international business law - chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction toInternational andComparative Law
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A. What is International Law?
• International law
– the body of legal rules and norms that regulatesactivities carried on beyond the legal
boundaries of a single state.• Public international law
• Private international law
• Comity
– The practice or courtesy eisting between statesof treating each other with goodwill and civility.
– Ignacio v Teaco
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!. "a#ing of InternationalLaw
• $tate practice – The conduct and practice of states in
their dealings with each other
• "ultilateral treaty
• !ilateral treaty
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C. $ources of InternationalLaw
• Article %&'() of the $tatute of theInternational Court of *ustice – Conventions
– International custom
– +eneral principles of law ,recogni-ed bycivili-ed nations
– *udicial decisions and teachings• /ierarchical structure
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Treaties and Conventions
• Treaty – Legally binding agreement between two
or more states• 0123$A !TA
• Convention – Legally binding agreement between
states sponsored by an internationalorgani-ation• 01 WT4
• /uman 5ights Convention 6 sponsored by
31
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Custom
• Custom• A long2established tradition or usage that becomes customary
law if it is () consistently and regularly observed and 7)recogni-ed by those states observing it as a practice that theymust obligatorily follow
– Customary law• 3sus8 a consistent and recurring practice
– comity versus ,opinio 9uris sive necessitatis 'necessaryobligation)•
:ollowing out of courtesy 'comity) versus obligated to followthe customary practice
– persistent ob9ection• Active re9ection of a customary practice from its ;rst
observance by other states
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+eneral Principals
• +eneral principles – Principles of law common to the world
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>. The $cope of International Law inActual Practice
• The Practice of International Tribunals
– $ubservient
• The Practice in "unicipal Courts – Correlative
– >octrine of incorporation
– >octrine of transformation
– $elf2eecuting treaty
– 1on2self eecuting treaty
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>. The $cope of International Law inActual Practice 'cont
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. International Persons
• $tates and their subdivisions – $tates
– Independent state
– >ependent state
• International organi-ations
• !usinesses
• Individuals
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$tates and 5ecognition
• $tates
• 5ecognition
– "atima# Trading Co.
– strada >octrine
• Territorial $overeignty
– The right of a government to eclusivelyeercise its powers within a particular territory
– $ervitude8 A right to the use of another
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Territorial $overeignty
• To have territorial sovereignty= astate must ;rst ac@uire territory – !y the occupation of land
– !y the voluntary transfer of territory
– !y the con@uest and continuedoccupation•
stoppel
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Changes in Territorial$overeignty
• When changes occur there areseveral legal conse@uences – Treaty rights and obligations of
successor• >ispositive treaties
– 5ights over territory= boundaries and servitudes
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Changes in ... 'cont
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Changes in ... 'contoctrine
– new state from decoloni-ation• +enerally no obligations 'C$>)
–
Common practice to continue eisting treaties• 0ienna Convention on the $uccession of
$tates
– Art. %G8 when two states come into eistence
following the disintegration of a predecessorboth are bound by predecessor
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Changes in ... 'cont
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International 4rgani-ations
• Two types of I4
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I+4s
• volution from uropean tradition ofconvening conferences at the end ofwars to draw new boundaries and
sign peace treaties
• Conferences evolved into sponsoringmultilateral treaties and setting up
organi-ations to monitor treaty and#eep peace.
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I+4s 'cont
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I+4s 'contrafted and adopted by member states
– Legal capacity 6 must be ,recogni-edby states• +eneral rule8 signatory states automatically
recogni-e – 1ot uniform rule. ceptions8 e8 3nited
Hingdom
http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml
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I+4s 'cont
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I+4s 'cont
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I+4s 'cont
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I+4s 'cont
http://www.interpol.int/%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.asean.org/%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.naftanow.org/http://www.oecd.org/%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.oecd.org/%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.naftanow.org/http://www.asean.org/%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.interpol.int/%E2%80%8E
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1+4s
• 1onpro;t 1+4s – International Air Transport Association
– Amnesty International
– International Committee of the 5edCross
• "ultinational enterprises '"1s)
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:. The 5ights of Individuals 3nder
International Law
• Individuals are – () ignored
– 7) treated as sub9ects
• Traditionally ignored – $tate responsibility 6 state liable for
in9uries caused to foreign nationals
• $tate A sues $tate ! for in9uries to Citi-en A
– /uman rights
– $ee chart
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:. 5ights 'contefenda
nt
:oreign state Any state
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+. Comparison of "unicipal Legal$ystems
• 5omano2+ermanic Civil Law $ystem
– Civil law8 () the legal system derived from 5omanand +ermanic practice and set out in national lawcodes= 7) as distinguished from public law= the body
of law dealing with the rights of private citi-ens• :rench Civil Code
• +erman Civil Code
• $wit-erland Civil $ystem
• Anglo2American Common Law $ystem
– Precedent
– @uity
• Islamic Law $ystem
http://www.llrx.com/features/swiss.htmhttp://www.llrx.com/features/swiss.htm