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27th Biennial Symposium of the ICPAFR

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR PHYSICAL

ACTIVITY AND FITNESS RESEARCH

29th- 30thAugust 2013, Hamilton – New Zealand

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Edited by:

Peter Maulder, Glynis Longhurst, Lillian Morton, Antonio Paoli,

Antonino Bianco, Franco Viviani.

Hosted by the: Waikato Institute of Technology and the School of Sport and Exercise Science

University of Hamilton, New Zealand

DOI: 10.12863/ejssxs1x-2013

Supplement to Volume 1 – June 2013 doi: 10.12863/ejssxs1x-2013

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Table of Contents

PAGE

Symposium Programme 3

Welcome Letter 4

Symposium Committees 5

Sessions Programme 6

KEYNOTES

Keynote 1: Prof Liz Bressan 8

Keynote 2: Prof Franco Viviani 10

Keynote 2: DrGeoff Kira 11

PRESENTATIONS

Dr. Les McGrath 13

Dr. Eunike R. Rustiana 14

Miss Danielle Randle 15

Ms Robyn Polley 16

Dr. Nauris Tamulevicius 18

Miss Leah Hutching 19

Mr Elliot Jones 20

Mr Josh Trewin 21

Prof. Trayana Djarova 22

Prof. Abdulhakim Almatar 24

Dr. Glynis Longhurst 25

Mr Frikkie Delport 26

Mr Brad Mayo 27

Mr Josiah O’Connell 28

Mr Josh Stirling 29

Miss Janelle Darlington 30

Mr Kashish Goel 31

Mr David Klinkhamer 32

Mr Michael Johnson 33

Mr Marrin Haggie 35

Dr. Nauris Tamulevicius 36

Miss Genelle Vanderschantz 37

Acknowledgements 38

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Symposium Programme

Friday, 30 August 2013 8:30am Registration 9:00am Keynote 3 (Dr. Geoff Kira) 10.00am Morning Tea 10:20am Session 3 11:20am Closing 11:30am Lunch 12:30pm Outdoors Excursion (Jim Patchett)

Thursday, 29 August 2013 8:30am Registration 9:00am Opening 9:30am Keynote 1 (Prof. Elizabeth Bressan) 10:30am Morning Tea 11:00am Session 1 12:30pm Lunch 2:00pm Session 2 4:00pm Keynote 2 (Prof Franco Viviani)

Poster Presentations and Afternoon Tea

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On behalf of the Organising Committee, we are happy to welcome you to the 27th Biennial symposium of the ICPAFR to be held in Hamilton, New Zealand between 29 and 30th August 2013. The Waikato Institute of Technology and the School of Sport and Exercise Science are honoured to co-organise this event.

ICPAFR, one of the oldest and most interdisciplinary physical activity-related scientific societies, has a membership spanning a wide range of scientific disciplines. It aims to develop a better understanding of all the complex phenomena that the perspective of physical activity for general fitness includes and with a lifespan perspective. Moreover, it aims to exchange expertise and knowledge, and attempts to identify and focus on problems related to specific components of physical activity, in particular, those connected to the standardisation of tests and measurements.

In this book you will find the Programme as well as the abstracts of both the oral and poster presentations. We have endeavoured not to change the content of the abstracts in the editorial process. The abstracts are arranged per session according to the programme schedule and you will find a list of authors in alphabetical order at the end of the abstract book.

This general symposium theme “Physical activity and fitness across the life span” has been chosen due to the paucity of knowledge and understanding about the latter part of the theme. We hope to contribute to a deeper knowledge of this important area

Glynis Longhurst Coordinator ICPAFR Conference 2013

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Organising Committee

International Chairperson Franco Viviani, Department of Biomedicine and Applied Psychology Section of the FISPPA Department, University of Padua, Italy

Local Chairperson Glynis Longhurst, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Waikato Institute of Technology, New Zealand

Local Committee Members Marlene Pouri-Lane Peter Maulder Lillian Morton Adrian Pooley

Scientific Programme Committee

Chairperson Peter Maulder, Hamilton, New Zealand

Glynis Longhurst, Hamilton, New Zealand Nauris Tamulevicius, Seminole, FL. USA Franco Viviani, Padua, Italy LillianMorton, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Sessions Programme Keynote 1 Thursday, 29 August 2013 Presenter: Prof. Elizabeth Bressan Presentation Title: Make Time to Play – Moving Beyond Fitness and Fatness

Session 1 Thursday, 29 August 2013 Physical Activity and Wellness Across the Lifespan Chairperson: Prof. Elizabeth Bressan Co-chairperson: Dr. Glynis Longhurst Time Presenter Presentation Title 11:00am Dr. Les McGrath Residential neighbourhoods and children’s light and

moderate-vigorous step activity: The urban study 11:20am Dr. Eunike R. Rustiana Harmony: A combination of regular and indigenous

dance into physical education for Indonesian young children

11:40am Miss Danielle Randle The Effects of Vitamin D supplementation in Insulin Dependent Diabetes: A review of the literature

12:00pm Ms Robyn Polley Parents supporting play (PSP) – Transferring parental skills into coaching skills – Empowering parents with knowledge and confidence to support children to develop physically and cognitively through play

Session 2 Thursday, 29 August 2013 Sports Science Considerations Across the Lifespan(Part 1) Chairperson: Dr. Peter Maulder Co-chairperson: Dr. Glynis Longhurst Time Presenter Presentation Title 2:00pm Dr. Nauris Tamulevicius Blood lactate dynamics during ultra-distance relay

running 2:20pm Miss Leah Hutching A biomechanical comparison of the foot strike

between running in Vibram Fivefingers® shoes and barefoot

2:40pm Mr Elliot Jones The effects of dietary nitrate and quercetin on exercise performance: A review of the literature

3:00pm Mr Josh Trewin The effects of plyometric training on sprint performance: A review of the literature

3:20pm Prof. Trayana Djarova Analysis of adenosine monophosphate deaminase gene polymorphism creatinphosphokinase and lactate in Zulu South African soccer / netball and Bulgarian soccer players

Keynote 2 Thursday 29 August 2013 Presenter: Prof. Franco Viviani Presentation title: Science, pseudoscience, and the study of growth

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Poster Presentations Thursday, 29 August 2013 Chairperson: Dr. Nauris Tamulevicius Co-chairperson: Dr. Peter Maulder Time Presenter Presentation Title

4:00pm Prof. Abdulhakim Almatar

The relationships between male children’s physical activity and socioeconomic status in Aahsa, Saudi Arabia: A pilot study.

Dr. Glynis Longhurst Feasibility of using the Wii-Fit to improve balance in the elderly: A review of literature

Mr Frikkie Delport What are the acute effects of the facilitation technique using Kinesio Tex tape on force production in health subjects? A review of the literature

Mr Brad Mayo The locomotive requirements during Rugby Union competition: A review of the literature

Mr Josiah O’Connell The acute effects of post activation potentiation on sprint performance: A review of the literature

Mr Josh Stirling The effects of start position on sprint performance: A review of the literature

Miss Janelle Darlington Physical activity patterns in children and adolescents: A review of the literature

Mr Kashish Goel Effect of Nintendo Wii-Fit training on balance and risk of fall in elderly people versus traditional balance training exercises: A review of the literature

Mr David Klinkhamer Participation motivation and physical disability: A review of the literature

Mr Michael Johnson The effects of intermittent fasting on body composition in resistance trained males: A review of the literature

Keynote 2 Friday, 30 August 2013 Presenter: Dr. Geoff Kira Presentation Title: Enabling Community Physical Activity Strategies: Seeking

Inspiration from Indigenous Peoples Session 4 Friday, 30 August 2013 Sports Science Considerations Across the Lifespan (Part 2) Chairperson: Prof. Trayana Djarova Co-chairperson: Ms Lillian Morton Time Presenter Presentation Title 10:20am Mr Marrin Haggie The validity and reliability of a sport specific Yo-Yo

intermittent endurance test to predict the maximal oxygen consumption of national representative Level Rugby League players

10:40am Dr. Nauris Tamulevicius Conditioning and Adaptation to High-intensity Interval Training in Firefighters

11:00am Miss Genelle Vanderschantz

Do acute assisted sprinting interventions have a beneficial impact on acute sprint performance? A review of the literature.

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Professor Elizabeth Bressan Biography

Professor Bressan completed her BSc and MSc degrees in Physical Education at the University of North Carolina (USA). Following four years of teaching movement education in primary schools, she attended the University of South Carolina where she completed her PhD. She then moved to the university level she conducted research and taught in the areas of movement education and applied motor learning. After two years at the University of Kentucky, she moved to the University of Oregon. Following the successful presentation of he 1986 Olympic Scientific Congress at Eugene, Oregon, Prof Bressan was invited to South Africa to deliver a series of seminars. This link with South Africa grew over the years and in 1990 she accepted a position at the University of Stellenbosch, The past 20 years in South Africa have seen an expansion of her expertise to include disability sport, with a particular focus on the Paralympics. She was a founding member of Women in Sport, South Africa, an initiative by the South African government to redress gender inequities in sport and recreation, Her studies in applied motor learning have been refined to focus on sport vision and decision-making. Her current position as the Director of the Centre of Human Performance Sciences at the University of Stellenbosch brings with it additional responsibilities for developing networks with other African Universities who have expertise and interest in sport, recreation and wellness.

Keynote 1

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Make Time to Play – Moving Beyond Fitness and Fatness

Prof Liz Bressan Centre for Human Performance Sciences

Stellenbosch University, South Africa

Our enthusiasm for promoting physical exercise in order to meet the serious challenges to children’s physical health presented by low physical fitness and obesity may be our professional Achilles’ heel. Exercise involves moving to achieve a particular physical outcome on the body. There is a kind of objectification in the way we think of exercise and many of us are quite serious about body measurements. But do children think of themselves as “a body” and do they have any interest trying to achieve changes in any of their body measurements? Are children not more oriented toward how they feel and what they can do? An effective approach for promoting children’s health might be to promote and encourage active play among our children rather than exercise per se. Play has the potential to contribute to multiple aspects of children’s development, from cognitive, social and emotional to physical. Free play encourages exploration, imagination and introduces children to the joy of moving. Deliberate play opens the door of motor skill learning for children and opportunities to experience themselves as competence and effective agents in their environment. It is in this joy and with these skills that to a long-term interest and commitment to participation in physical activity may be cultivated. Without that interest and commitment, long term physical health goals may remain illusive.

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Professor Franco Viviani

Biography

Prof. Franco Viviani, PhD, is at present contract Professor of Anthropology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA); University of Padua, Italy.

Professor Viviani’s primary research interest is in the area of anthropology with particular emphasis on kin anthropometry and psychobiology of movement. He conducted anthropological field studies in various parts of the world, mainly focused on sex-based and gender-related differences. He published various refereed journal articles, he was invited to speak in a number of congresses, and he is author of various book chapters and books. He served on the ICPAFR as a board member for many years, and he was elected in 2004 to the position of President of the Council. In this role he helped to facilitate a number of scientific meetings of the Council and during time he co-organized many different symposia on different topics.

Presentation title: Science, pseudoscience, and the study of growth

Keynote 2

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Dr Geoff Kira Biography Dr. Geoff Kira is a Health Research Council of New Zealand Erihapeta Rehu-Murchie Post Doctoral Fellow at the School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University. Educated at Edith Cowan University (Perth, Western Australia) and the Auckland University of Technology, he spent two years as a post-doctoral fellow at the School of Population Health, University of Auckland. He has a background in exercise physiology, specifically metabolism in paediatric obesity. Upon discovering how few Māori health scientists there are, Geoff has now become a generalist encompassing the fields of nutrition, physical activity and sleep in obesity. His investigations are now commonly field-based and focussing on lifestyle behaviour change of whānau (families). Geoff has a keen interest in promoting Māori health scholarship and achievement and encourages many Māori students to undertake specialisation in post graduate studies. In October of this year he will begin a new fellowship with the National Heart Foundation, where Māori cardiac rehabilitation will be the focus of research.

Keynote 3

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Enabling Community Physical Activity Strategies: Seeking Inspiration from Indigenous Peoples

Dr Geoff Kira

School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University There are multiple health benefits to be obtained from regular physical activity (PA). Despite these benefits most PA programmes have poor uptake and retention. Perhaps taking up regular PA for health simply isn’t a strong motivator or maybe there are other more pressing priorities. Whatever the reasoning may be, too many people are low activity or inactive. Interestingly, Māori (New Zealand indigenous peoples) have a great interest in PA (including sport) which is concomitant with Māori values. In this keynote, the philosophy and culture of Māori will be discussed in a physical activity context. Applied examples will be used to highlight the value of developing programmes around indigenous philosophies to improve uptake and retention across ethnic and cultural boundaries. Māori represent approximately 15% of the New Zealand (NZ) population. Despite high sport (33.2% Māori vs. 26.1% NZ European sport volunteers) and physical activity participation (53.5% of Māori compared to 48.9% of NZ European meet PA guidelines), few national physical activity programmes incorporate Māori values. Two applied examples demonstrate where Māori values have improved uptake and retention are Iron- Māori and Manaaki Manawa. A half-ironman event, Iron-Māori, has grown from 300 in 2009 to more than 2000 in 2012 – online registrations were filled within 15 minutes. This year Iron- Māori has been “franchised” to three other locations including the Gold Coast in Australia. Manaaki Manawa is a home-based cardiac rehabilitation programme which is serviced by cardiac specialist nurses (Māori and non-Māori). Uptake has been dramatically improved, outpatients receive individualised care, and new practice learnings have been uncovered. Despite being Māori in nature, both Iron-Māori and Manaaki Manawa have non-Māori participants. The principles of Māoritanga (Māori way of life) in the two previous examples are being applied in our exercise and physical activity research projects and will be outlined in the keynote. The indigenous culture of New Zealand, Māori, have ingeniously applied their high level wisdom from centuries of lived experience. Māori have no need for scientists to validate a paradigm that has demonstrated itself to be beneficial prior to European arrival in New Zealand. From an ethical perspective scientists must be careful not to impose the research method too readily. Indeed, the science of exercise and physical activity can learn much from indigenous cultures to develop innovative and effective programmes to attract and retain participants. Any benefits obtained through programmes that may be inspired by indigenous peoples should be returned as a measure of koha (gift in thanks). If we want to improve the physical activity levels of our respective populations we must change the way physical activity is viewed and presented. Māori possess innovative, safe, and attractive ways to encourage regular physical activity.

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SESSION 1

Physical Activity and Wellness Across the Lifespan

Chairperson: Prof. Elizabeth Bressan Co-chairperson: Dr. Glynis Longhurst

Presenter 1: Dr. Les McGrath Presenter 2: Dr. Eunike R. Rustiana Presenter 3: Miss Danielle Randle Presenter 4: Ms Robyn Polley

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Residential Neighborhoods and Children’s Light and Moderate-Vigorous Step Activity: The Urban Study

Leslie J. Mc Grath a, Erica A. Hinckson a, Will G. Hopkins a and Suzanne Mavoa b

a School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Akoranga Campus, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.

b The SHORE and Whariki Research Centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand (part-time) & McCaughey Centre, University of Melbourne (part-time), Melbourne, Australia.

Background and Aim: The neighbourhood environment influences physical activity in adults. We are interested in examining the effect of built-environment infrastructure on children's physical activity. Methods: Children (n=227; age 8.9 ± 2.6 y, mean ± SD) from households in 48 low and high walkability neighborhoods within four New Zealand citieswore step count accelerometers for seven consecutive days (2008-2010). Access to amenities, street connectivity, and dwelling density were calculated using GIS. The residential environment was audited using the SPACES street-audit tool. Neighborhoods were ranked from high to low for each built environmental item for analysis. Statistical analyses were performed with the mixed model (SAS ProcMixed). Separate analyses were performed for total step counts (06:00-22:59) and for step counts at light and at moderate-vigorous intensities. The school day periods (08:00-08:59, 15:00-15:59 and 16:00-17:59) represented time segments when children were likely to be active in their local neighborhood during all seasons. Results: During school commute hours, children living a reasonable distance (0.9-2.1 km) from school engaged in more moderate-vigorous steps. In the afternoon on school days, children’s moderate-vigorous steps were higher in the most aesthetically pleasing neighborhoods, neighborhoods equipped with less traffic control devices (e.g. pedestrian crossing) and neighborhoods with fewer food outlets. On non-school days children residing in neighborhoods with more recreational amenities (e.g. sports fields), fewer pedestrian infrastructure elements and mid-walkability streets took more daily steps. Conclusions: Modifying the residential environment to promote safe child-pedestrian roaming may increase children’s step activity perhaps through self-selected play and walking during non-school hours.

Oral: ICPAFR Symposium 29-‐30 August 2013

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Harmony: A Combination of Regular and Indigenous Dance Into Physical Education for Indonesian Young Children

Johana E. Prawitasari* and Eunike R. Rustiana**

*Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana (UKRIDA), Jakarta, Indonesia **Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES), Semarang, Indonesia

Background and Aims: There are plenty of indigenous mass dances in Indonesia that could be combined into physical education at school to improve not only children’s physical fitness, but also socio-psychologically. One of them is called “Saman” dance from Aceh. The specificity of this dance is the agility coordination of the dancers. “Saman” needs a solid team work and harmonious movements. Combining this dance with regular physical education e.g., games and sports may provide young children to work together as a harmonious team. The purpose of this study is to develop a combination of “Saman” and regular physical education (RPE) and is called Harmony Physical Education (HPE) for young children in primary schools. It is hypothesized that HPE will improve children’s socio-physical-psychological fitness. Methods: The design of this study is schools based- randomized control trials. Fifth grade students of 6 Public Elementary Schools were randomly assigned into experiment, using HPE, and control, using RPE, groups. A total of 201 students were in the study. The intervention protocol lasted for 12 weeks.The independent variable is physical education (HPE & RPE). The dependent variable is socio-psychological fitness measured by competencies in intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress tolerance, psychological adjustment, and mood balance. Results: HPE is effective in improving socio-physical-psychological fitness compared to RPE. All competencies were improved among children in the experimental groups compared to children in the control groups. Conclusions: HPE provides complete socio-physical-psychological fitness among young children in this study. It is recommended that HPE be utilized in the Indonesian school system. Correspondance: [email protected], [email protected]


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The Effects of Vitamin D supplementation in Insulin Dependent Diabetes: A Review of the Literature

Danielle Randle and Lillian C. Morton

Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is an autoimmune disease that has increasing prevalence in New Zealand. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDMM) is usually diagnosed at a young age but can occur at any stage of life. Research around IDDM has proven all patients with IDMM have low Vitamin D serum levels which predisposes them to developing many serious co-morbidity diseases due to low Vitamin D status, as well as the co-morbidities associated with Diabetes. Purpose: The purpose of the literature review was to assess the relationship between Vitamin D status and IDDM. This literature review will discuss the health implications of low Vitamin D Status and the importance of supplementation in IDMM, with special attention to youth and reducing the long term effects of diabetes. Findings: The current research about Vitamin D status and supplementation is vast and there is substantial evidence to suggest the supplementation of Vitamin D during infancy and adulthood can suppress the symptoms of Diabetes and in some cases regain normal beta cell function. Along with the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in diabetic patients, Vitamin D is important in reducing the risk of other serious diseases such as multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, muscle sarcopenia and even mental conditions such as schizophrenia and depression.


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ParentsSupporting Play (PSP) – Transferring Parental Skills into Coaching Skills–Empowering Parents With Knowledge and Confidence to Support

Children to Develop Physically and Cognitively Through Play

Robyn L. Polley 1,2 1Waikato Institute for Leisure & Sport Studies, Hamilton, New Zealand

2School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand Through our work with schools and sport, we identified that parents generally have the soft skills needed to step in to the kindergarten and/or school environment to support their children with physical activity opportunities. Parents are accomplished at time management, planning, communication and goal setting all of which form the basis of good coaching. However they were lacking the confidence and knowledge to work with groups of children and to teach the basic fundamental coaching skills. The PSP programme was created to support parents to identify and recognise children's personality types, learning styles and stages of growth and development (cognitively and physically), gain the confidence to take a more active role in their child’s physical development and learn how appropriate physical activities can support, stimulate and improve children’s cognitive abilities through play. As a result of this programme parents have become connected and involved with their children’s school environment and they are also experiencing more constructive and positive family play time.


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SESSION 2

Sports Science Considerations Across the Lifespan (Part 1)

Chairperson: Dr. Peter Maulder Co-chairperson: Dr. Glynis Longhurst

Presenter 1: Dr. Nauris Tamulevicius Presenter 2: Miss Leah Hutching Presenter 3: Mr Elliot Jones Presenter 4: Mr Josh Trewin Presenter 5: Prof. Trayana Djarova

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Blood Lactate Dynamics During Ultra-Distance Relay Running Nauris Tamulevicius1, Martinique Sparks2, Sarah J. Moss2, Michiel R. de Boer3, Harvey

Campbell4

1School of Human Performance and Leisure Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, United States of America;

2Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa;

3Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;

4Perform Coaching Group, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America. Email: [email protected] Background and Aims: Metabolic responses, such as blood lactate (BL) dynamics during and post ultra-distance run were documented. Most of those studies measured parameters before and after the run. We couldn’t find any published studies, which would analyze such parameters and responses during ultra-distance relay run. Aim of this study was to analyze BL levels in male runners before, during, and after ultra-long distance relay run. Methods: Six experienced runners were monitored during 200 miles relay run. Participants were rotating and each completed 6 legs during the race. Capillary blood samples we collected prior each race leg, immediately after; and after 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 min of each race leg. Each participant was pricked with disposable needle into the finger in order to collect blood samples. Drop of capillary blood was placed on Lactate Plus test strip and BL level analyzed. Results: BL levels immediately after each race leg were (3.08±0.84 mmol/L) significantly (p=0.03) higher than before (2.23±0.52 mmol/L) the each leg race, however, within 15min BL cleared significantly. Average change between pre and post BL was larger at first stage than other stages. Conclusions: Due to intensity levels, BL increases during the race legs and is observed immediately after each leg. BL levels recover within 15min; perhaps because of the tolerance and BL clearance speed of highly trained runners. It is surprising that BL levels did not increase as much and better cleared in the latest race legs.


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A Biomechanical Comparison of the Foot Strike Between Running in Vibram Fivefingers® Shoes and Barefoot

Leah Hutching, Peter S. Maulder and Stephen Burden

Biomechanics Research Unit, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: Vibram Fivefingers® is a minimalistic shoe that has been demonstrated to promote a similar fore-foot strike and impact forces to that of barefoot running. However there is no experimental evidence that suggest the Vibram Fivefingers® promote vertical loading rates and sagittal joint kinematics at foot strike similar to that of barefoot running. Furthermore there is no normative data for vertical loading rate at different velocities for inexperienced minimally shod runners. Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the acute mechanical effects at foot strike of running in the Vibram Fivefingers® and barefoot. The secondary purpose of this study was to assess the mechanical responses as velocity increases when wearing the Vibram Fivefingers® during running. Methods: Twelve female distance runners with a training distance of ~30km a week (mean age, height, mass 30.0 ±11.2 y, 1.7 ±0.1 m, 64.4 ±11.1 kg respectively), a neutral foot, and who habitually run in traditional shoes with a sole thickness of 1-2cm. They performed 30 x 20 m running trials that involved 15 barefoot and 15 VibramFivefingers® with 5 trials per velocity (50, 70 and 90±5% of estimated maximum velocity). Running velocity was monitored with timing lights 5 m apart over a force plate, vertical ground reaction force data was measured by a force plate (mid of timing light distance) and sagittal joint kinematics were recorded with a high speed camera. Results: When running in the VibramFivefingers® the vertical loading rates were lower and the foot had greater dorsiflexion, irrespective of the foot strike pattern performed, compared to barefoot running. There were also no differences in knee flexion for all velocities between the two conditions. Conclusion: This study suggests that running in the VibramFivefingers® is more beneficial than running barefoot as it entails a safer vertical loading rate which may reduce the potential risk for the incidence of tibial stress fractures.


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The Effects of Dietary Nitrate and Quercetin on Exercise Performance: A Review of the Literature

Elliot A. Jones and Lillian C. Morton

Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: An increased intake of specific nutrients that function naturally as physiological ergogenic aids can be used by athletes to bring about performance enhancements. Nitrate, found in beetroot, is a known regulator of vascular integrity and is a potent vasodilator. In addition to this it is also been shown to lower the cost of ATP muscle and force production. Quercetin, found in apples, is also known to affect endurance performance, via mitochondrial biogenesis. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review was to examine the effectiveness of both dietary nitrate (BR) and quercetin as nutritional ergogenic aids to enhance exercise performance. Findings: There is consistent agreement within the literature supporting both dietary nitrate and quercetin as nutritional ergogenic aids for endurance performance. Nitrate can be used both acutely (60 min pre exercise) or chronically (three to six days supplementation) to bring about performance enhancements. Quercetin has generally been supplemented with powder and very few studies have used natural food sources to supply high levels of quercetin. Both these compounds work at the mitochondrial level and a combination of these two compounds should therefore work synergistically to improve endurance performance.


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The Effects of Plyometric Training on Sprint Performance: A Review of the Literature

Joshua Trewin, Peter S. Maulder and James Denton

Biomechanics Research Unit, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: Plyometric training is commonly used to enhance power production and speed in athletes. Mechanically, the stretch shorten cycle, whereby muscles are eccentrically loaded prior to concentric action, is utilised to improve these aspects. A number of studies have reported positive improvements, however all studies focussed only on the performance variable rather than the mechanical aspects. Mechanically, it is understood that horizontal force production is important. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to examine the current plyometric research and the proposed benefits to sprinting. Findings: Utilisation of SSC movements, such as vertical jump, can improve power output by 10-20% over that of concentric only jumps. Elastic energy is stored, eccentrically, and utilised to improve the concentric action. Therefore, chronic plyometric exposure is proposed to improve the storage and utilisation of elastic energy. Plyometric training improvements have been most notable over longer distances, up to 60m, with a 9-13% performance improvement. Improvements over shorter distances are also seen, up to ~4%. Therefore, it appears improvements acceleration is improved, which is highly important to team sports. Volume and intensity of exercise suggests that high volume, low intensity plyometric training is sufficient enough to provide improvements. Programmes which include up to 160 contacts, reported 2.6% faster sprint times. On the other hand 370 contacts per session improved sprint times by 3.7%. Lastly, it is known that sprint mechanics indicate a need for horizontal force application. With studies indicating strong relationships (r = -0.66) with sprint time. In conclusion, high volume, low intensity plyometric exercise is able to improve sprint performance during acceleration.


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Analysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase Gene Polymorphism, Creatinphosphokinase and Lactate in Zulu South African Soccer/Netball and

Bulgarian Soccer Players

T. Djarova*1, S. Mugandani1, L. Andreeva2, L. Petrov2, P. Atanasov2, G. Watson3 *1 University of Zululand, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, South Africa 1 University of Zululand, Department of Biokinetics and Sports Science, South Africa

2 National Sports Academy, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Bulgaria 3 Leeds Metropolitan University, Department of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, UK

Background: Adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD1) gene polymorphism data about female soccer players is not available. The polymorphism is due to C34T point mutation resulting in AMPD1 enzyme deficiency. There are three genotypes – CC (homozygous), CT (heterozygous) and TT (homozygous). AMPD1 C allele is associated with power/sprint performance and T allele might be related to endurance. Aim: To analyse AMPD1 genotype and allele frequencies and possible association with creatinphosphokinase (CPK) and lactic acid (LA) in female soccer players Methods: Female players from University of Zululand, RSA (n=16, age= 20.8±3.1years) and from National Sports Academy, Bulgaria (n=23, age 22.6±2.0 years) and 23 and 42 female controls were genotyped by PCR amplification, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. CPK and LA were measured at rest. Chi2 – test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results: In female Zulu players, controls and population cohort null TT, CT genotypes and 100% CC genotype with 100% C allele frequency were found. Null TT genotype was revealed in Bulgarian soccer players, controls and population cohort. In these groups 80% CC, 20% CT genotype and 90% C allele frequencies were found compared to 81 % CC and 19% CT in controls. No differences in LA were established. CPK levels were within the normal range. CPK was higher (p<0.001) by 14.5% in Zulu players compared to Bulgarian soccer players. Conclusions: The finding of null TT genotype in all Zulu South Africans and Bulgarians was unexpected, indicating that the AMPD1 gene C-T point mutation is rare. CPK levels suggested that CC genotype might have protective effects on muscle cells. The high 90-100% C allele frequencies established in Bulgarian and Zulu players suggest a strong association with sprint/power performance.


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SESSION 3

Poster Session

Chairperson: Dr. Nauris Tamulevicius Co-chairperson: Dr. Peter Maulder

Presenter 1 Prof. Abdulhakim Almatar Presenter 2 Dr. Glynis Longhurst Presenter 3 Mr Frikkie Delport Presenter 4 Mr Brad Mayo Presenter 5 Mr Josiah O’Connell Presenter 6 Mr Josh Stirling Presenter 7 Miss Janelle Darlington Presenter 8 Mr Kashish Goel Presenter 9 Mr David Klinkhamer Presenter 10 Mr Michael Johnston

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The Relationship Between Male Children’s Physical Activity and Socioeconomic Status in Alahsa,Saudi Arabia: A Pilot Study.

A Almatar1, A. Alameer2, and H. Rabaan2

1College of Education, King Faisal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia 2Physical Education Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals.

Background: Children of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to be overweight/obese. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between physical activity (PA) level and family SES. Methods: Participants were 73 children aged 7 to 11years (x= 8.3 + 1.4). They were selected from 15 elementary schools in Alahsa city of Saudi Arabia. Household SES was determined using highest educational attainment and income. Children wore the accelerometer for a 24 hour period that included the child school day to measure PA level. Results: Children‘s family SES was divided into low and high SES ( 45.21% and 54.55%) . PA levels divided into three categories: (1)low PA (spent less than one hour at 150 BPM or more) , (2) Moderate PA ( spent more than one hour up to two hours at 150 BPM or more), and (3) High PA ( spent more than two hours at 150 BPM or more). Children from low SES spent more time at high PA than at moderate or low PA (51.52% vs. 30.3% and 18.18%, respectively). On the other hand , the subjects from the high SES spent less time at high PA than moderate or low PA ( 20 % vs. 32.5% and 47.5%, respectively). This might be due the fact that the children of low SES have less media access in their usually small houses or apartments which force them to seek outdoor opportunities for their recreational activities. In addition, the high SES children’s families have more restrictive rules about outdoor PA that deprive them from intense activities. Conclusions: High SES home environments provided less opportunities for high intense PA. Encouragement of children of this SES to participate in intense outdoor activities is highly recommended. Keywords: Physical Activity; Childhood obesity; socioeconomic status

Poster: ICPAFR Symposium 29-‐30 August 2013

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Feasibility of Using the Wii-Fit to Improve Balance in the Elderly: A Review of Literature

Glynis Longhurst.

School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand Falls are the most frequent source of injury and one of the most common reasons for hospitalization among seniors 65 and older. Unfortunately, many seniors who experience a fall never fully recover from the broken bones or fractures. Research indicates that incorrect shifting of body weight is the most common reason for falls among the elderly. Improving balance and gait can play an important role in helping older people avoid falls and injury as well as improving their mobility confidence. Our ability to balance decreases naturally as we age—mainly because we lose muscle tone and reflex speed. With this in mind, balance training has become an integral part of a complete fitness programme for seniors geared towards improving balance which can significantly reduce one’s chance of falling. The Wii-Fit is a Nintendo game used for aerobics, strength training, and balance activities. The Nintendo Wii gaming device includes a balance board that senses weight, postural sway movement and balance. The Nintendo Wii Balance Board collects data comparable to a force plate. The Wii board records movements and gives feedback on performance. Though originally designed as a video game controller, the Balance Board has become a proven tool for assessing centre of pressure displacement. It is proven to be both valid and reliable. Clark & Kraemer, (2009) performed a study to prove the validity and test-retest reliability of the use of a Wii balance board. Their study found the Wii Balance Board to be both valid and have high test-retest reliability. The Wii board has the added benefit of being a low-cost, simple to use, wireless and portable device. Articles were retrieved through database searching of Google scholar, PubMed, SportDiscus, EBSCOhost, Medline and online e-Journals. Keywords used were a combination of Nintendo Wii, exergaming, wiihab, paired with the elderly and balance. To be included in this review, studies were required to be peer-reviewed and have used the Wii as an intervention tool as a part of their study. A total of fifteen studies were used to establish the feasibility of using the Wii fit game to improve balance in the elderly. Older people who played the games enjoyed an improvement in both static and dynamic balance. This approach proved to be a fun way of achieving these benefits in a novel, stimulating and cost-effective manner. Key words Wii Fit, exergaming, wiihab, elderly and balance


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What Are the Acute Effects of the Facilitation Technique Using Kinesio Tex Tape on Force Production in Health Subjects? A Review of the Literature

Frikkie Delport and James Denton

School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: To address some of the limitations and restrictions associated with traditional adhesive athletic strapping tapes, Kinesio Tex Tape, a hypoallergenic tape consisting of elastic polymer strands designed to mimic the elasticity of human muscle as well as a unique wave like adhesive pattern designed to mimic the human fingerprint, has been developed. To take advantage of the elastic properties associated with the Kinesio Tex Tape, a number of different taping techniques have also been documented. Of particular interest, is a method of taping known as the facilitation technique, which involves the application of Kinesio Tex Tape in a direction from the muscle’s origin to its insertion. This directional application has been suggested to provide increased neuromuscular feedback based on the provided tactile stimulation in combination with creating an additional elastic recoil in the direction of the pull of the muscle, which may potentially increase the total force produced during muscular contraction. Purpose: The purpose of this review was to investigate whether the application of Kinesio Tex Tape, using the facilitation taping method, does increase the total force produced, in an acute sense, during contraction of healthy muscle tissue. Findings: At present, it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions from the literature, due to a number of limitations within individual studies, as well as methodological inconsistencies between studies. These methodological inconsistencies include the utilisation of a variety of measurement tools (i.e. isokinetic, isometric and ground reaction forces), types of tape and taping techniques (often deviating from the published recommendations / protocols) and muscle groups. However, those studies that have utilised the official Kinesio Tex brand of tape and have adhered to the previously documented facilitative taping protocols, have typically observed increases in acute isokinetic, isometric or isoinertial force production. Yet to be investigated, however, is whether this acute enhancement in force production may provide a stronger overload stimulus during longitudinal strength training.


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The Locomotive Requirements During Rugby Union Competition: A Review of the Literature

Brad E. Mayo1,2, Peter S. Maulder1 and Shaun Paterson1

1School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand 2Waikato Rugby Union, Hamilton, New Zealand

Background: In order to produce a specific strength and conditioning program for Rugby Union athletes, practitioners need to recognise the specific physiological, locomotive and kinematic requirements of Rugby Union competition. To quantify the match demands of Rugby Union competition, video based time-motion analysis (TMA) and more recently global positioning systems (GPS) have been utilised by researchers. Purpose: The purpose of the review was to identify the locomotive requirementsduring Rugby Union competition. Specifically the locomotive components of total distance covered, maximum running speed and metres covered per minute were addressed providing recommendations for practitioners and researchers. Findings: Total distance covered during Rugby Union competition Total distance is a measure of total volume, therefore it is expectant that the distance varies between levels of competition. However, it is important that the total distance is then used to quantify the intensity of the game (max speed, high intensity running distance & metres per minute). An appreciation of volume represented by total distance covered provides an understanding of the required recovery modalities between trainings and games. Future research is required to understand the differences between levels of competition and also competitions at the same level. Maximum running speed during Rugby Union competition Research demonstrates that amongst playing positions (backs and forwards) there are differences in maximum speed reached during competition. However, due to the variable match factors (analysis technique & competition) there are variances in results which need to be interpreted in the correct fashion. Whilst this is the case, more research is required to utilise GPS technology to quantify maximum running speeds across all levels of competition. These findings have implications for coaches and practitioners specifically when attempting to provide game and position specific sprint training programs. Metres per minute during Rugby Union competition The metric of metres per minute is a desirable measure to quantify work rate during competition. This measure takes into account game length and total distance covered. Whilst this is the case, more research is required to quantify baseline measures between competitions.


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The Acute Effects of Post Activation Potentiation on Sprint Performance: A Review of the Literature

Josiah O’Connell and Peter S. Maulder

Biomechanics Research Unit, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand

Background: Researchers have recently identified a potential means of acutely improving sprint performance. This acute strategy is known as post activation potentiation (PAP) a phenomenon where functional performance can be acutely enhanced following an intervention that induces a near maximal voluntary contraction. Scope: The scope of this review focused on answering the question “what are the acute effects of post activation potentiation (PAP) on sprint performance?” Specifically the themes of participant background, preconditioning contraction type, preconditioning contraction volume and post preconditioning contraction rest interval on PAP response were discussed within this review culminating with suggestions on areas for improvement and future research. Findings: It is likely that PAP can acutely enhance sprint performance. Participant background appears to have an effect on PAP response with resistance trained participants showing the greatest increases in sprint performance. Different types of preconditioning contractions appear to induce PAP to different degrees and thus elicit different improvements in sprinting performance. Any volume of preconditioning contraction appears likely to produce some degree of muscle potentiation. However, larger preconditioning contraction volumes have been reported to induce greater levels of PAP and therefore generate larger improvements in sprint performance. Unfortunately greater preconditioning contraction volumes also induce greater levels of fatigue and therefore a post preconditioning contraction rest interval is required to allow for a reduction in fatigue prior to performance. Whilst findings are equivocal there is a general trend of an optimal rest interval occurring between 5 and 10 minutes.


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The Effects of Start Position on Sprint Performance:A Review of the Literature

Joshua Stirling and Peter S. Maulder Biomechanics Research Unit, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: The ability to sprint quickly over short distances (2.5-10m) is important for many team sporting codes. Interestingly, the starting style / position utilised to initiate the sprint may dictate the success of the short sprint. Start positions that have been investigated in a number of studies are the false step, parallel stance and split stance. These start positions all occur from a standing position and are those typically performed during team sport contexts. Information pertaining to which starting position would be the most effective to initiate a fast sprint would be useful to team sport athletes, coaches and conditioners. Purpose: The purpose of this review was to compare the false, parallel and split stance starting positions to identify which may be the more effective for enhancing sprint performance over short distances.This review specifically addressed the following comparisons: • The false step compared to the parallel stance start position • The false step compared to the split stance start position Findings: When comparing the false step with the parallel stance, the false step start position appears to be beneficial for improving sprint performance over short distances (2.5 – 10m). Moreover, the false stepallows for the production ofgreater force due to the use of the stretch shorten cycle. When comparing the false step with the split stance, sprints involving the false step were slower over short distances (2.5 – 10m). There were equivocal findings for force output. The false step also allowed greater acceleration to be produced in the first two steps compared to the splitstance. It was evident from the review that research regarding the reaction time and movement time of the starting positions in relation to sprint outcome has yet to be investigated.


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Physical Activity Patterns in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Literature

Janelle Darlington and Lillian C. Morton

Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: Physical activity has been proven to decrease the risks of Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and hypertension, enhance health and reduce body fat. An individual’s physical and mental well-being, flexibility, strength and cardiovascular endurance all improve with exercise. Evidence suggests that health-promoting physical activity behaviours are established during adolescence and childhood physical activity patterns are associated with adult activity patterns. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review was to examine the physical activity trends across the lifespan and the declines in physical activity. Findings: Current literature reveals many mixed opinions of where the steepest decline in physical activity for age occurs. The ages of greatest decline was 13–16 in the Dutch study, 12–15 or 15–18 in the Finnish study, 15–18 in the U.S. study. Some argue however that the greatest decline is ages 11-12 and 15-16. Therefore the largest decrease is during the teenage years and then again when approaching adulthood. Much of the literature suggests boys are more active than girls across all age groups and that females have the lowest participation rates and physical activity levels, particularly in girls aged 11 to 13 as they move to the 14 to 16-year age group. Overall the same trends are emerging, as people grow older participation rates in physical activity rates decline. There are many conflicting studies around whether children are more active during school or in the home environment. The transition from childhood to adolescences brings about a huge decline in activity levels due to many factors ranging from going through puberty to social pressures.


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Effect of Nintendo Wii-Fit Training on Balance and Risk of Fall in Elderly People Versus Traditional Balance Training Exercises: A Review of the

Literature

Kashish Goel and Glynis Longhurst School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand.

Background: With the increase in the life expectancy around the globe during the 20th century there is an increase in the elderly population which is expected to grow. As one’s age advances the problems associated with this also increases and one such problem are falls. Besides environmental hazards, gait and balance disorder or muscle weakness is the major cause of falls in the elderly and accounts for approximately 17% of injuries related to falls. Those who fall but are not injured develop a fear of falling which limits their activity which results in reduced mobility and physical strength and an increased risk of fall. It is hypothesized that the number of falls in elderly population can be reduced by improving balance by balance training. Purpose: The purpose of this review was to identify the effects of Wii Fit balance training versus traditional balance training exercises in elderly population with the emphasis of improving balance and the reduction in falls. Findings: Benefits of balance training Body balance is a basic skill and a very important sensorimotor ability of human beings. Without the ability to keep balance a person could not stand, walk or sit upright without aids for more than a few seconds. It is therefore important to do balance training, to prevent the risk of getting injured by falling. Traditional training programs Research literature concludes that traditional balance training programs have brought about an improvement in balance amongst the elderly. However, several studies indicate that the traditional training programs are not attractive to participants for a variety of reasons. Wii Fit balance training Research indicates that game-based balance training with the Nintendo Wii fit may be suitable in prevention of falls in the elderly, although the overall efficacy of game-based training was not as high as that of traditional training.


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Participation Motivation and Physical Disability: A Review of the Current Literature

David J. Klinkhamer and Steven Wills School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand.

Background: At one time the disabled were an invisible minority; kept in the supposed security of homes and institutions but now they have taken their rightful place in the mainstream of society. Although being physically active is shown to be beneficial there are still large numbers of disabled people who do little or no exercise. Research stated that sedentary activity is extremely prevalent in populations with a physical disability. Purpose: The purpose of this review was to identify the benefits for participation and reasons for non-participation in exercise for people with physical disabilities specifically focussing on the question of what are the motivators of people with physical disabilities to participate in exercise. Findings: Benefits of participation Physical activity is shown to reduce depression, improve perceptions of physical competence and self-efficacy in wheelchair mobility, and contribute to an overall increased quality of life.Other physical benefits of regular physical activity are more strength and balance, reduced risk for a number of diseases and relief of many disease symptoms. Reasons for non-participation People with disabilities are less likely to engage in physical activity and are less likely to be physically fit than their peers for a variety of reasons. These reasons may include lack of access, lack of information on appropriate physical activity, lack of support in the community, nature of their disabilities, inaccessible facilities, cost for the exercise, problems with transportation to and from the facility, lack of energy and lack of motivation. Participation motivation Research stated that disabled people are motivated to take part in sport for many reasons such as enjoyment, to socialise and meet people, to improve fitness levels, for recognition as an elite performer, to remain healthy, to improve self esteem, to have a better body image, to be competitive and to win.


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The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition in Resistance Trained Males: A Review of the Literature

Michael Johnson and Lillian C. Morton

Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: Hunter-gatherers of the late Palaeolithic era would often undergo periods of plentiful food (feast) whilst there was an abundance of supplies, as well as periods of food shortage (famine) often due to drought conditions, failure to kill during a hunt, as well as illness. This trend would result in a series of feast-famine or “fasting” practices. Fasting, as with many health and exercise related concepts, has found its way from ancient practice into modern society, with one of the most recent forms of the fasting diet being that of intermittent fasting (IF). Some of the proposed benefits from IF are; improved health, improved insulin response, hormonal response and substrate utilisation, as well as improved body composition. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review was to examine the proposed health benefits of fasting, the physiological and metabolic pathways affected by fasting, as well as its effect on body composition changes. Findings: Many animal studies have shown intermittent fasting to increase life span, stress relief, insulin sensitivity and improve CVD by reducing blood pressure and heart rate; however the research in human subjects is not conclusive. Metabolic improvements from intermittent fasting are also inconclusive from the current literature in human subjects and as a result there is also a lack of research around intermittent fasting and body composition. Some studies have found no improvements in body composition in relation to intermittent fasting. However, the studies that have found improvements in body composition haven’t addressed the variable of energy intake


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SESSION 4

Sports Science Considerations Across the Lifespan (Part 2)

Chairperson: Prof. Trayana Djarova Co-chairperson: Ms Lillian Morton

Presenter 1: Mr Marrin Haggie Presenter 2: Dr Nauris Tamulevicius Presenter 3: Miss Genelle Vanderschantz

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The Validity and Reliability of aSport Specific Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test to Predict the Maximal Oxygen Consumption of National Representative

Level Rugby League Players

Marrin Haggie, James Denton and Peter S. Maulder Biomechanics Research Unit, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand

Background: Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) is the main determinant of an athlete's aerobic capacity. The ability to consume, transport and utilise oxygen is crucial to successful rugby league performance but direct measurement of VO2max is complex, expensive and often inaccessible to many non-elite athletes. Consequently, simple, affordable field based measures have been developed to assist athletes and practitioners to predict VO2max. Shuttle running procedures, such as the Multistage Shuttle Run Test and Yo-Yo tests, have provided practitioners with valid and reliable alternatives to assist in VO2max prediction. However, these tests may not be specific to the movements and dynamics of rugby league play. Purpose: To evaluate the validity and reliability of a sport specific, intermittent shuttle running procedure in predicting VO2max of national level representative rugby league players. Methods: Twenty one male national level rugby league players (mean ±SD: age 23.2 ±4.2 years; mass 92.3 ±7.3 kg; height 182.8 ±5.3 cm) attended three maximal testing sessions. Participants completed a laboratory based treadmill running test, using the Bruce Protocol, to directly measure VO2max and two field based sessions to measure performance of the Rugby League Specific Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test (RLSYYIET). To assess validity and reliability, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients were employed to assess the relationship between VO2max and distance achieved in the RLSYYIET, and the relationship between distances achieved during both administrations of the RLSYYIET, respectively. End Heart Rate (EHR) was measured at the point of cessation of all test procedures. Results: Laboratory test procedures elicited mean VO2max and EHRs values of 52.9 ±4.3 ml.kg.min-1 and 188.1 ±7.8 bpm, respectively. VO2max was then compared to a mean score of 1523.8 ±411.1 m during RLSYYIET performance and revealed correlation coefficient of r=0.96 (90% CL: 0.92 to 0.98). A correlation coefficient of r=0.87 (90% CL: 0.74 to 0.94) was shared between laboratory test EHR and RLSYYIET EHR. The distances covered in the second administration of the RLSYYIET (1544.8 ±378.4 m) revealed a test-retest correlation coefficient of r=0.99 (90% CL: 0.98 to 1.00). The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to be 2.9%. EHRs between field test session one (187.4 ±7 bpm) and field test session two (188.4 ±5.6 bpm) shared a test-retest correlation of r=0.81 (CL 90%: 0.64 to 0.91). Conclusion: The RLSYYIET was identified to be a strong predictor of VO2max in national level rugby league players through its distinct validity and reliability correlation coefficients. Practitioners can be confident that the strong correlations between direct VO2max measurement and RLSYYIET performance will enable them to make accurate predictions of a national level rugby league player’s VO2max. Strong reliability correlations afford the practitioner the knowledge that an athlete's RLSYYIET score is accurate to within 21 metres of their true score and a change in performance of 45 metres or more post training intervention would indicate a true change in predicted VO2max.


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Conditioning and Adaptation to High-Intensity Interval Training in Firefighters

Nauris Tamulevicius1,Leta Hicks1, Agnia McGinn1, Joe Bruni2, George Wade2

1Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA 2St. Petersburg Fire & Rescue, St. Petersburg, FL, USA

Background / Context: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) is proficient and time-efficient for optimization of aerobic and anaerobic conditioning in athletes as well as occupational groups such as fire-fighters. It is unclear how many sessions and intervals of HIT would show the highest rates of adaptation for such interventions. Furthermore, in the literature there is a lack of strong evidence which identifies the most essential physiological mechanisms in this adaptation. Aim / Purpose: 1) To review literature on the importance of conditioning in fire-fighters and the benefits of HIT; 2) To determine optimal rate of cardiorespiratory adaptation for HIT intervention. Method / What was Done: Nine male fire-fighters (age 39.9 ± 5.8 yrs) performed a total of 18 treadmill sessions of HIT over a period of 6 weeks. Each session consisted of eight 60-second intervals running on a treadmill at 90-100% maximum heart rate (HRmax) as determined by a graded exercise test (GXT), with recovery periods of 2 minutes between each interval. For the intervention, initial speed of HIT interval was prescribed using ACSM’s metabolic calculations and results from the GXT. During each session the HR was monitored at each interval. When the subject did not reach 90-100% HRmax, the speed of running was increased until the prescribed HR was reached. The subject maintained the adjusted speed until he could not reach 90-100% HRmax, and another adjustment was needed. Speed of running was monitored and recorded. Prior to and after this 6-week intervention, a GXT was performed using the metabolic system and VO2max was examined. Results and Discussion: VO2max after 6 weeks of HIT improved significantly in absolute and relative terms (p < 0.05). Rate of adaptation was examined based on percentage change of speed adjustment due to HR adaptation to the HIT bout in relation to number of sessions. The most significant increase in rate of adaptation (p<0.001) occurred during the first five sessions.

Conclusion / Take Home Message: A 6-week HIT program of short duration sessions improves aerobic capacity in male firefighters. The greatest rate of cardiorespiratory adaptation occurred within the first five sessions of HIT.


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Do Acute Assisted Sprinting Interventions Have a Beneficial Impact on Acute Sprint Performance? A Review of the Literature

Genelle Vanderschantz and Peter S. Maulder

Biomechanics Research Unit, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand Background: For many sporting codes sprinting ability/horizontal velocity can play a crucial role in determining performance outcomes, therefore maximising this skill is an area of keen interest for both coaches and athletes alike. There are a variety of training modalities that can be utilised to enhance sprint velocity, assisted sprinting is such a method commonly used in the field to allow the athlete to produce supra-maximal velocities. Assisted sprinting can include downhill running, high speed treadmill running and towing. Purpose: The purpose of this review was to identify the effects acute assisted sprinting interventions have on sprint performance and the corresponding biomechanical determinants. This review specifically addressed the following themes: • How do different assisted-sprinting modalities affect sprint performance? • How do different magnitudes of assisted-sprinting stimulus affect sprint performance? • How do different populations respond to acute assisted-sprint training? Findings: Despite the limitations and methodological flaws identified in many studies it is clear that acute assisted sprinting interventions indeed have the capability to impact sprint performance in a beneficial manner. The bungee cord towing method appears to be the most sport specific and popular way to elicit supra-maximal sprint velocities in both genders as well as in track and field and team sport athletes. Specifically, bungee cord towing has been shown to improve stride length, stride rate and thus horizontal sprint velocity. However the cause of these positive changes is yet to be identified hence the need to investigate the effects of acute assisted sprinting interventions on sprint kinetics.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Organising Committee would like to thank the following:

Ø Waikato Institute of Technology for hosting the symposium, webpage design and maintenance, conference gifts and provision of venue

Ø Med Imaging, Hamilton for conference gifts

Ø Marshy’s Massage for conference gifts

Ø Prof Liz Bressan and Dr Geoff Kira, our keynote speakers

Ø Dr. Peter Maulder Chairperson of the scientific committee

Ø Mrs. Marlene Pouri-Lane for administrative assistance and guidance

Ø Mr. Adrian Pooley for technical support and assistance

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