international issn 2278 journal of applied research & studies … · 2012-12-21 ·...

International Journal of Applied Research & Studies ISSN 2278 – 9480

iJARS/ Vol. I/ Issue III/Dec, 2012/198 1

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Research Article

An Empirical Investigation of Karnataka State Financial

Corporation and Industrial Development in Gulbarga District

of Karnataka State

Authors: AnilKumar. B. Kote

Address for Correspondence:

Ph.D Research Scholar, Dept. of Studies in Economics, Karnatak University, Dharwad

Abstract:

The KSFC is one among leading state financial corporation in the country. It is

playing a vital role in industrial growth of our state in general and particularly in industrial

backward regions like Hyderabad Karnataka region. Today, while the state economy is making

rapid strides in the global market. Karnataka State Financial Corporation is moving in tandem.

KSFC is fine tuned to fulfill the plans and aspirations of entrepreneurs by extending all possible

assistance. Karnataka State Financial Corporation (KSFC) provides finance to industries. The

SFCs were established with the purpose of promoting the growth of small, medium and large-

scale industries in the country in order to augment the growth of industries and make the nation

self-sufficient. They play a major role in the industrial development of regions. KSFC has been

providing finance, technical know-how, etc., to the small and medium-scale industries in the

states. The main objective of the study is to analyze the performance of Karnataka State

Financial Corporation’s (KSFC) in giving financial assistance to Small-Scale Industries (SSI) in

liberalized era.. The study is analytical in nature, throwing light on the financing pattern of SSI

sector by KSFC, covering year-wise, type-wise, industry-wise, constitution-wise, and size-wise

and district-wise credit sanctions and disbursements in Karnataka. KSFC has failed in its

objective of balanced development, as most of the sanctions have been made only to a few

districts of Karnataka and a small share of the total amount sanctioned has gone to the backward

districts. Moreover, the percentage share of arrears is increasing and recovery ratio is decreasing

year-by-year.



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Over the last 50 years in the state of Karnataka. Karnataka state financial corporation is one of

the robust and professionally managed state financial corporations. It has contributed most

significant for the growth of small scale industries [SSIs] back word area development and

promotion of first generation entrepreneurs. It’s achievement in these areas is unparallel.

Key Words: KSFC, Industrial Development, Performance, Sanctions, Disbursement, Industrial

development.

I.INTRODUCTION:

The Karnataka State Financial Corporation [KSFC] was established in the year 1959 under the

state financial corporation Act1951 for promoting industrial Entrepreneurship in the state of

Karnataka. The KSFC is one among leading state financial corporation in the country. It is

playing a vital role in industrial growth of our state in general and particularly in industrial

backward regions like Hyderabad Karnataka region. Today, while the state economy is making

rapid strides in the global market. Karnataka State Financial Corporation is moving in tandem.

KSFC is fine tuned to fulfill the plans and aspirations of entrepreneurs by extending all possible

assistance. Karnataka State Financial Corporation is one of the fast track term lending financial

institutions in the country with assistance to over 1,60,645 units amounting to nearly Rs,9,101

crore out of which more than 50 percent is towards small scale industries.

Over the last 50 years in the state of Karnataka. Karnataka state financial corporation is

one of the robust and professionally managed state financial corporations. It has contributed most



Karnataka is one of the 28 states in India and emerging as an industrial super power of the

country. The state has 30 districts and 176 taluks. Over the last 100 years the State has had the

distinction of building a strong and vibrant industrial base, which combines the intrinsic and

medium privately owned industries and a very wide and dispersed micro and small scale sector.

Karnataka has demonstrated strength over a wide spectrum of sectors in industry and has

outstanding examples of success in the world economy.

In the recent times Karnataka has emerged as the knowledge and technology capital of

the country making rapid strides in the new economy as well. Karnataka is among the Top Five

industrial states in the country. The achievements of Karnataka in promoting high-tech

industries in key sectors like telecommunication, electronics, information technology, precision



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engineering, automobiles, readymade garments, bio-technology and food processing have been

not worthy.

The strong base of large and medium scale industry established in Karnataka has given a

wide scope for promotion of vibrant small scale sector in the state providing considerable

employment opportunities to the people of Karnataka. The Karnataka State Financial

Corporation on ISO9001-2000 certified organization is proud to have played a major role in the

industrial development of the state. It is also the proud privilege of Karnataka State Financial

Corporation has assisted many industries that are internationally recognized like Infosys and

Biocon.

The study is analytical in nature, throwing light on the financing pattern of SSI sector by KSFC,

covering year-wise, type-wise, industry-wise, constitution-wise, and size-wise and district-wise

credit sanctions and disbursements in Karnataka. KSFC has failed in its objective of balanced

development, as most of the sanctions have been made only to a few districts of Karnataka and a

small share of the total amount sanctioned has gone to the backward districts. Moreover, the

percentage share of arrears is increasing and recovery ratio is decreasing year-by-year.

Over the last 50 years in the state of Karnataka. Karnataka state financial corporation is one of

the robust and professionally managed state financial corporations. It has contributed most



II.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

Industrial development in India is at a very slow rate and the significant feature of it is,

it’s concentration in few regions/states in the country. Therefore, there are ‘inter-state’ and

‘intra-state’ disparities in industrial development. Many industries are concentrated in and

around Bangalore. The Hyderabad Karnataka region which includes Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur

and Koppal the Northern most part of the state extremely backward in industrial development. In

this context, the promotional institutions like KSFC are mainly engaged in promoting small and

medium enterprises focusing on backward region. The present study thus intends to analysis the

functioning of KSFC in this backward region in terms of promotion of enterprises and

entrepreneurship in small and medium enterprises.

III.IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH GAP:

There is dearth of studies pertaining to analysis of finance and industrial development in

the backward regions. Finance for industrial development specially the SMEs concept is

powerful strategy to remove the backwardness in the country. There is a need for more micro

level studies to find out the real obstacles at this level because the dimensions of the problem

across the regions hence it is essential to study the impact of Karnataka state financial

corporation on industrial development in Gulbarga district.



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The study attempts to raise the following research questions:-

What is the present status of industrial development in Gulbarga district?

What is the role of SFCs vis-à-vis KSFC in promoting industrial development in backward

areas?

What is the nature of enterprises financed by KSFC in backward region of Gulbarga district?

To what extent these industries are viable and generate benefits to private investors?

What is their contribution to entrepreneurship development?

IV.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The present study aims at examining the contribution of promotional agencies in the

industrial development of Karnataka and Gulbarga District. For this purpose following objectives

have been outlined.

1) To examine the role of promotional agencies in industrial development focusing on KSFC.

2) To study about the contribution of KSFC’s for industrial development in Karnataka state and

Gulbarga district.

3) To study the pattern industrial development in Gulbarga district.

4) To examine the viability of industries sponsored by KSFC based on sample study in

Gulbarga district.

5) To know the problems faced by the KSFC in financing industrial development.

6) To study the problems faced by entrepreneurs in operating the industries.

7) To offer suggestions based on analysis.

Table-1

Performance of KSFC for the period 2001-2010

Year No Sanction

amount

Growth

rate

Disbursement

amount

Growth

rate

%

percentage of

sanction to

disbursement

2000-01 54 549.83 95.30 448.11 96.30 81.49

2001-02 50 548.22 99.70 479.36 106.97 87.43

2002-03 29 294.72 53.62 257.12 53.60 87.24

2003-04 37 473.18 160.75 445.06 173.30 94.17

2004-05 37 557.53 117.14 516.97 116.00 92.72

2005-06 40 579.20 103.88 510.02 98.69 88.08



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2006-07 45 648.70 111.87 600.20 117.64 92.52

2007-08 37 586.50 90.41 500.00 83.30 82.25

2008-09 30 720.50 122.84 525.72 105.14 72.96

2009-10 27 861.00 119.50 397.83 75.67 4620

2010-11 06 168.00 19.12 16.20 4.02 9.64

Total 392 5987.38 - 4697.11 - 78.45

Source: KSFC Operational Statistics 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09

From the above table1, we get the clear picture of the 11 years performance of KSFC

Gulbarga branch office year wise performance summary. During the year 2000-01 Gulbarga

branch office has sanctioned the Rs. 549.83 lakhs and the disbursement was Rs. 448.11 loans

81.49 percent Rs. 598.22 and 294.72 sanctions are made by branch of office in the year 2001-02

and 2002-03 respectively. 2003-04 to 2006-07 the sanctions are at an in increasing trend in the

year 2007-08 it was decreased 82.25 percent to 72.96 percent in the next financial year again

branch office was sanctioned Rs. 720.50 loans and Rs. 861.00 lakhs in the year 2008-09 and

2009-10 respectively.

Table-2

KSFC year wise and industry wise performance 2004-05 to 2008-09

(Amount Rs. In Lakhs)

Industry

Year wise sanctions and disbursement and sanctions to 2005

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

San. Disb

.

% San. Disb

.

% San

.

Disb

.

% San

.

Disb

.

% San. Disb

.

%

Stone

quarrying

14.94 14.94 100 - - - 16 - - - - - 78 62 79.4

8

Food

processing

12.59 117.5

6

97.4

8

311 828 90.6

7

14 14 100 335 317 94.6

2

- - -

Paper and

Paper

product

4.50 4.10 91.1

1

2.50 2.50 100 280 272 97.1

4

- - - 397.9

0

219.4

3

55.1

1



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Rubber and

Rubber

product

27 22 81.4

8

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Chemical

product

2.16 2 92.5

9

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Petroleum

products

24.30 24 99.1

7

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Non-metalic

mineral

product

49.67 29.48 59.3

5

53.60 33.60 62.6

8

25 25 100 23 21 91.3

0

20 - -

Metal

product

24.50 24 97.9

5

7.50 7.50 100 2 2 100 - - - 8 4 50

Miscellaneo

us industry

93.21 93.20 99.9

6

7.50 7.50 100 75.20 70.2

0

93.3

5

28 27.5

0

98.2

1

22 16.62 75.5

4

Hotel 102 94.65 92.7

9

174.3

8

154.1

3

88.3

8

184 170 92.3

9

155 89 57.4

1

163 109.2

0

66.9

9

Electronic

equipment

21.65 21 96.9

9

- - - 6 5 90 40 40 100 - - -

Plastic

goods

5 - - 10 10 100 2 2 100 - - - 40 40 100

Other

industries

30 20 66.6

6

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Total (year) 557.5

2

516.9

7

92.7

2

579.2

8

510.0

2

88.0

7

648 600 92.5

9

586.5 500 85.2

5

720.5 525.7

3

72.9

6

Source: KSFC Operational Statistics 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09

From the table it is observed that a large proportion of advances have gone to food processing

and hotel industry this is observed in the sample. Therefore the hypothesis that KSFC has

promoted small and medium enterprises in consumption sector is proved.



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The above table shows the KSFC Gulbarga branch office yearwise and industry wise sanctions

and disbursements during the last five year. During the year 2004-05 continued to assist a wide

range of industrial activities. In this year 11 industries are covered, branch office sanctioned the

Rs. 557.52 lakhs the amount disbursed was Rs. 516.97 (92.72 percent) four major industries got

the highest assistance in this year, namely food manufacturing and processing units are got the

Rs. 120.59 lakhs 21.62 percent in the total sanctions, miscellaneous industry got the Rs. 93.21

lakh (18.30 percent) in the total sanctions, hotel industry got the Rs. 102 lakhs (19 percent)

remaining amount was distributed other units like rubber, chemical, electronics equipments,

plastic goods and other industries.

In 2005-06 amount sanctioned was increased Rs. 579.08 lakhs out of this Rs. 510.02 was

disbursed in this year only 7 major industries got the assistance from branch office, here also

food manufacturing industry got the Rs. 311 lakhs 53.71 percent in total sanctions and second

place hotel industry got the 174.38 lakhs 30.11 percent remaining amount distributed by other

four industries. Rs. 648, Rs. 586.50 and Rs. 720.5 lakhs sanctioned in the year 2006-07, 2007-08

and 2008-09 respectively all these three year here also the above situation terms to be continued.

KSFC yearwise and industry wise performance summary based on sanctions and disbursement

during the last seven years 2004-05 to 2010-11

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sto

ne

quar

ryin

g

Food

man

ufa

cturi

ng

Pap

er a

nd P

aper

pro

duct

Rubber

and

Rubber

pro

duct

Chem

ical

pro

duct

Pet

role

um

pro

duct

s

No

n-m

etal

ic

min

eral

pro

duct

Met

al p

roduct

Mis

cell

aneo

us

indust

ry Ho

tel

Ele

ctro

nic

equ

ipm

ent

Pla

stic

goods

Oth

er i

nd

ust

ries

Per

centa

ge

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09



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Table-3

Taluka wise distribution of loans 2004-2010

Sl.

No.

Taluka 2004

sanctions

2005

sanctions

2006

sanctions

2007

sanctions

2008

sanctions

2009

sanctions

1. Afzalpur 05 (0.94) 14.00 (2.46) 5 (0.94) 31 (4.05) 30 (5.11) 20 (2.73)

2. Aland 11.50 (2.17) - - - - 13.00 (1.78)

3. Chittapur - - - - 5.00 (0.85) -

4. Chincholi 21.30 (4.59) - - - 6.00 (1.02) -

5. Gulbarga 132.3

(81.75)

399 (70.17) 418.5

(78.69)

591 (77.30) 420 (71.67) 595 (81.50)

6. Jewargi 14.02 (1.51) 35.00 (6.51) - 15.00 (1.96) 19.00 (3.24) 30.00 (4.10)

7. Sedam 8.00 (1.51) - 5.00 (0.94) - - -

8. Shahapur 15.30 (2.89) 38.50 (6.77) 24.70 (4.64) 25.00 (3.27) 35 (5.97) 37 (5.06)

9. Shorapur 17.45 (3.30) 45.58 (8.01) 56 (10.53) 77.50

(10.13)

45 (7.67) 15 (2.05)

10. Yadgir - 36.50 (6.41) 22.50 (4.23) 25.00 (3.37) 26 (4.43) 15.50 (2.12)

Total 528.08

(100)

568.58

(100)

531.77

(100)

764.5 (100) 586 (100) 730.50

(100)

Source: KSFC Branch office, Gulbarga official register books from the relevant years.



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Table shows that Gulbarga taluka accounts for the highest contribution out of the total sanctions to

the extent of 81.69 percent followed by Chincholi taluk 4.60 percent and lowest sanctions to

Afzalpur taluk to the extent of 95 percent of the total sanctions during 2004. Even during 2005-06.

It proposes to sanction highest amount Rs. 817.5 lakhs to Gulbarga taluk which is 71.98 percent

less than the previous year and Shorapur taluk was sanctioned 8.95 percent and lowest was Jewargi

Taluk to the extent of 1.32 percent of total sanctions and 2008-09 sanctioned to the highest these

was Gulbarga taluk again they got 77.13 percent to the total sanction and 5.47 percent sanctioned

to the Shahapur taluka. Lowest sanctions to Aland to the extent of 0.99 percent of the total

sanctions.

V.RECOVERY:

The performance of the branch office in the portfolio of the recovery during the year 2004-05

is excellent and has surpassed the percentage of achievement of the branch office over the last 5 to 6

years. The percentage of recovery is 97.5 percent over it’s target during 2004-05 compared to 91.6

percent over the target during 2003-04. The amount wise recovery also shows an increasing trend

about 531.65 lakhs during 2004-05 which is 50% percent more than the previous year. This has been

achieved mainly due to intensive follow up of individual cases and also sale of assets taken over

under section 29 of SFC act. Performance of the branch office in the field of recovery for the last 5

years is as follows.

Talukawise distribution of loans 2004-2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Afzalpur Aland Chittapur Chincholi Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam Shahapur Shorapur Yadgir

Per

cen

tag

e

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009



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Table-4

KSFC achievement of target fixed for recovery and percent to target for the year 2004-05

to 2008-09

Period Target Achievement % to target

2004-05 516.97 531.65 102.83

2005-06 579.28 594.22 102.57

2006-07 498.65 494.65 95.60

2007-09 316.08 315.02 99.72

2008-09 413.58 267.05 64.67

Total 2325.28 2203.22 94.75

Source: KSFC Branch office, Gulbarga official register books from the relevant years.

The above table shows that during 2004-05 branch has recovered all time high percentage over

its target to the extent of 102.83 percentage. Even though it decreased during 2003-04 but it is

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Am

ou

nt

and

Per

cen

tag

e

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-09 2008-09

KSFC achievement of target fixed for recovery and percent to target for the year

2004-05 to 2008-09

Target Achievement % to target



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on an increasing trend since 2004-05 to 2008-09. In the year 2004-05 branch office target was

516.97 lakhs it achieve the Rs. 531.65 102.83 percent and Rs. 579.28 target in 2005-06 it’s

achieved Rs. 594.22, 102.57 percent and 2006-07 branch office was achieved Rs. 494.65 target

of Rs. 498.65 95.6 percent, in the year 2007-08 branch office recovery performance was 99.75

percent, Rs. 316.08 was target it achieved Rs. 315.02 lakhs in the year 2008-09 the corporation

was face the target s. 413.58 but it achieved 267.05 64.67 percent only.

The detailed analysis of all cases has been made as follows:

a) 320 number of regular cases.

b) 115 number of default cases

c) 30 number of chronic cases

d) 35 number of section 21 cases in the branch office.

Based on the above cited information the branch has estimated a recovery of Rs. 267.50

lakhs for the year 2008-09 with 17 percent increase over the previous year’s original target.

Since there is saturation in the Dall mill activity and also credit restrictions on agro based

industries like cotton ginning. It is proposed to give importance to the promotional and

development activities to attract business from other industrial sectors and it is planning to

conduct special programmes like conducting seminar and exhibitions. It is also planning to

conduct rural industrialization programme.

Through the industrial climate of the Gulbarga district is not much encouraging, but the

branch office has promoted business to the extent of Rs. 730.50 lakhs during 2008-09 and it is

expecting to promote business to the extent of Rs. 861 lakhs during 2009-10.

VI.SUMMARY, FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

SUMMARY:

The KSFC in one of the leading financial institution in the country acting as a catalyst for

industrial growth in Karnataka. Study attempts to assess the KSFC contribution to the industrial

development in Karnataka State and Gulbarga district.

The concentration tend in industrial development continues to exist in the state, yet there

is some change observed in recent years due to the implementation of industrial dispersal

policies in the form of fiscal and financial concessions. The share of backward districts (like

Gulbarga) in industrial units and employment is increasing over the time period.

Gulbarga district is in the process of transition as development is slowly taking place

here. It has a good resource potential, which if used properly may help to promote development

at a faster rate in the near future. The district is now moving towards the industrial development



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as percentage share of secondary sector to total income has increased from 15% to 26% during

2001-02 to 2005-06.

FINDINGS:

1). The study reveals that a considerable industrial growth rate is observed in food processing

and hotel industry and only a moderate growth in capital goods industries. Though, 2001-02

to 2008-09 is a very short period to analyse the impact study of industrial growth but it is

observed that the KSFC is making headway to bring a favorable impact on the industrial

growth of Karnataka state and Gulbarga district.

2). The study reveals that the KSFC has taken special care to ensure that its products and services

are customer-centric with an inclusive approach to meet the needs of all the customers. With

its empathizing attitude, KSFC has ensured that both old and new customers are extended

quality service backed by a range of products. Schemes have been initiated from time to

time and adopted to suit the requirements of the day. Specific lending norms, which offer

special interest rebates, are available to facilities customers

3) The impact of industrial growth on employment generation has been measured by two

important variables, namely volume of investment and number of units. In the case of small

scale industrial units, it is observed that at the state level the volume of investment and the

growth rate of industrial units are showing an upward trend during 2001-02. But the

increases in the number of industrial units are not proportionate to the increase in the volume

of investment. This clearly indicates that the small scale industries units are becoming more

and more capital intensive with the help of KSFC assistance.

4) The study reveals that the Education is an important factor which plays an important role in

the success of any venture. To start any activity, some level of education is essential, though

in the KSFC, there is no minimum qualification for the beneficiaries but the KSFC has

designed for some special schemes to unemployed youths, technicians and professionals. .

Category-wise classification reveals that in industry 50% percent of the beneficiaries have

the level of education of secondary and higher secondary, 20 percent of beneficiaries from

business they have secondary level education and only (1) from professional qualification

observed in service sector beneficiary.

5) The study reveals that the professional level of educated entrepreneur got the highest / level

of profit and higher secondary level of educated entrepreneurs got the second place in profit

earning the entrepreneurs with primary education is under loss. It’s clear from the study the

impact of education qualification on level of profit is significant.

6). The study reveals that the, to promote gender equality in KSFC a provision is made to give

due preference to female, but percentage is not fixed. Our sample study proved that female

participation in economic and other activities is not the same percentage as male members of

the society. The major share is of male 80 percent% and very minor participation by female



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is observed 20% percent only. If we analyze the sector wise participation of female

participation is high in industry sector is compared to other sector. All these reveals that the

male domination continues to exist in getting assistance under the KSFC.

7). The study reveals that the KSFC performance is impressive during the last five years. The

average growth rate in sanction is almost 55% percent. This achievement is mainly due to

sprat in the Dall Industry / Food Processing (units) activities and establishment of agro based

units in Gulbarga district.

VII.SUGGESTIONS FOR THE POLICY FORMATIONS:

A humble effort has been made to provide a few suggestions to KSFC in the following ways.

1) KSFC in Gulbarga district has sanctioned a sizeable portion of its sactions only in the

Gulbarga taluk. Out of the 10 taluks in the district,Taluks like Aland,

Chincholi,Chittapur,Jewargi, and Afzalpur have received very small portion of the total

sanctions made by the corporation in the district. Hence the corporation could ensure that

non-industrialized areas/taluks in the district are fully benefited with its assistance. Regional

considerations should be taken care of in future.

2) Targets should be set to the recovery officers and a special incentive should be provided to

those officers who achieve their targets.

3) The organization structure should be modified and surplus staff should be downsized so that

overhead costs can be reduced.

4) The appraisal department has to consider more parameters in the area of technical analysis,

financial analysis and marketability of the product while sanctioning the financial assistance

to the project. So that projects more viable seek assistance from KSFC.

5) KSFC should establish a system for credit risk evaluation and fine tune their norms of debt

equity, current ratio etc. to improve borrower’s stake for facing cyclical ups and downs.

6) Along with this afford should be made to determine the character, capacity, condition,

collateral and capital of customer to know the credit worthness, wine appraising the proposal.

7) Recovery officers must be thoroughly trained through reputed training institutes and

seminars to be conducted by various development financial institutions. Setting up separate

monitoring department should make credit monitoring functions more effective.

VIII.CONCLUSION:

Karnataka State Financial Corporation (KSFC) provides finance to industries. The SFCs

were established with the purpose of promoting the growth of small, medium and large-scale

industries in the country in order to augment the growth of industries and make the nation self-

sufficient. They play a major role in the industrial development of regions. KSFC has been

providing finance, technical know-how, etc., to the small and medium-scale industries in the

states. The main objective of the study is to analyze the performance of Karnataka State



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Financial Corporation’s (KSFC) in giving financial assistance to Small-Scale Industries (SSI) in

liberalized era. The study is analytical in nature, throwing light on the financing pattern of SSI

sector by KSFC, covering year-wise, type-wise, industry-wise, constitution-wise, and size-wise

and district-wise credit sanctions and disbursements in Karnataka. KSFC has failed in its

objective of balanced development, as most of the sanctions have been made only to a few

districts of Karnataka and a small share of the total amount sanctioned has gone to the backward

districts. Moreover, the percentage share of arrears is increasing and recovery ratio is decreasing

year-by-year.

However, KSFC has helped to promote industrial development in Gulbarga District. The

focus is on agro-processing and hotels and restaurants. i.e., service sector which are the growing

sectors in Gulbarga district. But it is observed that KSFC is more engaged in advancing loan than

extending technical support to industries in the district. The support in the field of market studies

and product identification is also essential as the entrepreneurs in the district lack knowledge

about these crucial issues.

There is also a need to carry out further research studies intensively in analyzing the

various factors affecting industrial growth in the district which may help to develop an appropriate

strategy to promote industrial development in the Gulbarga district.

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11. Kuchal.S.C. (1983), The Industrial Economy of India, Chaitanya Publishing House,

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