international conference on sustainable rural...

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT

DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM

IS ONE OF ALTERNATIVE

IN AGRICULTURE WATER CONSERVATION

MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING AT FARM

LEVEL

By

NURPILIHAN BAFDAL **

*Paper Presented on International Conference on Sustainable Rural

Development; Purwokerto, 2013

**Dosen Fakultas Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Abstract.

In general the water requirement of low land rice such as paddy needs more water 1

liter/second/ha on his growth, but the planning for the improvement of the development of

irrigation should be different to the historical kind of agricultural uses, environment such as

soil physics, the size of land climate conditions especially rainfall, growing stage period and

paddy varieties. In Asia countries the traditional form of agricultural water used still exist.

Traditional way of irrigation water management on farm level for low land rice is countinos

flooding water with 8-15 cm depth during whole paddies growth. This type could make

finite amount of water area and needs high amount of water.

On farm level should introduce a technology which is low amount of water for low land rice.

Nurpilihan (2000) was carried out experiment and obtain that the direct seeding plantation

rice system (DPRS), with various water flooding treatment should contribute to improve

irrigation from paddies stage. The objective of the study were to determine the effect of

varying flooding depths of the stages (vegetative and reproductive) with direct seeding

plantation rice system on respon se of paddy yield, number of tillers, paddy height and

water use efficiency .

Results of the study showed that:

1. The number of tillers under all treatment were found decreasing after 78 days after

transplanting. More number of tiller (68,3) were observed in treatment A1 while

least number of tillers were found at treatment A4 with 28 days after transplanting.

2. All treatment resulted in different amount of growth paddy yield but no significantly

effect between flooding irrigated water on paddy yield

3. The treatment A3 gave the highest per liter of water used (0,770 gram). Water used

efficiency shallow flooded treatment was higher while treatment A5 gave the

lowest return per liter of water used (0,550 gram)

4. Muddy condition during whole paddy growth could give available water and show

significant effect for all treatment, so muddy condition good technology to

introduced for the farmers.

Key word: Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System (DSPRS); muddy condition

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I. INTRODUCTION

Paddy (Oryza sativa) is dominantly on Asia crop, which is requires an effective water

management practice during its growth periode. In the Asia region, Indonesia is one of the

major paddy producing country ,although the average yield reported is only 5 ton/ha. One

of reasoning the low yield is due to the inadequate supply of water; hence in order to

maximize the production and irrigation water application system as a whole, researcher

should be found of new plantation rice system such as effective water management.

Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to the soil for the purpose of increased crop

production. In many parts of the world the amount and timing of rainfall are inadequate and

inappropriate to meet the moisture requirement of crops, and irrigation becomes essential

to raise crops near to their maximum yield in such areas. The demand for water in various

sectors is increasing day by day, due the climate change water is no longer considered to be

an unlimited resources, so its efficient utilization in agriculture demands very careful study.

In general the water requirement of low land rice such as paddy needs 1 litre/second/ha,

but the planning for the improvement of the development of irrigation should be different

to the historical kind of agricultural uses, environment such as soil physics, the size of land,

climate conditions especially rainfall, growing stage periode and paddy varieties.

Indonesia have two season; these are wet season and dry season.During the dry season,

irrigation water availability is limited for crop production so the efficient and judicous use of

this water is neccesary in order to get maximum crop yields. For the optimum paddy growth

needs to optimise the allocation of water and reducing the amount of water needed for

irrigation efficiency with create new technology of water conservation engineering that are

available for low land rice.

Nurpilihan (2000), was carried out the reseach on Study of The Influence of Water

Flooding to the Growth, Yield and Water Management of Direct Seeding Plantation Rice

System

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II. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Water Requirement For Low Land Rice

Generally in the dry season the water requirements of paddy growth are higher. Williams

(1999) reported that a normal paddy crop of 4,5 ton/ha yield with an irrigation periode of

100 days consumed on an average 6,5 mm/day of water by transpiration. The yield

increased to 7,5 ton/ha when transpiration was recorded as 10,5 mm/day; while if

transpiration decline to 1,4 mm/ha when the yield decreased to 1 ton/ha.

Surface irrigation is used 100% of the low land rice in the Asia countries , because surface

irrigation has lower initial cost, lower energy demand, but generally higher water use, and

higher labor requirements. Runn of and deep percolation of water often cause low

application efficiencies with surface irrigation system. More efficient surface irrigation

application methodes are needed for good water management.

De Datta (1999), has reported that the water requirement of IR8 (the paddy variety)

found in experiments conducted at the IRRI with different water management practice, 600

t0 800 mm of water was consumed during 85 –91 days of field duration (from transplanting

to crop maturity); and when flooding standing depth 2,5 to 7,5 cm was maintained. The

experiment showed that no difference in yield between 2,5 to 7,5 cm of flooding standing

depth of water. Water use efficiency was lower (0.6 g/l) at 150 mm as compared to water

use efficiency at shallow flooding (1.2 g/l). Continuous flooding irrigation , which may be

useful when the irrigation water temperature is higher, the environmental requirements of

the evapotranspiration (ET) and seepage, percolation losses were similar to static flooding at

the same depth. During the wet season total use for rainfed paddy was about half (457

mm) of that with 100 mm of continuous flooding (803 mm). Percolation losses were

considerably lower under rainfed conditions (Lohani, 1982). Evapotranspiration rates were

found to be high due to higher temperatures.

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2.2. Growth Stages of Paddy

De Datta (1999), has divided the development of paddy into three stages, these are:

(i). The vegetative stage

This stage starts with the germination of rice seeds. The periode from emergence untill

just before the appearence of the fist tiller in defined as seedling stage. This stage is

followed by tillering stage. The increase in number of tiller continuous up to a certain point

designated as the maximum tillers number stage. After the maximum tiller number stage,

some tillers die and the number of tillers declines.

(ii). The reproductive stage

This stage begins just before or just after maximum tillering stage. At this stage, the

panicle becomes visible and panicle development starts. The latter of panicle development

is referred as booting. Flowering occurs about 25 days after visual panicle initation

regardless of paddy varieties. Flowering continuous successively until most spikelets in the

panicle have bloomed.

(iii). The Ripening Stage

During this stage, the development of paddy grain occurs. In the tropics climate, the

repening stage taken 25-35 days regardless of paddy varieties. Ripening stage involves milk

grain stage; dough grain stage and mature grain stage. At milk grain stage, the content of

the grain is a liquid which can be squeezed out. In dough grain stage the milky portion if the

grain turns fist into a soft and later a hard dough. The colour of grain changes from green to

yellow during mature grain stage.This stage completes until 90 -100% of the filled spikeletes

have turn yellow.

Matsushima (1992), reported that the paddy crops is most sensitive to moisture stress

from 20 days before heading and to 10 days after heading. During the reproduction stage of

the paddy crops, a large amount of water is consumed which indicates that the paddy is

sensitive to moisture stress during reproductive growth.

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III. Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System

In Asia countries the traditional form of agricultural water used still exist. Traditional way

of irrigation water management on farm level for low land rice is continuous flooding water

with 8 – 15 cm depth during whole paddies growth. A representative type is of plot to plot

irrigation which is characterized on mutual water use. This type could make finite amount of

water area and needs a high amount of water.

Nurpilihan (2000), noted that direct seeding plantation rice system (DSPRS) is a rice

planting system in low land rice without any nursery seeding. Researchers have been

developed DSPRS because it enables to manage the used of water efficiently , on other hand

it could also keep available water conservation sustainable during whole rice plant growth.

Direct seeding plantation rice system with various water flooding treatments should could

contribute to improve water use efficiency to sustainability. The new technology of DSPRS

could conserved irrigated from paddies stage.

The significantly different between transplanting system of rice with DSPRS is a efficiency

apply of water especially at nursery stage. DSPRS could safe of irrigated water on stage

nursery paddy bed, because days of paddy growth less 20 to 40 days, depend on paddy

varieties. Widyantoro and Ardjasa (1999) reported that application DSPRS could safe water

21% while production rise 25%. DSPRS suitable for low land rice with smooth land with

muddy irrigated condition. The advantage this system are to protect paddy seed, weeds

growth and efficiency of water irrigated.

Nurpilihan (2000), noted that two advantages of DSPRS, these are:

1. Could safe Irrigated water for nursery bed more less 20%, and

2. Muddy conditions good enough to supply water requirement during whole paddies

growth and could conserved 50 to 60% irrigation water, but still give the best results of

paddy yield.

DSPRS needs intensive management, especially to make a muddy condition and to

protect seed from flooding depth of water. Design of open channel at paddy field areas

necessary to through out exceeds water.

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Table 1 showed the different between DSPRS with intensification of paddy growth on paddy

yield.

Table 1 : Different Between DSPRS With TAPIN on Paddy Yield Varies Treatments

TreatmentsPaddy Yield (Kg/ha)

∆ DSPRS TAPIN

P1 8173 6987 1186*

P2 8441 6200 2241*

P3 7410 6626 784 tn

P4 8199 6135 2064**

TAPIN : Intensification of Paddy Growth

3.1. DSPRS (selected case study for water conservation engineering in agriculture at farmlevel)

3.1.1. Objective of The Study

The objective of the study were to determine the effect of varying flooding depths of the

stages (vegetative and reproductive) with direct seeding plantation rice system (DSPRS) on

responses of paddy yield, number of tillers, paddy height, and water use efficiency.

3.1.2. Methods

Nurpilihan (2000) ,was carried out the experiment: The Influence of Water Flooding to

the Growth, Yield and Water Efficiency of Rice on DSPRS. The experiment was carried out

from September at Sukamandi of low land rice Membramo variety at West Java Indonesia.

The altitude 10 meters above sea levels. The experimental design was Randomized Block

Design with four replication. The experimented treatments were water flooding (A), the

irrigation treatment consisted of continuous flooding depth of water and muddy conditions

with varies of paddy crop stages these are:

a1: continuous flooding with 2-3 cm standing depth of water

a2: muddy condition (0 – 1 cm water depth)

a3: muddy condition on vegetative stage, continuous flooding with 2 – 3 cm standing depth

of water on reproductive phase and muddy condition on maturing stage

a4 : muddy condition on vegetative and reproductive stage and continuous flooding with 2-

3 cm standing depth of water on maturing stage

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a5 : continuous flooding with 2-3 cm standing depth of water on vegetative stage and

muddy condition on reproductive until maturing stage

3.1.3. Results and Discussion

A. Paddy Plant Height

Measured of plant height will start when paddy growth is 28 days after planted and with

10 days interval. Table 2 below showed the effect between flooding standing depth water of

DSPRS with days after planting on heights of paddy.

Table 2 : The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Heights of Paddy Cropsof Varies Days After Planting.

TreatmentsHeights of Paddy Crop

28 DAP 38 DAP 48 DAP 58 DAP 68 DAP 78 DAP 88 DAP 98 DAP

A1 54,32 a 65,32 a 76,4 a 84,25 a 94,8 a 96,85 a 95,5 a 95,15 a

A2 47,97 c 55,97 b 63,52 c 70,97 c 78,02 c 81,7 c 82,95 c 84,45 c

A3 51,2 b 55,97 b 62,6 c 67,87 d 77,07 c 82,3 c 84,65 c 84,47 bc

A4 44,62 d 51,02 c 58,05 d 62,37 c 69,1 b 73,5 d 75,4 d 77,07 d

A5 54,8 a 65,5 a 71,67 b 78,47 b 85,25 d 87,37 b 87,9 b 87,97 b

Note: The mean values of heights of paddy crop not followed by the same small letters are

significantly defferent of test level at 5 % of Duncan’ test.

Figure 1 below showed chart of the effect between flooding standing depth water of DSPRS

on heights of paddy crops of varies days after planting.

Figure 1: The Effect Between Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Heights ofPaddy Crop of Varies Days After Planting.

Plant height were different in all treatments and periode stage of paddy crop. Taller

plants were noticed in treatnebt A1 (96,85 cm) with 78 days after planting; were observed

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in continuous flooded with 2-3 cm standing depth of water(treatment A1) and shorted

plants ( 44,62 cm) were noticed in treatment A4 with 28 days after planting. The results

from Table 2 showed that flooding irrigated water give not significantly effected after

reproductive stage of paddy height; while on vegetative stage of paddy showed high water

requirements .

B. Number of Tiller

Results showed that were significantly the effect of flooding standing depth water on

number of tillers with DSPRS (Table 3 below):

Table 3 : The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Number of Tillers ofVaries Days After Planting.

TreatmentsThe Number of Tillers

28 DAP 38 DAP 48 DAP 58 DAP 68 DAP 78 DAP 88 DAP 98 APD

A1 45.0 b 49.4 ab 54.6 a 60.7 a 68.3 a 65.7 a 63.3 a 65.7 a

A2 44.0 b 46.5 bc 49.4 b 51.9 b 56.1 b 64.7 bc 54.4 b 64.2 a

A3 43.3 b 47.3 bc 49.6 b 53.6 b 57.5 b 55.5 b 55.2 b 55.8 a

A4 43.0 b 45.0 c 47.6 b 49.3 b 50.7 c 52.1 c 50.3 c 48.7 b

A5 48.7 a 51.6 a 52.8 a 63.7 a 66.7 a 65.9 a 61.2 a 50.2 a

Note : The mean values of number of tillers not followed by the same small letters aresignificantly different of test level 5% of Duncan’ test.

Figure 2 below showed the effect of flooding standing depth water of DSPRS on number of

tillers of varies days after planting.

Figure 2 : The Effect of Flooding Standing Water of DSPRS on Number of Tillers of VariesDays After Planting

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The number of tillers of paddy plants were observed increasing upto 38 days after

transplanting (Tabel 3). The number of tillers under all treatments were found decreasing

after 78 days after transplanting and it continued upto 98 days after transplanting. More

number of tiller (68.3) were observed in treatment A1 while least number of tiller were

found at treatment A4 with 28 days after transplanting. At harvest stage all treatments had

almost equal number of tillers and were significant effect except treatment A4. .

C. Grain Yield

No significantly effect between flooding irrigated water on grain paddy yield of all

treatments. Table 4 showed that effect of flooding irrigated water with DSPRS on grain

paddy yield as below:

Table 4. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Grain Paddy Yield/Plot

(gram)

Treatments Grain Paddy Yield /plot (gram)

A1 5820 a

A2 5330 a

A3 5510 a

A4 5895 a

A5 5165 a

Note: The mean values of paddy yield not followed by the same small letters are

significantly different of test level at 5% of Duncan’ test.

All treatments resulted in different amount of grain paddy yield but no significantly effect

between flooding irrigated water on paddy yield. Although no significantly effect of paddy

grain yield of all treatment but the yield under treatment A4 was 5895 gram which was

highest among all treatments, were the least paddy grain yield was found under treatment

A5 (5165 gram).The problems are could the farmers good enough skills to apply irrigated

water to the paddy fields as the all treatments?; and could the farmers knows the

correlation between scheduling of irrigation with the critical mass of paddy stages?. The

experts and researchers should give special attentions to the new technology such as

DSPRS; paddy growing stages and water application training to farmers especially for low

land rice’s farmers.

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Figure 3 below showed the effect of flooding standing depth water of DSPRS on grain paddy

yield.

Figure 3: The Effect Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Grain Paddy Yield

D. Water Used Efficiency

Water used efficiency is a ratio between grain paddy yield/ plot (gram) with total water

requirements for experiment per plots (liter)

Water used efficiency =Paddy yields (grams)

Total water requirement/plot (liters)

The treatment A3 gave the higest per litre of water used (0,770 gram) . Water used

efficiency shallow flooded treatment was higher while the treatment A5 gave the lowest

return per litre of water used (0,550 gram). Muddy condition during whole paddy growth

could give available water and showed non significantly effect for all treatments, so muddy

conditions good way to introduced for the farmers (Table 5).

Table 5: The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Water Used Efficiency

Treatment Water Used Efficiency (gram/liter)

A1 0,410 c

A2 0,825 a

A3 0,770 ab

A4 0,665 ab

A5 0,550 bc

Note: The mean values of water used efficiency not followed by the same small letters are

significantly different of test level at 5% of Duncan’ test.

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Figure 4 below showed the effect flooding standing depth water of DSPRS on water used

efficiency.

Figure 4 : Chart the Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Water Used Efficiency

IV. Conclusions and Recommendations

4.1. Conclusions

1. Direct seeding plantation rice system (DSPRS) responses of paddy yield, number of

tillers, paddy height, and water efficiency and also effect of varying flooding depths

of paddy growing stages such as vegetative and reproductive

2. The methode with 0-1 cm flooding depth or muddy condition results in best yield of

rice, and become an alternative better way for an efficient water management on

paddy field especially during dry season when water resources is stricly limited.

3. Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is one of altenative way in which could

conserved the water supply to the minimum volume of water requirement of low

land rice. It could also keep available a water conservation sustainable during whole

paddies growth.

4. No significantlly effect between flooding standing depth water with muddy condition

on grain paddy yields (Tabel 4).So if farmers have a good enough skill to determine

paddy periode stages, better applied a muddy condition compared with flooding

standing depth water at paddies field.

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5. The treatment A2 gave a highest grain per litre of water used (0,825 gram/litre)

while the treatments of A3 (0,770 gram/litre) and A4 (0,665 gram/litre) gave a non

significantly effect on water used efficiency. So treatment A2 is one of alternative

ways ia agriculture water management engineering at paddy field especially during

dry season.

4.2. Recomendations

1. Agricultural reseachers need to create and desimination a new technology for low

land rice based on high water used efficiency

2. In the future governments in Asia countries need to sets autonomous local policy of

allocating water especially agriculture, industry and community sectors maybe the

best methods of allocating water is to price them in the most economically efficient

ways.

3. Without any effort and awareness of the government and water users, the

sustainability water conservation engineering will disappear in the year 2050.

References

De Datta, SK., 1999. Principles and Practices of Rice Production. John Willey & Son. New

York.

Matsushima, S. ,1992. The Stage of Water Resources Development and The Macro

Classification of the Existing irrigation in Japan. Seminar Paper on Agricultural

Engineering and Technology, Bogor Indonesia.

Nurpilihan B. , 2000. The Influence of Water Flooding to The Growth, Yield and

Water Efficiency of Rice on Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System. Research

Report ; Agriculture Industrial Technology Faculty of Padjadjaran University,

West Java Indonesia.

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Nurpilihan B, ., 1990. Estimation of water Requirement of Evavotranspiration by Using

Models Penman; Radiation; Blaney Criddle and Pan Evaporation. Thesis

Master of Agriculture Engineering. AIT’s Library Bangkok Thailand.

Widyantoro and Ardjasa. 1998. Development of Direct Seed Plantation Rice System. Seminar

Paper in Aplication of Technology Packet, Bandar Lampung Indonesia.

Suzuki, and Nurpilihan B ., 1992., Water Requirements of Low Land Rice at Babakan

Siliwangi West Java Indonesia. Joint Research Between Universitas

Padjadjaran and Public Services West Java Indonesia.

DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEMIS ONE OF ALTERNATIVE

IN AGRICULTURE WATER CONSERVATION

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT

IN AGRICULTURE WATER CONSERVATIONMANAGEMENT ENGINEERING AT FARM LEVEL

BY: NURPILIHAN BAFDAL

PADDY (Oryza sativa) IS PREDOMINANTLYON ASIA CROP

• NEED FLOODING STANDING WATER WITH 8-15 cmDEPTH


DEPTH

• IN GENERAL WATER REQUIREMENT OF LOW LANDRICE 1 LITRE/SEC/HA DEPEND OF ENVIRONMENT

• INADEQUATED SUPPLY OF WATER WILL IMPACTOF LOW YIELD

• IRRIGATION IS THE ARTIFICIAL SUPPLY OF WATERFOR THE PURPOSE OF INCREASED OF PADDYPRODUCTION

SURFACE IRRIGATION IS USED 100%OF THE LOW LAND RICE IN THE ASIA COUNTRIES

- LOWER INITIAL COST


- LOWER INITIAL COST- LOWER ENERGY DEMAND

- HIGHER WATER USE- HIGHER LABOR REQUIREMENTS

EFFICIENT SURFACE IRRIGATION APPLICATIONMETHODS ARE NEEDEN FOR GOOD WATER

MANAGEMENT

DIRECT SEED PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM(DSPRS)

• IS A RICE PLANTING SYSTEM IN LOW LAND RICE


• IS A RICE PLANTING SYSTEM IN LOW LAND RICEWITHOUT ANY NURSERY SEEDING

• ENABLES TO MANAGE THE USED OF WATEREFFICIENCY

• WITH VARIOUS WATER FLOODING TREATMENTSAND GROWTH STAGE OF PADDY COULDCONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVE WATER USEEFFICIENCY

DSPRS COULD SAFE OF IRRIGATED WATER ONSTAGE NURSERY PADDY BED


PADDY GROWTH LESS 20 TO 40 DAYS

SAFE WATER 21%

PRODUCTION RISE 25%

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WERE TO DETERMINE THE

EFFECT OF VARYING FLOODING DEPTHS OF THE STAGES

(VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE) WITH DIRECT SEEDING


(VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE) WITH DIRECT SEEDING

PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM (DSPRS) ON RESPONSES OF PADDY

YIELD, NUMBER OF TILLERS, PADDY HEIGHT, AND WATER USE

EFFICIENCY

RESEARCH OF DSPRS

• EXPERIMENT DESIGN

• TREATMENTS: - FLOODING WATER DEPTH

- GROWTH STAGE OF PADY

• A : CONTINUOUS FLOODING 2-3 cm DEPTH


• A1: CONTINUOUS FLOODING 2-3 cm DEPTH

• A2: MUDDY CONDITION (0-1 cm DEPTH)

• A3: MUDDY CONDITION ON VEGETATIVE STAGE CONTINUOUS

FLOODING 2-3 cm DEPTH ON REPRODUCTIVE STAGE AND

A4: MUDDY CONDITION ON MATURING STAGE

• A5: MUDDY CONDITION ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE

STAGE ANG CONTINUOUS FLOODING 2-3 cm ON

MATURING STAGE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSPADDY PLANT HEIGHT

Table 2. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS onHeights of Paddy Crops of Varies Days After Planting.


Treatments

Heights of Paddy Crop

28 DAP 38 DAP 48 DAP 58 DAP 68 DAP 78 DAP 88 DAP 98 DAP

A1 54,32 a 65,32 a 76,4 a 84,25 a 94,8 a 96,85 a 95,5 a 95,15 a

A2 47,97 c 55,97 b 63,52 c 70,97 c 78,02 c 81,7 c 82,95 c 84,45 c

A3 51,2 b 55,97 b 62,6 c 67,87 d 77,07 c 82,3 c 84,65 c 84,47 bc

A4 44,62 d 51,02 c 58,05 d 62,37 c 69,1 b 73,5 d 75,4 d 77,07 d

A5 54,8 a 65,5 a 71,67 b 78,47 b 85,25 d 87,37 b 87,9 b 87,97 b


• TALLER PLANTS HEIGHT (96,85 cm) WITH 68 DAYS DAP WITH CONTINUOUSFLOODED 2-3 cm.

• SHORTED PLANTS HEIGHT (44,62 cm) IN TREATMENT A4

Figure 1. The Effect Between Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS onHeights of Paddy Crop of Varies Days After Planting.

NUMBER OF TILLER

The Number of Tillers

Table 3. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Number ofTillers of Varies Days After Planting.


TreatmentsThe Number of Tillers

28 DAP 38 DAP 48 DAP 58 DAP 68 DAP 78 DAP 88 DAP 98 APD

A1 45.0 b 49.4 ab 54.6 a 60.7 a 68.3 a 65.7 a 63.3 a 65.7 a

A2 44.0 b 46.5 bc 49.4 b 51.9 b 56.1 b 64.7 bc 54.4 b 64.2 a

A3 43.3 b 47.3 bc 49.6 b 53.6 b 57.5 b 55.5 b 55.2 b 55.8 a

A4 43.0 b 45.0 c 47.6 b 49.3 b 50.7 c 52.1 c 50.3 c 48.7 b

A5 48.7 a 51.6 a 52.8 a 63.7 a 66.7 a 65.9 a 61.2 a 50.2 a


Figure 2 : The Effect of Flooding Standing Water of DSPRS on Number of Tillersof Varies Days After Planting

• THE NUMBER OF TILLER INCREASING 38 DAYS DAP; DECREASING AFTER 78 DAP.

• MORE NUMBER OF TILLER (68,3) TREATMENT A1 WHILE LEAST NUMBER OF TILLERWERE FOUND A4 (28 DAP)

GRAIN YIELD

Table 4. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on GrainPaddy Yield/Plot (gram)


Treatments Grain Paddy Yield /plot (gram)

A1 5820 a

A2 5330 a

A3 5510 a

A4 5895 a

A5 5165 a


Figure 3. Effect Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Grain Paddy Yield

• NO SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECT BETWEEN FLOODING IRRIGATED WATER ON GRAINPADDY YIELD

WATER USED EFFICIENCY

Table 5. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on WaterUsed Efficiency

Water Used Efficiency


TreatmentWater Used Efficiency

(gram/liter)

A1 0,410 c

A2 0,825 a

A3 0,770 ab

A4 0,665 ab

A5 0,550 bc


Figure 4. Chart the Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Water UsedEfficiency

• TREATMENT A3 GAVE HIGHEST WATER USE EFFICIENCY (0,770 GRAM) WHILETREATMENT A5 GAVE THE LOWEST RETURN PER LITRE OF WATER USED (0,550GRAM)

CONCLUSION

1. DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM (DSPRS) RESPONSES OF

PADDY YIELD, NUMBER OF TILLERS, PADDY HEIGHT, AND WATER

EFFICIENCY AND ALSO EFFECT OF VARYING FLOODING DEPTHS OF


PADDY GROWING STAGES SUCH AS VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE

2. THE METHODE WITH 0-1 CM FLOODING DEPTH OR MUDDY CONDITION

RESULTS IN BEST YIELD OF RICE, AND BECOME AN ALTERNATIVE BETTER

WAY FOR AN EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT ON PADDY FIELD

ESPECIALLY DURING DRY SEASON WHEN WATER RESOURCES IS STRICLY

LIMITED

CONCLUSION

3. DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM IS ONE OF ALTERNATIVE

WAY IN WHICH COULD CONSERVED THE WATER SUPPLY TO THE MINIMUM

VOLUME OF WATER REQUIREMENT OF LOW LAN RICE. IT COULD ALSO

KEEP AVAILABLE A WATER CONSERVATION SUSTAINABLE DURING


KEEP AVAILABLE A WATER CONSERVATION SUSTAINABLE DURING

WHOLE PADDIES GROWTH

4. NO SIGNIFICANTLLY EFFECT BETWEEN FLOODING STANDING DEPTH

WATER WITH MUDDY CONDITION ON GRAIN PADDY YIELDS (TABEL 4). SO

IF FARMERS HAVE A GOOD ENOUGH SKILL TO DETERMINE PADDY

PERIODE STAGES, BETTER APPLIED A MUDDY CONDITION COMPARED

WITH FLOODING STANDING DEPTH WATER AT PADDIES FIELD.

RECOMENDATION

1. AGRICULTURAL RESEACHERS NEED TO CREATE ANDDESIMINATION A NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW LAND RICE BASEDON HIGH WATER USED EFFICIENCY.


2. WITHOUT ANY EFFORT AND AWARENESS OF THE GOVERNMENTAND WATER USERS, THE SUSTAINABILITY WATERCONSERVATION ENGINEERING WILL DISAPPEAR IN THE YEAR2050.

3. IN THE FUTURE GOVERMENTS IN ASIA COUNTRIES NEED TO SETSAUTONOMOUS LOCAL POLICY OF ALLOCATING WATERESPECIALLY AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND COMMUNITYSECTORS MAYBE THE BEST METHODS OF ALLOCATING WATER ISTO PRICE THEM IN THE MOST ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT WAYS.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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