international economics real.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Vasudev P. Iyer
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1. Engine of growth2. Check on domestic monopoly3. Benefits to consumers4. Exposure to international
standards 5. Greater economic integration6. Increase in flow of capital,
managerial skills and technology
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1. Dominance of MNCs2. Threat to domestic
employment 3. Demonstration effects4. Greater dependency5. Interference 6. Unequal distribution of
benefits
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Meaning Government restriction on cross
border trade
• Arguments for protectionism (advantages)1.Infant industry argument2.Pauper labour argument3.Increasing output and employment4.Self reliance5.Strategic trade policy
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Tariff barriersImport dutyExport dutyPreferential Duties
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Non-tariff barriers1) Export subsidy2) Import quota (quantitative
restrictions)3) Voluntary export restraints4) Domestic policies
Health Environment Safety standards Political issues
5) Bureaucratic hurdles
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“International Economics (IE)
deals with the economic and
financial inter-dependence
among nations”
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Trade between countries Surplus traded across the
border Exports earn foreign
exchange Need to determine
exchange rate Helps the process of
globalisation
Trade within a country Surplus traded within
the borders of a country
No earning of foreign exchange
Non need to determine exchange rate
Helps the process of nationalisation
INTERNATIONAL TRADE DOMESTIC TRADE
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Comparative cost advantage theoryDeveloped by David RicardoWhen one country
manufactures goods at a lower cost relative to other goods it is said to enjoy comparative cost advantage in production of those goods.
Technological differences across borders
Reflected by: differences in labour productivity
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Factor Endowments Trade Theory
• Labour surplus– Labour intensive goods and services
• Capital surplus– Capital intensive goods and services
LabourLand and Capital
Two factor types
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Systematic records of all economic transactions between residents of one nation with the other during a period of time.
Structure of BOPCurrent accountCapital accountOfficial reserves account
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• Autonomous flow of capital• Accommodating flow of capital
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Autonomous inflow of capital =Autonomous outflow of capital
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Cyclical Structural Secular
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Monetary measuresDevaluationExchange control Tight monetary and fiscal policy
measures
Non-monetary measuresUse of tariff and non-tariff measuresMeasures to promote exportsMeasures to attract inflow of foreign
capital
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The official reduction in the value of the domestic currency vis-à-vis a basket of foreign currencies.
Devaluation in IndiaJune 1966: 57.5%June 1991: 22%
Desired impact of devaluationExports become competitiveImports become uncompetitive
The ‘J’ Curve Effect
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1990: BOP crisis Economic sovereignty of the country
under threat Wide spread economic reforms Improvement in BOP situation Foreign exchange reserves Cushion of foreign investment flow (?) BOP under pressure in recent years
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MeaningThe rules, laws and regulations that
govern international transactions and the foreign exchange markets.
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The Gold StandardOriginated in Britain in 1800sFree conversion of gold into domestic
money and vice-a-versaAllowed import and export of gold
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Mount Washington
Hotel Bretton
Woods, Washington
USA to purchase
gold at $35 per 1oz
of gold
In return, $ as
reserve currency
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Since 1973
Floating would be stable
Allowed independent policy making
However, dollar depreciated heavily
against DM
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Fixed exchange rate Intervention of the central bank
Flexible exchange rateExchange rate determined by market
forces Advantages of fixed exchange rate
CertaintyNon-inflationaryBoost to international trade
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Disadvantages of fixed exchange rate Rigid Need to maintain large reserves Not suitable for small countries Independent monetary policy not possible
Advantages of flexible exchange rate Automatic Suitable for small countries No need to maintain large reserves Independent monetary policy possible
Disadvantages of flexible exchange rate Uncertain Inflationary Speculative attacks
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