features of the development. It is recommended that the site visit takes place as soon after PC as possible in order to prevent credits being lost as a result of changes made by future occupants.After the site visit, the assessor will prepare a post construction information required schedule (IRS) which will confirm the ‘as built’ documentation required for each credit. The design team will then have a period of up to 12 weeks in which to supply the relevant ‘as built’ information to the assessor. Throughout this time, the assessor will continually update and re-issue the IRS to reflect the information received. The assessor will also be available during this time to provide support and assistance to the design team.

Once all the information has been received/the agreed target has been achieved, the assessor will submit the PCR assessment report to the BRE for quality assurance and issue of the PCR (Final) certificate.

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Registration 190 GBPCertification Fee – Per Part 250 GBPTotal (3 parts) 1230 GBP

2.Clients are required to pass an on-line test prior to registering an their first asset.  The cost of the test is 75 GBP.3.BREEAM New construction certification is based on an on-line self assessment which is audited by an independent BREEAM Assessor.  The assessor charges a market based fee dependent upon the complexity of the audit which is generally in the range of 5,000 GBP.  Engaging an external auditor is a mandatory part of the process.4.Project Consultant – Typical fees range from 5,000 – 10,000 GBP for a BREEAM assessor to assist in preparing the necessary documentation.   Use of a consultant is not a requirement for BREEAM certification, indeed the system is designed so that the client can complete the initial assessment in-house.  The assessor acting as consultant does not need to be independent and is often an in-house resource, however this assessor can not also audit the Assessment.

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Project team detailsClient: Waitrose Limited.Employers Agent: Underwood CarpenterContractor: RG Carter LimitedArchitect: Bamber & Reddan ArchitectsBuilding Services: Synergy BSS Limited.

BackgroundThis Waitrose supermarket at Stratford City forms part of the new Westfield Shopping Centre. Waitrose took on the empty shell and fitted it out to the company’s own specification.Waitrose operates an in-house policy that all of its stores are BREEAM assessed, with the minimum requirement being a ‘Very Good’ rating. As there was opportunity at the Westfield site to connect into the development’s ‘Energy Centre’, Waitrose decided to do this and to strive for an ‘Outstanding’ rating for the fit-out work.

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Key factsBREEAM rating: OutstandingScore:Design Stage – 89.27%. Final – 86.29%Size: 3012m²Stage: Design Stage Complete, Post Completion Stage CompleteBREEAM version: Retail 2008 Version 4.

Overview of environmental featuresConnection to Westfield’s Energy Centre resulting in a CO2 reduction of more than 20%.No use of traditional refrigerants – hydrocarbons only, which have a much lower detrimental effect on the environment.Fit-out materials all carry EMS certification.Excellent public transport links, with Stratford and Stratford International train stations, the Underground, DLR and bus links in close proximity.Water saving sanitary ware and technologies, such as sanitary supply shut-off valves, installed as standard specification.Free cooling in the form of cold air retrieval from the refrigerated cabinets used.An ‘A’ rated Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) – CO2 index of 24.No electric heating, thereby minimizing the NOx emissions associated with the store.

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Building servicesThe Westfield Energy Centre provides the Waitrose supermarket with its primary means of heating and cooling – all of the store’s heating demand is provided via the Centre, and cooling to the back-of-house areas is provided via the chilled water supplied from the Energy Centre.The Centre also provides the cooling demand for the water cooled food refrigeration system.All of the sales area’s cooling demand is met via cold air retrieval from the refrigerated food cabinets located in the sales floor.

Green strategyThe strategy of connecting with Westfield’s Energy Centre has delivered reduced CO2 emissions and a reduction in the reliance on fossil fuels.A focus on sustainable management and on waste has resulted in maximum BREEAM credits being awarded in the management and waste categories.

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The BREEAM assessment

These BREEAM scores are based on the final assessment, which is currently with BRE Global awaiting audit:

Management –100%Waste – 100%Materials – 85.71%Transport – 84.62%Pollution – 80%Health & Wellbeing – 77.78%Energy – 68%

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BREEAM’s Relative Strengths • Minimum Standards BREEAM’s minimum standards, pertaining to specific credits or specific criteria for credits, are tiered based on the target rating, ranging from four to 26 credits or criteria. Whereas LEED has a fixed number of eight prerequisites applicable across all rating classifications (plus one of the seven Minimum Program Requirements pertaining to sharing energy and water usage data considered to be comparable).

• Energy Consumption / CO 2 Reduction BREEAM encourages reduction in CO 2 to zero net emissions in relation to Building Regulations Part L 2010 to achieve maximum points worth 10.56% of the total score. LEED targets energy reduction, instead of CO 2, based on improvement over an ASHRAE 90.1-2007 baseline, and offers maximum points worth 17% of the total score for an energy cost reduction of only 48%.

• Energy Sub-Metering BREEAM has a compulsory minimum standard of sub-metering substantial energy uses for Very Good, Excellent and Outstanding ratings. LEED has no energy sub-metering prerequisite.

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• Life-Cycle Cost Analysis There are no LEED credits for life-cycle costing, therefore it may not encourage the most environmentally efficient allocation of capital.

• Materials In relation to sustainable materials and life-cycle impacts, BRE has produced the Green Book Live and the Green Guide to Specification (8) which provide useful information for designers, whereas under LEED, designers must rely on a multiplicity of manufacturers’ and/or third parties’ product evaluations/certifications (Reed et al., 2010, p.147) or relatively simplified checklists (Saunders, 2008, p.25).

• Transport BREEAM’s travel plan credit is more rigorous in relation to actual accessibility of public transport compared to LEED which does not take account of the routes, hours of service and frequency of service.

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LEED’s Relative Strengths

• Transparency LEED’s approach is more consensus-based and transparent compared to BREEAM’s. For example the technical criteria proposed by the various LEED committees are publicly reviewed for approval by USGBC’s c. 15,000 member companies and organizations.

• Resources LEED provides more extensive publicly accessible resources, research and case studies than BREEAM. This includes, for example, the Green Building Information Gateway (9) , a “map-centric” portal providing LEED certification data and analysis at national, state, city and project level. BREEAM does not publish data on numbers of buildings certified by type and rating achieved.

• Post-Occupancy Evaluation Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) provides the scheme operators with valuable feedback on the effectiveness of particular credits in terms of their take-up and actual environmental impact, which it can use to disseminate best practice and inform future development of the assessment methodLEED is more rigorous in this regard. Under the compulsory Minimum Program Requirements, all certified projects must commit to sharing with USGBC/GBCI all available actual energy and water usage data for the whole project for a period of at least five years from occupancy.

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• Heat Island Effect LEED has credits for reducing the heat island effect (for example through shading by trees and specifying high solar reflectance materials). BREEAM does not address this, and although it offers credits for green roofs, it is for the purposes of mitigating ecological impact and reducing surface water run-off.

• Thermal Comfort Although both methods address thermal comfort through design, only LEED offers an additional credit for verification – by way of a survey of occupiers between 6 to 18 months of occupancy, and a corrective action plan in the event that more than 20% are dissatisfied with thermal comfort.

• Indoor Air Quality LEED’s indoor air quality credit requirements are more sophisticated than BREEAM’s, driven by the USA’s climate and greater reliance on mechanically ventilated and air conditioned buildings. Furthermore, LEED addresses indoor air quality (IAQ) and mold prevention post-construction but prior to occupancy by offering a credit which requires either a full air flush-out in accordance with specific air volume, temperature and relative humidity parameters, or IAQ testing consistent with EPA or ISO methods. BREEAM has no such requirements.

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CASBEE CERTIFICATION

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

Introduction

CASBEE(Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency) , a system created in 2001

Research and development of CASBEE is a joint industrial/government/academic project established under the support of the Japanese ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

The system comprehensively assesses the quality of a building based on its environmental awareness in using building materials and equipment that have little environmental impact, while also taking into account other criteria such as the level of comfort of an interior or the views

The Beginning There has been a growing movement towards sustainable

construction since the second half of the 1980s, leading to the development of various methods for evaluating the environmental performance of buildings.

The Beginning

CASBEE was developed according to the following policies:

1) The system should be structured to award high assessments to superior buildings, thereby enhancing incentives to designers and others.

2) The assessment system should be as simple as possible.

3) The system should be applicable to buildings in a wide range of building types.

4) The system should take into consideration issues and problems peculiar to Japan and Asia.

Building Lifecycle and Four Assessment Tools

Assessment tools

Corresponding to the building lifecycle, CASBEE is composed of four assessment tools,CASBEE for Pre-design, CASBEE for New Construction,CASBEE for Existing Building CASBEE for Renovation, and to serve at each stage of the design process. CASBEE Family is the collective name for these four basic tools and the tools for specific purposes. Each tool is intended for the specific purpose and target users, and is designed to accommodate a wide range of building types (offices, schools, apartments, etc.).

CASBEE for Specific PurposesApplication Name

For Detached Houses CASBEE for Detached Houses(for New Construction, for Existing Building)

For Temporary Construction CASBEE for Temporary Construction

Brief versions

CASBEE for New Construction (Brief Version), for ExistingBuildings (Brief version), for Renovation (Brief version)CASBEE for Urban Development (Brief version)

Local government versions CASBEE-Nagoya, CASBEE-Osaka, CASBEE-Yokohama etc.

For Heat Island effect CASBEE for Heat IslandFor Urban Development CASBEE for Urban DevelopmentFor Cities CASBEE for CitiesFor Market Promotion CASBEE for Market Promotion

Assessment system

. A building is rated based on a five-class assessment system : S (excellent); A (extremely good); B+ (good); B- (rather poor); C (poor).

A building rated A or above is deemed to be excellent and sustainable (an environmentally friendly building).

Assessment Method

Two Categories of Assessment: Q and L two spaces,

internal and external

Thus we have put forward CASBEE in which the "negative aspects of environmental impact which go beyond the hypothetical enclosed space.

Division of the assessment categories for Q: Built Environment Quality L: Built Environment Load based on the hypothetical boundary

Target Fields and Its RearrangementCASBEE covers the following four assessment fields: (1) Energy efficiency (2) Resource efficiency (3) Local environment (4) Indoor environment.

The assessment categories were classified as BEE numerator Q (built environment quality) BEE denominator L (built environment load).

Target Fields and Its RearrangementQ is further divided into three items for assessment: Q1 Indoor environment Q2 Quality of services Q3 Outdoor

environment on site.

Similarly, L is divided into L1 Energy L2 Resources &

Materials L3 Off-site

Environment.

o Environmental Labeling Using Built Environment Efficiency (BEE)

BEE, using Q and L as the two assessment categories, is the core concept of CASBEE.

Building Environmental Efficiency (BEE) = Q (Building Environmental Quality and Performance)                  L (Building Environmental Loadings)

The building types targeted for assessment are divided into non-residential and residential categories with specified subtypes under each category.

The use of BEE has enabled simpler and clearer presentation of building environmental performance assessment results.

BEE Representation

BEE values are represented on the graph by plotting L on the x axis and Q on the y axis.

The BEE value assessment result is expressed as the gradient of the straight line passing through the origin (0,0).

The higher the Q value and the lower the L value, the steeper the gradient and the more sustainable the building is.

From Eco-efficiency to Built Environment Efficiency (BEE)

Eco-Efficiency - "Value of products and services per unit environmental load.”

Efficiency - in terms of input and output quantities so a new model - expanded definition of Eco-

Efficiency - as "(beneficial output) / (input + non-beneficial output)."

Casestudy YOKOHAMA BUILDING

Yokohama Dia Building

Class S-CASBEE

the highest level in an assessment system for evaluating building environmental efficiency (CASBEE Yokohama)

first Mitsubishi Logistics building to be rated as "Class S.“ In this assessment system, Yokohama City focuses on four

main areas: global warming measures, heat island measures, longevity measures consideration to the city landscape.

Initiatives To Preserve The EnvironmentGlobal warming measures The exterior wall facing

Yokohama Station boasts Japan's largest building material-integrated photovoltaic panels.

The building's heat load is reduced through the application of natural energy as well as auto-control blinds that use a solar homing sensor and lighting controlled by daylight sensors.

Photovoltaic panel

Solar power system integrated with building materials Solar panels are installed on the west side of the building with the cell density designed at 50% to ensure the view

while shielding sunrays Behind the panels, Fine Floors catwalks and louvers are

installed to admit air and treat the exhaust air

Solar tracking system with automatic control blinds The automatic solar tracking

sensors detect the presence of sunrays and adjust the angles of the blinds’ slats to prevent direct sunlight from entering the building’s interior.

When there are no direct rays, the system opens the slats to provide better view while admitting maximum daylight indoors, achieving a reduction in power consumptions by illumination.

Initiatives To Preserve The Environment

Exterior of the building

Heat island measures

• lowering the effect of heat with rooftop gardening

• environmental impacts are also reduced by using outdoor air to cool the building when external air temperature is lower than room temperature during the winter and inter-season periods.

Initiatives To Preserve The Environment

Longevity measures Building sway is counterbalanced by vibrating

weights with a computer-controlled driving mechanism.

In addition, a hybrid vibration damping mechanism that combines active mass damper (AMD), to reduce vibration caused by wind, and vibration damping equipment (vibration damping brace, vibration damping wall) is used to increase the building's durability

Initiatives To Preserve The Environment

City landscape considerations Improvements to the public arcade

that connects Yokohama Station and the Port Side area have contributed greatly to the development of a pedestrian walkway network. A pocket park was also added to provide a bit of space for relaxation.

Walkway-like open spaces and pocket parks are provided on the ground level in the external area

Some of the third floor is designed for pedestrian network in the district

CASESTUDYTEDA MSD H2 LOW

CARBON BUILDING , TIANJIN, CHINA

TEDA

Class S-CASBEE

First international CASBEE certified building Located at newly developed TEDA Modern Service District

(MSD) Densely populated with service industry such as financial

and IT companies the TEDA MSD H2 Low Carbon Building is demonstrating

environmental sustainable urban development.features the national top level environmental

•photovoltaic generation, •solar-heat hot water supply system•geothermal heat pump system

•high-performance and low carbon technologies;

•natural lighting,• double-skinned facade, .

TEDA Implementing management

of building energy performance with using BAS (Building Automatic control System) and BEMS (Building Energy Management System - top level energy-saving.

As a comprehensive green action plan, the project utilizes eco-material and water conservation with reusing water supply system of gray water and designs landscape by planting trees and roof garden.

CASBEE vs. LEED

CASBEE its practical application

has been limited in Japan. fundamentally an

‘architectural’ design tool,.

most commonly utilized as a ‘checklist for sustainable design, and an official CASBEE certification is rarely pursued

evaluation items in CASBEE are subjective

LEED has been transformed into

the “world’s biggest green-building brand name” due to the successful marketing efforts by USGBC.

comprise or could be dissected into various architectural and engineering elements

LEED certification is customarily pursued by project owners for marketing.

In Japan, a sustainable building is often defined as one that is designed “to save energy and resources, recycle materials and minimize the emission of toxic substances throughout its life cycle, to harmonize with the local climate, traditions, culture and the surrounding environment, and to be able to sustain and improve the quality of human life while maintaining the capacity of the ecosystem at the local and global levels”

START THINKING GREEN

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