international consensus on environmental risk...
TRANSCRIPT
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International Consensus on Environmental Risk Assessment of GE Crops: Contributions from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
South Asia Conference on Current Approaches to Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Crops, May 16-18, 2011 New Delhi, India
OECD Working Group on the Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in BiotechnologyDr. Sally McCammon, Chair
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33 Member Countries of OECD• Australia • Austria • Belgium • Canada• Chile• Czech Republic • Denmark • European Commission• Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Iceland • Israel• Italy • Japan
• Korea • Luxembourg • Mexico • Netherlands• New Zealand • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Slovak Republic • Slovenia• Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • United Kingdom • United States
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OECD Regulatory Harmonization in Biotechnology
• Working Group for the Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology– Environmental
• Task Force for the Safety of Novel Food and Feed – Food
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Working Group Observors
• Formal– Argentina– Russia– OECD Business
and Industry Advisory Committee
• Ad hoc– Brazil– Cameroon– China– Egypt– India– Philippines– South Africa
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Other Working Group Observers
• CBD Secretariat• CERA• FAO• ICGEB• UNEP• UNIDO• IFPRI (International Food Policy
Research Institute)
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WG Harmonization
• Differences between countries– New Laws or not– Regulation endpoints based upon adverse
effects or defined risks– Combined or separate environmental or
food/feed safety reviews– Triggers- novelty, GE/GMO, combination– Adverse effects– Number of ministries involved in regulation
(and in developing positions for international discussions)
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Harmonization and the WG• To ensure that the information used in
environmental risk/safety assessment of transgenic organisms, as well as the methods used to collect such information, is as similar as possible among countries.– Develop a common way of thinking for
regulators and safety assessors– Provide technical documents to support risk
assessment– Capacity building– Link with non-member countries
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Working Group
• Technical documents that support risk assessment for environmental release
• Rationales for importance to risk/safety assessment
• Mutual recognition of or acceptance of data, assessments
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Criteria
• Science Basis for approaches to environmental assessment
• Leverage collective expertise in environmental assessment of biotechnology products
• Economies of scale• Credibility of Working Group
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WG Harmonization
• Similarities between countries– Risk assessment paradigm
• Biology + trait + environment X interaction• Use of familiarity• Comparative• Step-by-step, case-by-case
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Assessment Paradigms
Established in OECD - 1993• Concept of Familiarity (environmental
safety)-Basis of assessment– Safety Considerations for Biotechnology:
Scale-up of Crop Plants, OECD, Paris. • Biology X Trait X Environment + Interaction• Hazard identification and safety
assessment• Substantial Equivalence (food safety)-
Basis of assessment
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Concept of ERA Developed within OECD: History
• 1986, Recombinant DNA Safety Considerations (The Blue Book), OECD, Paris.– Industrial, agricultural and environmental applications
• 1992, Safety Considerations for Biotechnology, OECD, Paris. – Confined Field tests
• 1993, Safety Considerations for Biotechnology: Scaleup of Crop Plants, OECD, Paris. – Large-scale field tests
• Available electronically at http://www.oecd.org/biotrack
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OECD Blue Book (1986)
• Agriculture• Risk assessment includes evaluating
– Donor and recipient organisms– Techniques for developing organism– Properties of resulting organism
• General considerations included– Survival and multiplication– Interactions with other species– Effects on environment
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OECD Blue Book (1986)• Stepwise
Laboratory > Greenhouse > Small-scale field trial > Large-scale field trial > (unconfined release)
• Case-by-Case– Individual review of proposal against
assessment criteria relevant to the particular proposal;
– not intended to imply that every case will require review since classes of proposals may be excluded.
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1993 Scale-up: Familiarity• Knowledge and experience
– Unmodified plant > basis for comparative risk assessment
• Hazard identification and risk assessment– Safety issues– Safety concerns > product specific– Assessing potential adverse effects
• Applying risk management including– When standard cultural practices are adequate– When additional management practices are needed– When increases in scale not appropriate
• More information needed
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1993 – Scale-up• Background in plant breeding and
performance trials for the development of new plant varieties.
• Safety issues that could give rise to a concern– Gene transfer, – Weediness, – Trait effects, – Genetic and phenotypic variability, – Biological vector effects and genetic material
from pathogens, – Worker/human safety
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Familiarity (1993)• Information available before assessment
– The crop plant– Agricultural and surrounding environment– Specific traits introduced– Previous basic research in greenhouse and
small-scale field trials– Scale-up of plant lines with traits developed by
traditional techniques– Scale-up of similar plant lines (transgenic)– Presence of related sexually compatible plants in
the environment– Interactions between the crop/trait/environment
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Working GroupOrganisms in the Environment
PlantsMicro-organisms
Animals
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Terms of Reference 2009-2012
I. ‘Consensus Documents’ – biology and trait
II. Information Dissemination and Outreach
III. Facilitating Harmonization: Emerging Issues
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OECD Working Group• Funding-Extramural• Projects developed by Member
Countries– Proposal >Draft operational plan>steering
group>document
• Bureau (Board of Directors)– Australia, Japan, Finland, Mexico,
Netherlands, United States + the Secretariat (Canada)
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Environmental Risk Assessment Plants
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I. Consensus Documents-Biology of Crop Plants (27)
• Zea mays (Maize)• Beta vulgaris L. (Sugar Beet)• Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soybean)• Oryza sativa (Rice)• Triticum aestivum (Bread Wheat)• Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum
(Potato)• Brassica spp. (5)(2011)
– Brassica napus L. (Oilseed rape)• Bananas and Plantains (2009)
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Plant Biology Consensus Documents
• Carica papaya (Papaya)• Capsicum annuum complex • Helianthus annus (sunflower)• Cotton• Trees (13)
–Forest–Pulp–Fruit
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Plant Biology Consensus Documents in the Pipeline
• Cucurbits (Mexico)• Tomato (Spain and Mexico)• Sugarcane (Australia)• Eucalyptus (Australia)• Sorghum (South Africa and the
United States)
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Task Force Consensus Documents – Food Safety
• Compositional Considerations: Key Food and Feed Nutrients, Anti-Nutrients and Toxicants
• Examples– Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum)– Maize (Zea Mays)– Potatoes– Sugar Beet– Soybean– Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (Canola)– Papaya
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Guidance for Development of Biology Documents
• Introduction to Biosafety Consensus Documents (2005)
• Points to Consider (2006)• Guidance for Preparation (2008)
–Lead country–Lead authors–Working Group review–Secretariat
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Points-to-Consider• Points to Consider for Consensus Documents
on the Biology of Cultivated Plants – Guide to revising documents– Guide to developing new documents
• Descriptions of sections and sub-sections e.g.– Taxonomy– Related and sexually compatible species– Cultural practices
• Rationales– Why relevant – Not how used in risk/safety assessment
• Examples – OECD consensus documents
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Consensus Documents-Traits
• Virus Resistance (coat protein)• Glyphosate Herbicide Tolerance • Phosphinothricin Herbicide Tolerance • Herbicide Metabolism and the
Residues in Glufosinate-Ammonium (Phosphinothricin)-Tolerant Transgenic Plants
• Bacillus thuringiensis - Trait
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Use of Consensus Documents
• By applicants for submissions• By regulators for assessments• By public for understanding
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II. Outreach Activities• Biotrack Online www.OECD.org/biotrack
– OECD Publications-finalized ‘consensus documents’
– Links to Member Country Websites– Product database
• Unique Identifiers – plants (2003), stacked genes (2007)
• International Symposia for Biosafety of GMOs – 3 Workshops (Korea, New Zealand and Argentina)
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ISBGMO and OECD• Korea (2006) – Twentieth anniversary of
the “Blue Book” • New Zealand (2008) – Harmonization• Argentina (2010) – Current work in
harmonization• Goals
– Share work – Provide views of participating countries on projects –
why important and usefulness– Receive input from audience regarding projects and
potential future work– Answer questions
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III. Facilitating Harmonisation
• Molecular Characterization– Consensus Document on Molecular
Characterisation of Plants Derived from Modern Biotechnology (2010)
• Environmental Considerations for Risk/Safety Assessment for the Release of Transgenic Plants
• Low Level Presence – Seed/commodities • (Biology of Atlantic salmon)
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Molecular Characterization• One component of ERA and Food Safety
Assessment for commercial use• Understanding of genetic material
introduced and expressed– Transformation method– The inserted DNA, insertion site, and
expressed material– Inheritance and genetic stability
• Rationales as to why this information may be useful for risk/safety assessment– Case by case
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Environmental Considerations• Collective experience gained in 18 years
since the Scale-up document for unconfined release of plant products
• 7 considerations under discussion– Persistence, weediness & invasiveness– Gene flow– Organisms and food webs– Effects on soil function– Crop management practices– Effects on plant health, & incidental exposure to
animals & humans– biodiversity
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Environmental Considerations
• Consideration – Overview– Rationale– Information elements of use in evaluation
• Considerations evaluated depend upon case– Product attributes– Legislative endpoints; Protection goals– Hazards identified
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OECDSuite of Documents for ERA
Paradigm• Blue Book (1986)
– Organism– Step-by-step– Case-by-case
• Confined field trials (1992)• Large scale field trials
(1993)– Familiarity– Plant, trait, environment– Environmental issues
• Traditional Crop Breeding Practices-a baseline (1993)
Technical • Biology documents• Points to Consider with
biology• Trait documents• Molecular
Characterization• Environmental
Considerations• ERA and information for
LLP in seed & commodities
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Thank You