international conferences on environment and their outcomes
TRANSCRIPT
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International conferences onEnvironment and their
OutcomesBY:
Devanshu 36Dion 37Eric 38
Esha 39Garima 40
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Environmental organizations can beglobal, regional, national or local; they canbe government-run or private.
Environmentalist activity exists in almostevery country.
Moreover, groups dedicated to community
development and social justice also focuson environmental concerns.
Introduction
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On an international level, concern for theenvironment was the subject of a United NationsConference on the Human Environment inStockholm in 1972, attended by 114 nations.
Out of this meeting developed UNEP (UnitedNations Environment Programme) and the follow-up United Nations Conference on Environmentand Development in 1992.
Other international organizations in support ofenvironmental policies development includethe Commission for EnvironmentalCooperation (as part of NAFTA), the EuropeanEnvironment Agency (EEA), andthe Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC).
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Stockholm Conference on theHuman Environment
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From June 5 to June 16, 1972 UNs first major conference on environmental
issues and marked a turning point in thedevelopment of international environmental
politics. Attended by the representatives of 114 countries,
19 inter-governmental agencies, and more than400 inter-governmental and non-governmentalorganizations, it is widely recognized as the
beginning of modern political and publicawareness of global environmental problems. Led to the formulation of the Stockholm
declaration
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Problems and management of humansettlements.
Natural resources management
Pollution control measures
Social and cultural aspects
Development and Environment
General Framework of TheConference
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Man is both the creator and moulder of hisenvironment, which helps him grow.
The protection and improvement of the
human environment is a major issue whichaffects the well being of people and economicdevelopment throughout the world.
Man has the ability to transform hissurroundings.
In developing countries, most environmentalissues arise due to underdevelopment.
Declaration of The Conference
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Growth of population presents problemson the preservation of the environment,measures to be adopted to face this
problem. A point ha been reached, when we must
shape our actions with a prudent care forenvironmental consequences.
The conference calls upon Governmentsand people to exert common efforts for thepreservation of the human environment.
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1. Right to protect the Environment2. Management of natural resources.
3. Conservation of wildlife.
4. Population policy5. Environment and development
6. Pollution control
7. Resource planning
8. Ban on nuclear weapons
Principles andRecommendations
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BRUNTLAND COMISSION
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Also known as World Commission onEnvironment and Development (WCED)
Mission is to unite countries to pursue
sustainable development together
The Chairman of the Commission, GroHarlem Brundtland, was appointed by
Javier Perez de Cuellar, former SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, inDecember 1983
HISTORY
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Mansour Khalid as Vice-Chairman.
The organization aims to create a unitedinternational community with shared
sustainability goals by identifying sustainabilityproblems worldwide, raising awareness aboutthem, and suggesting the implementation ofsolutions.
In 1987, the Brundtland Commission publishedthe first volume of Our Common Future, the
organizations main report. Our Common
Future strongly influenced the Earth Summit in
Rio de Janeiro,
Cont.
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To propose long-term environmental strategies forachieving sustainable development to the year2000 and beyond;
To recommend ways in which concern for theenvironment may be translated into greater co-operation among developing countries andbetween countries at different stages of economicand social development and lead to the
achievement of common and mutually supportiveobjectives which take account of theinterrelationships between people, resources,environment and development;
Focus was on..
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To help to define shared perceptions oflong-term environmental issues and of theappropriate efforts needed to deal
successfully with the problems ofprotecting and enhancing the environment,
To consider ways and means by which theinternational community can deal more
effectively with environmental concerns, inthe light of the other recommendations inits report
Cont..
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Brundtland Commission pushed for the idea that whilethe "environment" was previously perceived as a sphereseparate from human emotion or action,
While "development" was a term habitually used todescribe political goals or economic progress,
It is more comprehensive to understand the two terms inrelation to each other
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Brundtland argues: "...the "environment" is where we live; and
"development" is what we all do in attempting toimprove our lot within that abode. The two areinseparable.
The Brundtland Commission insists upon theenvironment being something beyond physicality,going beyond that traditional school of thought toinclude social and political atmospheres andcircumstances.
It also insists that development is not just about howpoor countries can ameliorate their situation, but whatthe entire world, including developed countries, can doto ameliorate our communal situation.
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The concept of "needs" in particular theessential needs of the world's poorestpeople, to which they should be given
overriding priority; the idea of limitations which is imposed by
the state of technology and social
organization on the environment's ability tomeet both present and future needs.
SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT
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Central idea of the Brundtland Commission'sdefinition of "sustainable development" is thatof intergenerational equity.
In sum, the "needs" are basic and essential,
economic growth will facilitate their fulfillment,and that equity is encouraged by citizenparticipation.
Therefore, another characteristic that really
sets this definition apart from others is in theelement of humanity that the BrundtlandCommission integrates.
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Economic Growth: dont exploit the resources Ways to grow economically without hurting the environment
Environmental Protection : Investment in green technologies,
Renewable energies
Social Equality: Meet the needs of the all The rising income gap should be curtailed The Brundtland Commission has made an impact in helping
to reduce the number of people living on less than a dollar aday to just half of what it used to be, but this can also beattributed to growth in China and India.
Crux of the Report
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The Rio Declaration
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Met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June1992
Reaffirming the Declaration of the United
Nations Conference on the HumanEnvironment, adopted at Stockholm on 16June 1972
Seeking to build upon it
Preamble
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Of establishing a new and equitable globalpartnership through: the creation of new levels of co-operation among
States, key sectors of societies and people
Working towards international agreements whichrespect the interests of all and
Protect the integrity of the global environmental and
developmental system
Recognizing the integral and interdependentnature of the Earth, our home
Goal
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PRINCIPLE 1 Human beings are at the centre of concerns for
sustainable development. They are entitled to a
healthy and productive life in harmony withnature.
Principle 2
States have the right to exploit their ownresources and the responsibility to ensure thatactivities do not cause damage to theenvironment of other States
The Principles
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Principle 3 The Right to Development Principle 4 Environmental Protection in the
Development Process Principle 5 The Eradication of Poverty
Principle 7 State cooperation to protect theecosystem Principle 11 National Legislation Principle 22 Indigenous people have a vital role
Principle 26 Resolution of EnvironmentalDisputes Principle 27 Cooperation between the State and
People
The Principles
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Third Generation Human Rights Goes beyond Civil and Social rights
Affect Soft Law
Rights broadly cover Group and Collective Rights
Right to Economic and Social Development
Right to a Healthy Environment Right to Natural Resources
Right to Intergenerational Equity andSustainability
The Impact
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Principle 2 UNCLOS, part V (United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea)
States have an obligation under international law to conserve and utilize their natural resources in a
sustainable manner share underutilized resources with neighbouring and less
advantaged States to protect their environment and prevent damage to
neighbouring environments
This was expressed in the 1995 Agreement on FishStocks.
Implementation ofRio Declaration
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Convention on BiologicalDiversity
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Came into force in December 1993
Can be divided in following 4 parts
Objectives, Principles, Definitions, Jurisdiction
Commitments of each party
Relationship between parties
Mechanism through which convention regime
will operate
Introduction to CBD
M i P i b d i
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Certain human activities are reducing biodiversity
Capacity to conserve diversity should be
strengthened
Developing countries should be providedwith technological support & Financial
ResourcesCo-operation between governments is
necessary
Main Points to be noted inPreamble
S C fli t
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Financial Resource Allocation Amount of money given by developed countries
Mechanism to control and account for those funds
Article 20 tries to resolve this
Access to genetic resources
Article 15 says access to genetic resourcesdepends on permission from national government
Not restricted to genes taken before convention isimplemented
Developing countries consider this unfair
Some Conflicts
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Transfer of Technology
Article 16 mentions about obligation of allparties facilitate transfer of technologiesrelevant to convention objectives
Developing countries were not willing to rely
on this to guarantee transfer of technologieswhich use their genetic resources
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Kyoto Protocol
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The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the UnitedNations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC ), aimed at fighting global warming.The UNFCCC is an internationalenvironmental treaty with the goal of achieving the
"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations inthe atmosphere at a level that would preventdangerous anthropogenic interference with the climatesystem.
The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16February 2005. As of September 2011, 191 stateshave signed and ratified the protocol.
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Parties to UNFCCC are classified as: Annex I countries: industrialized countries and
economies in transition
Annex II countries: developed countries whichpay for costs of developing countries
Non Annex I countries: Developing countries.
P ti i ti i K t P t l f
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Participation in Kyoto Protocol as ofDecember 2011
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Commitments for the Annex I Parties: The main feature of theProtocollies in establishing commitments for the reduction ofgreenhouse gases that are legally binding for Annex I Parties.( industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions ofgreenhouse gases by 5.2%. )
Implementation: In order to meet the objectives of the Protocol,
Annex I Parties are required to prepare policies and measures forthe reduction of greenhouse gases in their respective countries. Inaddition, they are required to increase the absorption of these gasesand utilize all mechanisms available, such as joint implementation,the clean development mechanism and emissions trading, in orderto be rewarded with credits that would allow more greenhouse gasemissions at home.
Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries by establishing anadaptation fund for climate change.
Accounting, Reporting and Review in order to ensure the integrity ofthe Protocol.
Compliance: Establishing a Compliance Committee to enforcecompliance with the commitments under the Protocol.
Objectives
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Annex I countries which have ratified theProtocol have committed to reduce theiremission levels of greenhouse gasses totargets that are mainly set below their 1990levels. They may do this by allocatingreduced annual allowances to the majoroperators within their borders. Theseoperators can only exceed their allocations ifthey buy emission allowances, or offset theirexcesses through a mechanism that isagreed by all the parties to UNFCCC.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_tradinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading -
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Developing countries are not required to reduce
emission levels unless developed countries supplyenough funding and technology. Setting no
immediate restrictions under UNFCCC servesthree purposes: it avoids restrictions on their development, because
emissions are strongly linked to industrial capacity they can sell emissions credits to nations whose
operators have difficulty meeting their emissionstargets they get money and technologies for low-carbon
investments from Annex II countries.
Developing countries may volunteer to become
The Kyoto Protocol
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The Kyoto Protocol includes three mechanisms that enable a partyto
increase its initial assigned amount:
International emission trading (IET) between Annex I parties (Article17) involves transfers of assigned amount between Annex I
countries.
Joint implementation (JI) between Annex I parties (Article 6) involvestransfers of emission reduction units created by emission reductionor sequestration actions in one Annex I country with financialassistance from another Annex I country.
Clean development mechanism (CDM) (Article 12) involvestransfers to Annex I parties of certified emission reduction creditscreated through emission mitigation projects implemented indeveloping countries with financial and other assistance from AnnexI countries.
The Kyoto ProtocolMechanisms
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Many see the costs of the Kyoto Protocol asoutweighing the benefits, some believing thestandards which Kyoto sets to be toooptimistic, others seeing a highly inequitable
and inefficient agreement which would dolittle to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Base year as 1990 controversy
James Hansen's criticism
Green organisations criticism
Criticism of Carbon Trade
Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol
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1. China 17%, 5.82. United States 16%, 24.13. European Union 11%, 10.64. Indonesia 6%, 12.95. India 5%, 2.16. Russia 5%, 14.97. Brazil 4%, 10.0
8. Japan 3%, 10.69. Canada 2%, 23.210. Mexico 2%, 6.4
Top-ten emitters
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US- When George W. Bush was elected USpresident in 2000, he was asked by USSenator Hagel what his administration's positionwas on climate change. Bush replied that he took
climate change "very seriously," but that heopposed the Kyoto treaty, because "it exempts80% of the world, including major populationcenters such as China and India, from compliance,and would cause serious harm to the USeconomy.
Canada- The decision to do so will save the
government an estimated $14 billion in penalties.
U.S. and Canada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush -
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Other main conferences include:
Copenhagen Summit (2009)
World Climate Change Conference,Moscow (2003)
Business for the environment
World Future Energy Summit
World Ocean Conference
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Thank You!