international gothic

8/7/2019 International Gothic

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1. By the end of the 14ththefusion of Italian and NorthernEuropean art had led to thedevelopment of aninternational Gothic style.

2. Over the following decadesartists travelled from Italy toFrance and visa versa and allover Europe.

3. Ideas spread and merged untileventually painters working inthis style could be found in

France Italy England GermanyAustria and Bohemia

4. Simone Martinis influencewas felt far and he had leftItaly in 1340 to work at thePapal court in Avignon, France

5. The style had a particularappeal to the courtly taste ofthe French particularly whencombined with the Flemishconcern for detail andmanaged to combine all thedifferent strands of Gothic Art.


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One Classic example of the truly international

style is the Wilton DiptychThis is specifically Monarchical in appearanceand stylePainted during the reign of Richard II (1377-99)

no one has any idea who painted it and the artistreally could have come from any continent ofEurope.Title is not original it was once housed at theWilton house in Wiltshire, England


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Presentation of Richard II of England to the Virgin and Child, front of the Wilton Diptych,panel paintings in the International Gothic style; in the National Gallery, London


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1. All three saints presenting thekneeling Richard to the Virgin andChild are believed to be special tothe king, as each has their ownchapel in Westminster.

2. Edmund (left) can be seen holdingthe arrow which killed him, whileEdward (centre) is holding the ringhe unknowingly gave to a pilgrimwho transpired to be a disguised

John the Evangelist.

3. John the Baptist (right) holds theLamb of God.

4. John the Baptist was Richard'sPatron Saint, and Saint Edward and

Saint Edmund had both beenEnglish kings.

5. Richard had a special devotion toEdmund, one of the patron saints ofEngland along with St. George.


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The angels depicted in the picture arewearing the livery of Richard II (The WhiteHart)

One can be seen to be carrying a banner

which either depicts St. George's cross orthe banner of the Resurrection.

In the orb on the top of this banner can beseen a tiny map of England.

The painting is indicative of bothRichard's belief in his divine right torule and his genuine devotion toChristianity.


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The HundredYears War: FromSluys to Crcy


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Edward III (of Windsor)(13 November 1312 21June 1377)

1. went on to transformthe Kingdom of

England into one of themost efficient militarypowers in Europe.

2. His reign saw vitaldevelopments inlegislature and

governmentinparticular the evolutionof the Englishparliament

3. As well as the BlackDeath.

4. He remained on thethrone for 50 years; noEnglish monarch hadreigned for as longsince Henry III, andnone would again until

George III, as King ofthe United Kingdom.


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The Battle of Sluys: the style of warfare is clearly illustrated in this illustration fromFroissarts chronicles. Archers discharge arrows from the crows nests, forecastles and

aftercastles while knights and men-at-arms board the enemy vessels. The fate of thevanquished is to be thrown over the side.


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The Long bowsix feet long and made of yew or linden wood, the longbow shot steel-tippedarrows that were dangerous at 400 yards and deadly at 100


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Froissarts magnificent representation of the Battle of Crey: more imaginative

than accurate


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The Black Death


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Medieval writers blamed the plague on the Mongol hordes


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The plague was caused by abacteria called YersiniaPestis, which lives in ratsand other rodents.


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The number of victims was clearly colossal. The Italian city of Sienna, forexample, reported losing 70,000 of its 100,000 inhabitants.


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1357 a secondoutbreak began inGermanySome towns thepopulation reduced by40%


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mass graves replaced the standard funeral service. Many places sufferedfrom famine because there was no one left to work the fields


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Many saw the Black Death as God'spunishment for the moving of the

Papacy to Avignon,


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Some lost faith in Christianity completely. . .

Others joined the Flagellants, a new religious order whose membersbelieved they could purify themselves of sin, and avoid further

punishment, by beating themselves with leather scourges tipped withiron spikes


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Ring Around the Rosiea pocket Full of Posiesashes ashesWe all fall down.

Th Bl k d h M f R h


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The Black death Master of Rohan1418

Because many saw it as the judgement ofGod, it provoked a wave of popularenthusiasm for penance

The flagellants for example In art the reality of the plague is depicted

and the dead man before the judge is astriking contrast to the leisurely courtly lifedepicted in the Limbourg brothers

The anonymous artist shows theinevitability of death un-romanticised with

the pock marked and rotting corpse His last prayer is presented in latin on a

scroll into thy hands I commend my spirit thou

hast redeemed me O lord, the God of truth The Lord holds a sword and an orb

symbols of power and replies in French

For your sins you shall do penance. Onjudgement day you shall be with me.

The small figures at the top left depictMichael the archangel doing battle withSatan for possession of the soul of thedeceased, represented by an adolescent

nude (looks like Satan is winning)


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Poitiers, September 19th 1356

Tomb of the black Prince


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1. The prestige of the French nobility - which had begun the century at Courtrai (the "Battle of theGolden Spurs") by fleeing the field and leaving their infantry to be hacked to pieces, and had given uptheir king at Poitiers - had sunk to a new low.

2. To secure their rights, the French privileged classes, the nobility, the merchant elite, and the clergy,forced the peasantry to pay ever-increasing taxes and to repair their war-damaged properties undercorve without compensation.

3. The passage of a law that required the peasants to defend the chteaux that were emblems of theiroppression was the immediate cause of the spontaneous uprising; it was particularly onerous asmany common people already blamed the nobility's corruption for the defeat at Poitiers.

4. The revolt was suppressed by French nobles led by Charles the Bad of Navarre, cousin, brother-in-

law and mortal enemy of the Regent, whose throne he was attempting to usurp.

5. His and the peasant army opposed each other near Mello on June 10, 1358 when Guillaume Cale, theleader of the rebellion, was invited to truce talks by Charles. Foolishly, he went to the enemy camp,where he was seized by the French nobles, who considered that as he was of low birth, the customsand standards of chivalry did not apply to him; he was tortured and decapitated.

6. His now leaderless army was 20,000 (according to Froissart) strong, was ridden down by divisions of

knights' cavalry in the ensuing Battle of Mello, which was followed by a campaign of terrorthroughout the Beauvais region, where soldiers roamed door to door in the countryside lynching

the Jacqueriepopular revolt in late medieval Europe by peasants that took placein northern France in the summer of 1358, during the HundredYears' War.


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Defeat of the Jacquerie Froissart


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In 1364 the same Dauphin who had

been mocked by the Paris mob,now known as King Charles V(Charles the Wise), was able toreturn and take his throne.For the war effort he found a brilliantgeneral from Brittany, Bertrand du

Guesclin, to lead it.


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The military reverses brought forth the same spirit of rebellion in England that had triggered

the Jacquerie in France.

The Peasants' Revolt


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The Peasants Revolt,1. Wat Tyler's Rebellion, or the Great Rising of

1381.2. The names of some of its leaders, John Ball,

Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, are still familiar inpopular culture, although little is known ofthem.

3. The revolt later came to be seen as a mark ofthe beginning of the end of serfdom in medievalEngland, although the revolt itself was a failure.

4. The revolt was precipitated by King Richard II'sheavy-handed attempts to enforce the thirdmedieval poll tax, first levied in 1377supposedly to finance military campaigns

overseas5. The youth of King Richard II (aged only 14) wasanother reason for the uprising: a group ofunpopular men dominated his government.These included John of Gaunt (the actingregent), Simon Sudbury (Lord Chancellor andArchbishop of Canterbury, who was thefigurehead to what many then saw as a corrupt

Church) and Sir Robert Hales (the LordTreasurer, responsible for the poll tax). Manysaw them as corrupt officials,

6. The Black Death that ravaged England in 1348 to 1350 had greatly reduced the labour force, and,consequently, the surviving labourers could demand higher wages and fewer hours of work.

7. Some asked for their freedom. They often got what they asked for: the lords of the manors weredesperate for people to farm their land and tend their animals.

8. Then, in 1351, King Edward III summoned parliament to pass the Statute of Labourers. The statuteattempted to curb the demands for better terms of employment


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Death of Wat Tyler - Froissart


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This also was thetime when Englandproduced one ofthe first known

populists, aclergyman namedJohn Ball.
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King Henry V prays with his army before the Battle of Agincourt.

Henry V comes to the rescue of his fallen brother the

Duke of Gloucester at the height of the Battle of Agincourt
http://affiliates.art.com/get.art?T=15049472&A=333916&L=8&P=12372897&S=2&Y=0http://affiliates.art.com/get.art?T=15049472&A=333916&L=8&P=12362919&S=2&Y=0


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A seventeen-year-old peasantgirl from Lorraine, Jeanne d'Arc

Is convinced that God hascalled her to rescue Francefrom the British.


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Charles was cautious, andhad some theologiansexamine her for signs ofwitchcraft;

They pronounced her avirgin, meaning that the"voices" that compelledher had to be pure spirits.

That convinced Charlesto let her go ahead--afterall, everything else hadfailed to this point

and sent her to Orlans

with a few troops


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Joan so inspired thebeleaguered soldiers and peopleof Orlans that they rose up anddefeated the English attacking

their city.


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Under English pressure, aChurch court found her guiltyof heresy and witchcraft, whilethe French king she had won

the crown for made no effortto save her.

On May 30, 1431, Joan of Arcwas burned at the stake in themarketplace of Rouen.


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The fate of Bordeaux wassealed by the battle ofCastillon, where French artilleryfire tricked the English intoattacking at the wrong time.This was the first time

firearms won a field battle.


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1. Art of Illumination was still theprevailing art form in France atthe beginning of the 15th C.

2. Reaches new heights in thework of the Limbourg brothers.Pol Herman and Jehanequin

3. They came from Gelderland aprovince of the Netherlands, butworked in France.

4. Died suddenly in 1416 probablyof the plague

5. The book of hours or Les TresRiches commissioned by Ducde Barry.

calendar page for January.

Jean, Duc De Berry


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January

Jean, Duc De Berry

1. Younger brother of Charles V of France2. Ordered the building of a number of

castles3. And filled them with especially

commissioned art work4. Tapestries, paintings and Jewels5. He is reputed to have owned 1.500 dogs

6. Les tres Riches Heures is one of a genreof 15th century illustrated prayer books

know as books of hours7. The hours were prayers that were to besaid 7 times a day

8. The book would contain a calendar whichwould be a showcase for the artists talent

9. Each month would be prefaced with anenchanting scene related to that particular

time of year10. Combining courtly refinement with

everyday life.


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February


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March


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April


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May


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June


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July

In August we see courtly lovers riding


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August

In August we see courtly lovers ridingoff to the hunt with their falcons

A great white ducal castle gleams in thedistance

Peasants swim in the stream

The upper part of the picture shows ablue hemisphere

This example was unfinished at the timeof the death of the Limbourgs.


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September


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October


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November


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The garden of Eden


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1. painted separately from therest of Les Tres Richesinserted later

2. It is a great enclosed circle

show the world as it wasintended before the fall ofAdam and Eve

3. Adam and Eve are shown inthe story of the temptation,retribution, and ejection fromthe garden onto a rocky shore

4. A depiction of the central beliefof the fall of man painted in aelegant and refined courtlystyle.


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Election of MartinV in 1417 endedthe great Schismof 1378-1417.

Rival French andItalian Popes heldoffice for 67 yrsthe Papal court

was held inAvignon.

During this timeAvignon becamean important

centre for the arts.


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The last of the great medieval popes, Boniface VIII, met his match in twostrong-willed kings, Edward I of England and Philip IV of France.


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In 1300 the pope celebrated the1300th anniversary of thebirth of Jesus by

proclaiming a jubilee year.An estimated two million

pilgrims poured into Rometo celebrate.

So many gifts and offerings wereheaped upon the altars that

at St. Peter's, according toone chronicler, two priestswere kept busy day andnight "raking togetherinfinite money."


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King Philip the Fair, who sent hishenchman William of Nogaret to

exact punishment on the Pope bybreaking entrance into his papalquarters in the Vatican, then strikingthe Pope with a blow on the face.

Shortly thereafter, within a month, this pope died from this fatal blow thus transferring thepapacy to Avignon, France for the next seventy years.


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This pope, Clement V (1305-14), accepted the Papalcrown in Lyons and refused

to go to Rome

In 1309 the king of Franceset up a new headquartersfor the Papacy at Avignon.


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the papal palace - outside entry from piazza -the Avignon Papacy was the periodfrom 1309 to 1377 during which seven popes, all French, resided in Avignon

1367 Pope Urban V tried to return the


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Papacy to Rome

1. the Lateran Palace had in the meantimehad fallen into ruin, so he decided tochoose another residence,

2. the Vatican is inaugurated as the newPapal residence.

1377 The next pope to arrive in Rome,Gregory XI.

1. Unfortunately, conditions had notimproved much, and he was gettingready to leave when he died.

2. After Pope Gregory XI died, the Romansrioted to ensure the election of a Roman

for pope.3. The cardinals, fearing the crowds,

elected a Neapolitan when no viableRoman candidates presentedthemselves.

1. Pope Urban VI, bornBartolomeo Prignano the


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Bartolomeo Prignano, theArchbishop of Bari, was electedin 1378.

2. Urban had been a respected

administrator in the papalchancery at Avignon, but aspope he proved suspicious,overbearing, and prone toviolent outbursts of temper.

3. The cardinals who had electedhim soon regretted theirdecision: the majority removedthemselves from Rome toAnagni, where they electedRobert of Geneva as a rival

pope on 20 September thesame year.

Henry, landgrave of Assia, offers, through one of hislegates, various cities of the dioceses of Mainz,Treves and Wrzburg to Urban VI (1378-1389)

1. Robert took the name Pope Clement VII and re-established a papal court in Avignon.The second election threw the Church into turmoil.


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The second election threw the Church into turmoil.

2. There had been antipopesrival claimants to the papacybefore, but most of them hadbeen appointed by various rival factions; in this case, a single group of leaders of theChurch had created both the pope and the antipope.

3. The conflicts quickly escalated from a church problem to a diplomatic crisis thatdivided Europe. Secular leaders had to choose which claimant they would recognize

4. Back in Rome Urban VI set up his own College of Cardinals (later he murdered five ofthem), and celebrated the Papacy's "restoration" by making a promenade of Italy

1. The schism continued afterthe deaths of both initial

claimants; Boniface IX,crowned at Rome in 1389, andBenedict XIII, who reigned inAvignon from 1394,maintained their rival courts.

2. When Boniface died in 1404,

the eight cardinals of theRoman conclave offered torefrain from electing a newpope if Benedict would resign

3. But when his legates refusedon his behalf, the Romanparty then proceeded to elect

Pope Innocent VII.

And then there were Three.1 Th F h t i d t B di t XIII h it i ll


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1. The French crown even tried to coerce Benedict XIII, whom it nominallysupported, into resigning.

2. None of these remedies worked. The suggestion that a church council shouldresolve the Schism, first made in 1378, was not adopted at first because canon

law required that a pope call a council.3. Eventually theologians adopted arguments that equity permitted the Church toact for its own welfare in defiance of the letter of the law.

4. Eventually the cardinals of both factions secured an agreement that Benedictand Gregory XII would meet at Savona.

5. They balked at the last moment,and both colleges of cardinalsabandoned their popes.

6. A church council was held atPisa in 1409 under the auspicesof the cardinals to try solving

the dispute, but it added to theproblem by electing anotherantipope, Alexander V.

7. He reigned briefly from 26 June1409, to his death in 1410, whenhe was succeeded by JohnXXIII, who won some but not

universal support.


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The next council (held at Constance, Switzerland, 1414-17) did better.


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Burning of reformer Jan Hus of Switzerland at the council of Constance

Gentile de Fabriano 1370-1427


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14271. Italian artist and great

exemplifier ofInternational Gothic

2. He spread the ideas ofthe style throughoutItaly

3. Crams every corner ofhis panels withromantic activity,

delighting with hisaffectionate detail, inthe sheer variety of aworld that isromanticised butfamiliar

4. Most of his work hasnot survived

Virgin and Child with St. Nicholas andSt. Catherine


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Adoration of the Magi 1423for the Strozzi Chapel inSanta Trinita and now inthe Uffizi.

Densely populatedpicture plane withoutconfusion

Illustrates the story ofthe three Magi whotravelled to Bethlehemto visit the Christ child

Elaborate andsumptuously decoratedvaulted Gothic frame isan integral part of thework


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Gentile da Fabriano the presentation of the Child in the temple1. Strong anecdotal feeling is also present in this painting2. The Virgin and Joseph have come here to present their first-born Son to the Lord and

offer two young doves in sacrifice.

3. On the right stand Simeon and the prophetess Anna, who holds a phylactery. Receivingthe Child into his arms, Simon recognizes the Messiah that the Lord promised he wouldbehold before his death. Anna points out the Saviour to "all them that looked forredemption in Jerusalem" (Luke 2:38). On either side of the building a crowd hasgathered. To the left, two women elegantly dressed in the fashion of the 15th centuryobserve the scene from outside, while to the right a pair of old beggars ask for alms.

Pisanello 1395-1455/6


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The Virgin and Child with ST Georgeand St Anthony Abbot

The rude garment of St Anthony the

Hermit in contrast to the urbansophistication of St George. Largewhite hat to elaborately spurredbootlets (St George has no halo but hishat compensates)

Pisanello also focuses on the

importance of the virgin and child whohang in the air enclosed in an elaboratesolar blaze


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Sienese painter Sassetta (Stefanodi Giovanni 1392-1450)


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di Giovanni 1392 1450) Lived during the early part of the 15th C

when Sienna was a republic and enjoyeda healthy relationship with their rivalbigger and more powerful neighbour

Florence The meeting of St Anthony and St Paul

Story of St Anthony Abbot founder ofmonasticism

At top we see Anthony aged 90abandoned his monastic life to meet upwith St Paul another hermit who was then113

On the journey he meets a centaur(symbol of paganism)

St Anthony blesses him and turns him toChristianity

The foreground shows the storysconclusion as the two saints greet eachother fondly their staffs lying on theground beside them

Sasettas work steeped in Sienese Gothictradition but also showed influences ofthe innovative Florentine artists such asMasaccio and Donatello.


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Adoration of theM i f ll d


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Magi was followedby the Quaratesitriptych (now inseparate pieces

and kept invariousmuseums).

A Miracle of St.Nicholas and St.

NicholasThree Gold Balls,both are thepanels from thepredella of theQuaratesi triptych.

Gentile da


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Gentile daFabriano St.Nicholas andthe Three Gold

Balls.

international gothic

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