International Cooperation

and Conflict

Kim Jung-il

Hugo Chavez

Mahmud Ahmadinejad

Medvedev & Putin

Hu Jintao

Foreign Policy in the US

• The President, the nation’s chief diplomat and commander in chief of its armed forces, has traditionally carried the major responsibility for both the making and conduct of foreign policy.

• The President depends on a number of officials and agencies to meet the immense responsibilities that come with this dual role.

The Defense Department• The Defense Department is headed

by the Secretary of Defense.

• The secretary has two major responsibilities

• 1 – He is the President’s chief aid and advisor in making and carrying out defense policy

• 2 – He is the operating head of the Defense Department

• The Secretary’s Domain is the Pentagon

• Current Secretary of Defense: Chuck Hagel

The CIA• The Central Intelligence

Agency (CIA) is a key part of the foreign policy establishment.

• The CIA is responsible for collecting, analyzing, and reporting information for the President and the National Security Council.

• A full range of espionage, or spying, activities are undertaken by the CIA.

The State Department

• The State Department is headed by the Secretary of State, who ranks first among the members of the President’s Cabinet.

• 1st Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson

• First women – Madeleine Albright 1997 Clinton

• First African American – Colin Powell 2001 Bush

• Current Sec. of State – John Kerry

• In the United States, the Department of State runs offices, called embassies, in most countries around the world.

• The embassies’ job is to represent US interests to the leadership of other countries.

• Embassies are usually located in the capital of a country.

• The lead officials representing the United States are called ambassadors.

• The Department of State also runs consulates, secondary offices that usually deal with economic issues as well as the granting of visas to enter their home countries.

• Consulates are usually located in regional cities – secondary cities.

• Only the US federal government has the right to establish embassies or consulates in other countries.

Intergovernmental Organizations and

Supranational Alliances Intergovernmental organizations differ in

function, membership and membership criteria. They have various goals and scopes, often outlined in the treaty or charter.

• Some are more general in scope while others may have subject-specific missions.

Intergovernmental Organizationsand Supranational Alliances

Worldwide or global organizations - generally open to nations worldwide as long as certain criteria are met. Examples are: – United Nations (UN)

• New York City, USA - 191 countries – Interpol

• Lyon, France - 186 countries – World Trade Organization (WTO)

• Geneva, Switzerland – 153 countries – International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• Washington DC, USA – 186 countries – 21 important

The United Nations

• The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of the world.”

• Oversight and maintenance of international peace is delegated to the UN Security Council, of which the United States is a permanent member. (5 & 10 rotate)

• Peacekeeping missions, international aid to children and women, and investigations and aid for world health services are all examples of current United Nations functions.

The United Nations was formed following World War II to promote peace and security across the globe.

5 permanent members

• United States

• United Kingdom

• France

• Russia

• China

10 rotation members – 2 year terms

• Africa – 3 countries

• Latin America & Caribbean – 2 countries

• Asia – 2 countries

• Western Europe – 2 countries

• Eastern Europe – 1 country

1 country from Africa or Asia must be an Arab country

Ban Ki-moon

United Nations Secretary-General

(2007)

United States Ambassador to the United

Nations

SamanthaPower

New York City

New York City

The Hague International Court of Justice

Geneva

MORE…Intergovernmental Organizations

and Supranational AlliancesRegional organizations - open to members from a particular

region or continent of the world.

• Examples are – European Union (EU)

– Brussels, Belgium – 27 countries – African Union (AU)

– Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - 53 countries – Organization of American States (OAS)

– Washington, DC, USA – 35 countries – Oldest regional organization

– Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – Jakarta, Indonesia – 10 countries (economic, political)

– Union of South American Nations (SAN)– 5/08– Quito, Ecuador – 12 countries – modeled after EU

The modern day European Union grew out of the European Coal & Steel Community, which was founded in 1951 by;

• Belgium

• The Netherlands

• Luxembourg

• West Germany

• France

• Italy

• In 1973 the community expanded.

•United Kingdom

•Ireland

•Denmark

• 1981—Greece joined.

• 1985—Spain and Portugal joined.

• 1995—Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined.

• 2004-2013—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus & Croatia.

28 Countries

European countries not in the European Union

• Norway—rejected entrance twice—1973 & 1995• Switzerland—historically neutral• Bosnia and Herzegovina• Serbia • Montenegro• Albania• Macedonia• Belarus• Ukraine• Moldova• Russia

• In 1992 representatives elected to begin using a common currency in the year 1999 called the EURO.

• The EU is the leading economic power in the world.

• In addition to working together for economic growth, EU members also cooperate politically. Citizens of EU countries enjoy a single European citizenship that allows them to live and work anywhere in the Union.

• They can also vote in the country that they live, even if they are not citizens of that country.

EVEN MORE…Intergovernmental Organizations

Supranational AlliancesCultural organizations (linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical)- open

to members based on some cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical link.

• Examples include the – Commonwealth of Nations

– London, UK – 53 countries

– La Francophonie– Paris, France – 56 countries

– Community of Portuguese Language Countries – Lisbon, Portugal – 8 countries

– Latin Union– Paris, France – 37 countries – romance language countries

– Organization of the Islamic Conference– Jeddah, Saudi Arabia – 57 countries

Economic organizations - based on economic organization, dedicated to free trade, the reduction of trade barriers, and international development.

– the World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund– EU & other regional organizations serve this capacity

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)– Mexico City, Ottawa, Washington DC – established 1994 – Not exactly an “organization” – it’s a treaty

• Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC)

– Vienna, Austria – 12 countries

Vienna, Austria

GUESS WHAT? MORE….Intergovernmental Organizations

and Supranational AlliancesCollective Security organizations – designed to

provide for the common defense of its members. • Many during times of War • Rio Pact – Most of Western Hemisphere• ANZUS – USA, Australia, New Zealand • NORAD – USA & Canada• African Union (AU) – 53 countries • Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

– Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

• Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) – China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)– Brussels, Belgium - 26 Countries

International Non-Governmental Organizations

International non-profit organizations. – Examples include the

• International Red Cross / Red Crescent / Red Diamond– Geneva, Switzerland

• Médecins Sans Frontières (Dr. without borders)– Geneva, Switzerland

• World Organization of the Scout Movement – Geneva, Switzerland

International Non-Governmental Organizations

Multinational corporations – Examples include

• The Coca-Cola Company• McDonalds • Toyota

With all of this cooperation,

why do we have so much conflict in the

world?

Could it possibly be those two little words???

Mone

yPow

er

End of the Cold War

• In the post—Cold War era, the familiar division of the world into countries or states is crumbling.

• Between the mid-1940s and the late 1980s two superpowers—the United States and the Soviet Union—essentially “ruled” the world.

• But the United States is less dominant in the political landscape of the twenty-first century, and the Soviet Union no longer exists.

• Today globalization means more connections among states.

• POWER is exercised through connections among states that are created primarily for economic cooperation and the production of

MONEY.

What happens when individuals, organizations, or even countries feel that they do not have adequate access

to power or money?

Terrorism!!!– The systematic use of violence to intimidate a

population or to coerce a government• From the Latin word meaning “to frighten”• Use of bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, and murder

to instill fear and anxiety in a population

Why is Terrorism on the rise?

• Terrorism by individuals and organizations– American terrorists– September 11, 2001, attacks– Al-Qaeda

• Jihad

Why is Terrorism on the rise?

• State support for terrorism– Three increasing levels of involvement

• Providing sanctuary• Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to

terrorists• Using terrorists to plan attacks

Libya • Terrorists sponsored by Libya in 1986

bombed a nightclub in Berlin popular with U.S. military personnel then stationed there, killing two U.S. soldiers (three, including one civilian).

• In response, U.S. bombers attacked the Libyan cities of Tripoli and Benghazi in a failed attempt to kill Colonel Qaddafi.

• In 1990, investigators announced that the 1988 destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, was conducted by Libyan agents.

• Following eight years of U.N. economic sanctions, Colonel Qaddafi turned over the suspects for a trial that was held in the Netherlands under Scottish law.

• One of the two was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, while the other was acquitted.

Afghanistan 1979• Afghanistan’s civil war began when the King

was overthrown by a military coup in 1973 and replaced five years later in a bloody coup by a government sympathetic to the Soviet Union.

• The Soviet Union sent 115,000 troops to Afghanistan beginning in 1979 after fundamentalist Muslims, known as mujahedeen, or “holy warriors,” started a rebellion against the pro-Soviet government.

• Unable to subdue the mujahedeen, the Soviet Union withdrew its troops in 1989, and the Soviet- installed government in Afghanistan collapsed in 1992.

• Taliban (Arabic for “students of Muslim religious schools”) had gained power in Afghanistan in 1995, temporarily suppressing a civil war that had lasted for more than two decades and imposing strict Islamic fundamentalist law on the population.

Afghanistan 2001 • After several years of infighting among

the factions that had defeated the Soviet Union, Taliban gained control over most of the country. The country deteriorated over the next decade.

• The United States attacked Afghanistan in 2001 when its leaders, known as Taliban, sheltered Osama bin Laden and other al-Qaeda terrorists.

• Six years of Taliban rule came to an end in 2001 following the U.S. invasion. Destroying Taliban was necessary for the United States in order to go after al-Qaeda leaders, including Osama bin Laden, who were living in Afghanistan as guests of the Taliban. Removal of Taliban unleashed a new struggle for control of Afghanistan among the country’s many ethnic groups.

Iraq • After Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait in

1990 and attempted to annex it, the U.S.-led coalition launched the 1991 Gulf War known as Operation Desert Storm to drive Iraq out of Kuwait.

• Although Iraq was defeated in the 1991 Gulf War, Saddam Hussein and the Ba’ath Party remained in power until the 2003 war. Hussein’s brutal treatment of Iraqis over several decades was widely acknowledged by other countries but not accepted as justification for military action against him.

• U.S. assertion that Hussein had close links with al-Qaeda was also challenged by most other countries, as well as by U.S. intelligence agencies.

• One reason was that Hussein’s Ba’ath Party, which ruled Iraq between 1968 and 2003, espoused different principles than the al-Qaeda terrorists.

Iraq 2003 • In contrast with the 1991 Gulf War, most U.N.-

member states did not support the U.S .-led attack in 2003. Most other countries did not view as sufficiently strong the evidence that Iraq still possessed weapons of mass destruction or intended to use them.

• The United States attacked Iraq in 2003 supposedly to remove from power the country’s longtime President Saddam Hussein.

• U.S. officials, supported by the United Kingdom, argued that Hussein was developing weapons of mass destruction that could be turned over to terrorists.

• The U.S. confrontation with Iraq predated the war on terrorism.

Iran

• Hostility between the United States and Iran dates from 1979, when a revolution forced abdication of Iran’s pro-U.S. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahiavi.

• Iran and Iraq fought a war between 1980 and 1988 over control of the Shatt al-Arab waterway, formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flowing into the Persian Gulf.

• Because both Iran and Iraq were major oil producers, the war caused a sharp decline in international oil prices.

• An estimated 1.5 million died in the war, until it ended when the two countries accepted a UN peace plan.

• As the United States launched its war on terrorism, Iran was a less immediate target than Afghanistan and Iraq.

• However, the United States accused Iran of harboring al-Qaeda members and of trying to install a Shiite-dominated government in Iraq after the United States removed Saddam Hussein from power in 2003.

Other Terrorist States

• Other states considered by the United States to be state sponsors of terrorism in recent years have included the following:

– Yemen, which served as a base for al-Qaeda cells and sheltered terrorists who attacked the USS Cole;

– Sudan, which sheltered Islamic militants, including Osama bin Laden; and has since broken into two countries due to domestic terrorism

– Iran, which had the capability to produce enriched uranium;

– Syria, which was implicated in support of Iranian and Libyan terrorists;

– North Korea, which was developing nuclear weapons capability.