International Journal of Clothing Science and TechnologyDesign for mutual transformation between outdoor wear and camping tentWei Zhen Wang Yan Wang Shu Lian Yu Lin Sun Jing Liu Xiu Min Wei

Article information:To cite this document:Wei Zhen Wang Yan Wang Shu Lian Yu Lin Sun Jing Liu Xiu Min Wei , (2014),"Design for mutualtransformation between outdoor wear and camping tent", International Journal of Clothing Science andTechnology, Vol. 26 Iss 4 pp. 291 - 304Permanent link to this document:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCST-05-2013-0052

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Design for mutual transformationbetween outdoor wear and

camping tentWei Zhen Wang

School of Fashion, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P.R. China

Yan WangFaculty of Clothing and Design, University of Minjiang, Fuzhou, P.R. China

Shu Lian Yu and Lin SunSchool of Fashion, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P.R. China

Jing LiuSchool of Energy, Power & Mechanical Engineering,

North China Electric Power University, Baoding, P.R. China, and

Xiu Min WeiYoungor Group Co. Ltd, Ningbo, P.R. China

Abstract

Purpose – In view of high consumption situation of raw materials in the apparel industry due tounique and diversified style, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the application of patterntransformation between clothing and tent, explore the feasibility of extending multi-functional productand provide experimental demonstration for realizing 5R (Reduce, Reevaluate, Reuse, Recycle, Rescue)design goal of garment product.Design/methodology/approach – According to the results of market research, in order to makesingle product have the functions of both outdoor couple clothing and simple tent, the planar patternsof clothing and tent are compared and transformed to make them compatible with each other, then theremovable multi-functional design and technique processing are adopted.Findings – It was found that outdoor clothing and tent with similar application occasions and rawmaterials could realize the assumption of multi-functional product. Their combination has the functions ofboth clothing and tent by wearing and assembling.Originality/value – By means of this transformation design, the diversification and enjoyment ofgarment styles and functions can be realized. This helps to improve the energy efficiency of raw materialsand accessories by increasing the frequency of product reuse and sharing. In addition, the enjoymentdesign of products also helps to lead and promote ecological consumption.

Keywords Energy saving, Eco-design, Multi-functional transformation, Outdoor couple clothing,Pattern alteration, Tent

Paper type Research paper

1. IntroductionEco-design is the key part of Energy-related product (ErP), which essentially aims toimprove energy efficiency and optimize the energy structure, lead and establishreasonable modes of production and consumption (Shuxin et al., 2010). Eco-design has

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available atwww.emeraldinsight.com/0955-6222.htm

Received 16 May 2013Revised 16 September 2013Accepted 6 November 2013

International Journal of ClothingScience and Technology

Vol. 26 No. 4, 2014pp. 291-304

r Emerald Group Publishing Limited0955-6222

DOI 10.1108/IJCST-05-2013-0052

This study has been supported by Science Fund of Education Department of Liaoning province(W2013090); special funds of Liaoning Department of Science & Technology for Key Laboratoryof Digital Apparel Design and Engineering (2009403003); Teaching Reform Project of the DalianPolytechnic University ( JGLX1237) and college student innovation fund project (2013037).

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been identified in both academic and policy circles as a point of intervention in theapparel industry with high energy consumption to promote environmental performance(Deutz et al., 2013). In our previous studies (Wang et al., 2013a), we have pointed outthat current garment development has attached importance to the use of low-carboneco-friendly materials, but has not achieved 5R (Reduce, Reevaluate, Reuse, Recycle,Rescue) principles of eco-product development (Li and Ma, 2013).

In recent years, the researchers have generally focused on the approaches and meansof implementing garment eco-design, and made a fruitful exploration. For example,eco-friendly raw materials and plant dyes are developed and selected (Taieb et al., 2010),the difference of shell fabric and lining in product life cycle is used to recycle polyesterlining parts of the clothing (Gam et al., 2011), the MET matrix is used to explore thepossibility of adopting eco-design techniques (Knight and Jenkins, 2009), eco-designmethods focus on remanufacturing to reduce the life cycle impacts of products (Pigossoet al., 2010), the designers improve eco-design concepts and try to participate inthe innovation practice, enterprises and educational institutions correctly guide theeco-design (Deutz et al., 2013; Vallet et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the implementation pathof the functional transformation have not formed research system yet in the area ofclothing product design. The designers are overly reliant on familiar design solutions,but traditional design concepts are limited to style innovation or in-depth functionaldevelopment of one garment product only, ignore the possibility of transformingone product to another product by pattern transformation, and also ignore thestudy on developing multi-functional garment design to save energy consumption. It isencouraging that there are already some designers who have made exploration andtrials on innovative conversion design, respectively, such as Mandarina Duck’s“Jackpack” – a jacket transforms into a backpack; CP Company’s “Urban ProtectionRange” – overcoats transform into inflatable mattresses and one-person tents; aswell as Hussein Chalayan’s “before minus now” collection 2000 – garments becomefurniture (Bolton, 2002), etc. These trials provide reference for our analysis on theimplementation path of the functional transformation and energy conservation offurnishings. It needs our further research, especially the research on the conversionbetween outdoor clothing and outdoor activity equipment, and the possibilities ofits industrialization.

Emphasizing ecological philosophy is the trend and focus of garment productdevelopment. Because of the influence of environmental pollution and governmentalenvironmental policies, the consumers are more willing to accept eco-friendly garmentproducts. As a result, product developers should improve their eco-marketing concepts(Hanna et al., 2012). In our previous studies, we have pointed out that the sustainabledevelopment is part of the garment product strategies which aim to improve energysaving through the efficient use of technologies (Wang et al., 2013a, b, c), so productdevelopers should select low-carbon eco-friendly materials, pay attention to theintegration of diversification and practicability of garment function (Boorady, 2011),and the transformation and reuse of non-wearing function.

This study adopts the removable multi-functional design and technique processingin style design, reduces types and quantity of raw materials and accessories in materialselection, and explores how to enable newly developed product to be both a garmentand a non-wearing practical article for daily use, that is, enable raw materials for onegarment to satisfy the function of raw materials for two or more garments. In addition,this paper studies how to attract the consumers by enjoyment and function of products,thus promote energy saving.

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In this study, outdoor couple clothing and camping tent are selected as the design andexperiment subject according to market research. Through design and developmentpractice, this study transforms outdoor casual clothing to the combination of outdoorclothing and outdoor tent (patent application has been submitted for this experimentalproduct). Such combination is both clothing and tent, which can independently serve asclothing or tent, endow the clothing with more functions without additional shell fabric,and accordingly actualize 5R characteristics of eco-clothing development, add moreenjoyments to common garment products, provide feasible and useful reference forproduct development of garment enterprises trying to solve environmental pressure.

2. HypothesesOutdoor hiking clothing and camping tent are both the articles required by leisuretourism. Their professional functional requirements are not high; generally speaking,such clothing and tent are used for hiking, seaside leisure or outing. People generallyselect sunny weather for outing, and the geographical environment for wearing orusing is not very complex (Nickens, 2012). Therefore the selling point of such productsdepends on their appearance and functional design to a great extent. Of course thedesign should meet functional requirements while conforming to ergonomics, usezipper for separation or combination and use the design of decorative lines to elevateoverall appearance style and functions according to necessary separation for mutualtransformation between clothing and tent. Can outdoor clothing and tent be mutuallytransformed to realize multi-functional effect? Is it possible to save raw materials andrealize enjoyment design of products?

H1. Use functions of outdoor clothing and tent have the feasibility of mutualtransformation.

H1a. Outdoor clothing of travelers can also serve as tent.

H1b. Outdoor tent can also be used as outdoor clothing by travelers.

Outdoor clothing and camping tent have similar service environment, they are basicallythe same in fabric selection and weatherproof function, so it is assumed that outdoorclothing also allows travelers to rest in the extended “clothing”, and tent can be also puton by travelers to solve the weatherproof problem during the hiking. If the use functionsof outdoor clothing and tent can be transformed, the weight of articles carried by outdoortravelers can be reduced, and the tent does not need to be carried separately:

H2. It is technically feasible, that is to say, the pattern structures of outdoor coupleclothing and tent can be transformed.

Seen from the consumption volume of fabrics, couple clothing is composed of femalecoat and male coat, so it is assumed that the fabric volume of two coats are approximateto the fabric volume of one simple tent. Seen from the styling perspective, outdoor coatand tent are similar in planar structure, characterized by arc structure, more zippers andremovable components, so it is assumed that pattern structure design can be integratedfor two outdoor coats and one simple tent by mutual adjustment:

H3. The design of outdoor couple clothing can enhance the functionality andenjoyment of mutual combination between male coat and female coat.

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Currently there are many flaws in the design and development of couple clothing.In most cases, couple clothing is limited to the same style of male clothing and femaleclothing, and ignores the possibility of mutual separation and combination betweenmale clothing and female clothing. Therefore outdoor couple clothing should reflect thecreative ideas of integrating lovers together, display the close relationship betweenlovers and attract consumers by unique creativity and design. The design of coupleclothing should focus on overall style change of wearing ways, pay attention to inherent“similarity” in male clothing and female clothing, and create stylish and creativecombination effect featuring function and enjoyment.

3. MethodsWe first confirmed the practical demands of consumers for multi-functional clothingthrough market research, then focused on the design and development of outdoorcasual clothing, analyzed and integrated clothing style and outdoor tent style, clothingpattern and outdoor tent pattern, and finally transformed two articles of outdoorclothing to the combination of outdoor clothing and outdoor tent, realizing mutualtransformation of clothing and tent.

3.1 Determining the objective of experimental product through market researchThe target consumers of experimental product are expected to be the college students andother young people. According to the questionnaire survey for 474 students in foursubject categories of three colleges in Dalian area, the rate of demands for multi-functionalclothing was found to be over 50 per cent, significantly higher than that of the demandsfor other types of clothing (see Table I).

The options of research question were main functional categories of modern clothing:protective and decorative function, aesthetic and expressive function, health care function,and multi-function.

The respondents were college students in different subject categories: art, mathematics,literature, history and management, polytechnic.

The statistical data of students selecting multi-function from five options were asfollows: 82 of 141 students in art category, 44 of 93 students in mathematics andeconomics category, 59 of 116 students in literature, history and management category,60 of 124 students in polytechnic category. These data fully proved that multi-functionalclothing will be of favorable market prospect. Such survey result was market demandbasis of this study in multi-functional clothing, and provided reference for future productdevelopment trend of enterprises (Table I).

3.2 Selecting fabrics and colour of clothing and tentCompared with common clothing, outdoor clothing focuses on the selection of fabricsand colors due to special application occasions.

FunctionsRespondents 1 (%) 2 (%) 3 (%) 4 (%) Number of persons

I 3 34 5 58 141II 9 29 15 47 93III 7 32 10 51 116IV 8 26 18 48 124Average value 7 30 12 51

Table I.Survey data of clothingfunctions desired byconsumers

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The waterproof and breathable fabrics can meet functional requirements of bothclothing and tent (Cena et al., 2003). Fabric is thin and facilitates the travel. Inner fabricadopts ordinary mesh fabric, but fabric for tent bottom is of dark color and the samematerial with the clothing for preventing moisture penetration and contamination dueto contact with the ground.

In color selection, outdoor sportswear often adopts brilliant color. One purpose is toexpress the casual sports and match the color of couple clothing (Roberts et al., 2010).Another purpose is to facilitate the identification outdoors because the suitableapplication of special colors can protect the sportsmen (Gerke, 2010). This experimentaldesign adopted fabrics of colorful pattern, which looked bright and vibrant.Couple clothing adopted complementary colors, blue for male clothing and pink forfemale clothing (as shown in Figure 1).

3.3 Comparing outdoor clothing with tent in style structureKey points in styling structure of outdoor clothing are analyzed as follows. Outdoorclothing has special wearing occasion, it is generally loose and comfortable because theextent of outdoor sports activities is relatively high (Wang, 2008). In style, outdoorclothing is generally looser than common clothing, and adopts raglan sleeve or one-piecesleeve. In addition, outdoor clothing adopts elastic band or cord at cuff and bottom hem tocontrol the contraction, and adopts breathable mesh at underarm position to facilitateperspiration. The looseness of outdoor clothing should be more than 20 cm in order toensure the movements of relatively large extent (Figure 2).

Key points in styling structure of camping tent are analyzed as follows. A single-persontent with single-layer fabric adopts four-sided pyramid structure with sharp top andsquare bottom (Figure 3), the four sides are supported by the extendable FRP or aluminum

Figure 1.Fabrics

Figure 2.Front and back style

of outdoor clothing

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alloy materials, and fixed to the ground. A simple two-person tent is about 110 cm high, itsbottom width and length are about 150 � 200 cm (camping tents: BS EN ISO 5912-2004,DIN EN ISO 5912-2005, NF EN ISO 5912-2005).

3.4 Planar pattern transformation between outdoor clothing and camping tentAccording to the overlying and comparison between planar patterns of one coat and half atent, they were similar in planar structure. As shown in Figure 4, white area Aand greyarea B were front piece patter and back piece pattern of outdoor clothing; white area A,yellow area C and pink area D were basic patterns of tent. Obviously when the patternsof these two articles were overlaid, some areas were not matched well, so it was necessaryto extend partial clothing pattern to outer edge of tent pattern. Yellow area C andpink area D were additionally added to coat pattern, the fabrics for these parts weredesigned to be the removable double-layer hat; grey area B was the excessive part to beremoved, and it could be hidden through zipper upon transforming to tent.

As shown in Figure 5, blue area A and grey area B constituted the body of clothing,two pink areas C were designed to be hat because they looked like two pieces of hat andsatisfied the hat requirements of outdoor clothing. Yellow area D was combined with pinkarea C by zipper to compose hat lining. The back piece of clothing was about 75 cm long,which did not meet 110 cm height requirements of the tent, so the clothing back had tobe added in height. We made a horizontally divided arc line on the back about 13 cm

Figure 3.Tent style

2 2

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44

31

1

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Figure 4.Pattern overlyingof coat and tent

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from neckline, and, respectively, stretched the orange area E upward on both sidesuntil the height requirements of the tent were satisfied.

Three piece raglan sleeve was adopted, which belonged to the sleeve type inwhich shoulder seam and central sleeve seam were not straight (Wu et al., 2009).The underarm folding volume was fewer, muff depth was increased by 4 cm in order toensure the movement extent, and the arc at the joint between underarm position andclothing body was reduced in order to ensure comfort and smooth zipper installation(Zhang, 2006). The sleeve seam and side seam of clothing were connected by zipper,thus the sleeve could be combined with clothing by zipper to assemble tent, and themiddle part with hat part could increase the horizontal extent. Excessive part of thesleeve should be folded and fixed inside the sleeve.

Size and pattern of male clothing are shown in Table II and Figure 6, the size was set tobe 175/92 (cm). Female clothing was similar to male clothing in pattern. Since femaleclothing was of small size, it had more excessive parts in order to keep consistent withmale clothing size upon combining into tent. As a result, more excessive parts of femaleclothing should be hidden inside the clothing during the wearing, but it was consistentwith male clothing in overall style and wearing state.

The bottom of the tent was transformed into a backpack for wrapping the tentpoles (Table II).

3.5 Design detailsThe rear middle collar was open type, which was affixed together by double-sidedVelcro tape in order to meet the opening needs after the tent was assembled by pullingopen-end zipper open, as shown in Figure 7(a).

There were more excessive parts folded inside the clothing back, zipper separationdesign was adopted in order to prevent their gathering from swelling up the clothing,the excessive parts were positioned on both left and right sides and affixed together byVelcro tape, as shown in Figure 7(b).

Upon assembling the tent, bottom hem of clothing was combined with bottom edgeof tent by zipper, as shown in Figure 7(c).

The excessive parts required for mutual combination of clothing and tent werehidden inside the clothing back, so three-zipper was adopted. The vertical zipper was

Position B L S SL W

Measurement 92þ 30 76 49 61.5 76

Table II.Size and measurement

of male coat

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Figure 5.Extension pattern

of coat

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open-end zipper to ensure horizontal and vertical stretch volumes upon assemblingthe tent, as shown in Figure 7(d).

Each zipper had the insertion strip at the edge to ensure rainproof function of thesurrounding parts, as shown in Figure 7(e).

The insertion strip from shoulder to cuff had the decorative effect in clothing,also served as the slot for the passing of tent pole, as shown in Figure 7(f ).

3.6 Steps of transforming clothing and backpack into tent

(1) remove the hat from the clothing;

(2) remove the lining from the clothing;

(3) open three zippers in rear middle seam of collar and the back, Figure 7(a, d),completely loosen the elastic band of bottom hem of the clothing;

(4) open the open-end zippers of sleeve seam and side seam on both left and rightsides, Figure 5 ( junction on A and C);

(5) spread the back and sleeve, combine them with outer fabric of hat; Figure 5(combine A and C with zipper) spread the front and sleeve, combine themwith inner fabric of hat Figure 5 (combine A and D with zipper) (the methodfor male coat is the same as that for female coat);

15

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61.561.5

9

8.4

B4 =30.5

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108.5

77

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1013

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2.415

5.5

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13.4

(19)12.5

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73.5 9

16

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Figure 6.Pattern of male coat

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(6) combine the assembled pieces of male coat and female coat through theinclined zipper on the front piece, Figure 7(e);

(7) take out poles, separate and spread the backpack to form tent bottom;

(8) combine bottom hem of the clothing with bottom layer of the tent inproper order;

(9) use the pole to pass through the open cylinder-shaped insertion strip abovethe sleeve, Figure 7(f), and pass it through the insertion strip of another sleevein the diagonal direction (it is the same as the method for another pole);

(10) insert both ends of the pole into the fixing holes at the bottom four corners,Figure 7(c);

(11) use the nail to pass through the hole beside the fixing hole and insert it in theground for fixing; and

(12) the entire transformation and installation process takes about ten minutes.

4. Results and discussionAccording to the above experiment, after the basic patterns of clothing and tent weretransformed, we cut and sewed the fabrics to make clothing according to patterndesign. The experimental product made through sewing could serve as outdoorclothing (Figure 8) or be assembled into a tent (Figure 9). This experimental productrealizes the purpose of meeting multiple functions by transforming the clothing, thusthe energy may be saved and the resource may be reused. As a result, the assumptionof combining outdoor clothing with outdoor tent for style transformation is feasible.Outdoor clothing is different from outdoor tent in the volume of raw materials, so more

Figure 7.Design details

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zippers are applied in the design plan in order to balance the gap between clothingmaterial volume and tent material volume. Some materials needed by tent style but notrequired by clothing style are hidden by zippers inside the clothing, thus clothing canbe of compact size and light weight while ensuring sports function, and the setupfunction of tent can also be realized.

The clothing is of good wearing effect, leisurely and fashionable style; its fabriccolor also met the requirements of couple clothing consumers. Two coats wereharmonious in visual effects, shoulder part was close and waist part was loose,meeting the needs of large outdoor movement extent. The zipper separation treatmentlooked beautiful and conformed to ergonomics requirements.

The tent also met the requirements of size and style, creating an atmospherespecially for lovers.

4.1 Comparison to differences between conversion design and non-conversion designIn the condition that the fabric width is all 200 cm, the fabrics needed for traditionalmode and conversion design mode are notably different:

(1) The fabric lengths of tent top are 260 cm of blue fabric and 260 cm of pinkfabric, and 220 cm of black fabric for tent bottom.

(2) For fabrics of outer layer of garment including those hidden inside the clothes(blue and pink fabrics), fabric quantity for man is 220 cm of blue fabric, pinkfabric consumption for women is also 220 cm.

Figure 8.Wearing effectsof clothing

Figure 9.Tent photo

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(3) The backpack is folded by the fabric at bottom plane of tent, the fabric quantity is300 cm. Respectively, 220 cm of black fabric, 40 cm of blue fabric and 40 cm ofpink fabric.

(4) Fabric needed for this type of ordinary tent of non-conversion design is about740 cm; fabric needed for this type of two pieces of lovers’ clothes of non-conversiondesign is about 300 cm; fabric for backpack is 300 cm. Traditional design methodconsumes totally 1,340 cm of cloth for making three kinds of product including twopieces of clothing, one tent and one backpack, while the three same productsdeveloped by conversion design method totally consume only 740 cm of cloth andsave 600 cm of cloth.

4.2 Prerequisite of functional transformation of productFrom the perspective of garment product development, such transformation design isbased on certain prerequisite. The transformation between outdoor couple clothing andoutdoor tent requires basic conditions: first, similar service environment and consistentfunctional requirements; second, similar shell fabrics, characterized by waterproofing,sun-shading and air-permeability; and third, similar planar structure (Cena et al., 2003).In addition, the volume of shell fabric for a coat was far less than that for a tent. Accordingto the research on pattern and measurement, it was found that the volume of shell fabricfor two coats was basically equivalent to that for one tent, so it was ideal to use couplecoats to compose one tent.

4.3 Inspiration of transformation design thinking of productSimple principle of outdoor travel is to carry fewer articles and maximize the use of everyarticle (Buckley, 2003), the best way of achieving this purpose is to select multi-functionalarticle (free of conflict in use time). In outdoor travel, it is inconvenient to carry the tent,and the tent is seldom used and idle in most times, causing the resource waste. If thetent is combined with outdoor clothing for style transformation, their utilization ratescan be greatly improved, and there is no conflict between tent and outdoor clothing inuse time.

This experiment is based on structural change of products, similarly we can try todevelop multiple practical functions of many other non-garment products on the basis ofstable structure, diversified styles and feasible mass production. For example, mutualtransformation between fashion and fashion accessories may be realized. In our previousstudies, we have verified mutual transformation between sportswear and sportsaccessories (backpack) (Wang et al., 2013a-c). In addition, we have also verified that onegarment can be transformed to several garments, and one style can be changed to severalstyles (Wang et al., 2013a-c).

4.4 Design extension of emotional conceptFor a long time, outdoor clothing products have been showing a dull design style,which do not meet the demands of young consumers for creativity and lift enjoyment(Niinimaki, 2010). The innovative design of combining outdoor clothing with outdoorequipment can extend the new ideas about multi-function study of outdoor equipment.The combination of tent with couple clothing is characterized by creativity, fun andhappiness. If the lovers wear the individualized couple clothing in travel, they can takeoff coats in rest time to compose a two-person tent, narrowing the psychologicaldistance between lovers. So such product enhances the humanistic significance by theselling point in the emotional sense.

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4.5 Balance between individualized demands and mass productionThe contradiction between individualized demands and mass production has causedthe product manufacturer to be in a dilemma (Franke et al., 2010). For the individualizedproducts, productivity is low due to relatively complex production process, so massproduction is not feasible, and sales rate of product is also low due to the limitedscope of consumer group (Merle et al., 2010). In this experiment, the combination ofoutdoor clothing and tent did not completely break through the basic productionprocess and technology of traditional outdoor clothing and tent, just slightly addedthe application of structural separation and zipper, so mass production processstill applied.

4.6 Further research into factorsBecause patent application has been submitted for this experimental product, theresearch group will cooperate with garment enterprise in the future to further studymass production technology, and further improve the product by reference to thefeedback from the consumers. Thus this project can be completely implemented inthe entire process of design, production and marketing.

5. Conclusions5.1 Product design of fashionable apparel shall comply with 5R principles of savingenergySince the diversified style is always emphasized, high consumption situation of rawmaterials in the apparel industry has not been changed yet. In view of such situation,product designers should change their thinking mode, adopt multi-functional designand technique processing, and reduce the types and quantity of apparel fabrics.They should use the eco-friendly materials, improve the utilization rate and frequencyof apparel fabrics to reduce the total consumption of apparel materials, and try touse raw materials for one garment to satisfy the function of raw materials for two ormore garments.

5.2 Product development of fashionable apparel should focus on the combination ofdiversified functions and enjoyment showDiversification is both design requirement and design feature. In promoting thevirtuous cycle of low-carbon production and consumption, multi-function characteristic ofproducts is not enough to attract consumers, while the enjoyment show is an importantfactor causing consumers to purchase products. The successful transformationbetween outdoor tourism clothing and tent proves the feasibility of product enjoymentdesign, and helps to find out a feasible approach to solve the contradiction betweenmass production of fashionable apparel products and individualized demands ofconsumers and promote ecological consumption.

5.3 Industrial application of conversion designThe clothing industry is facing the situation of serious energy wastage. And multi-functionconversion design is an effective way to solve the problem of energy wastage andto cater to consumers’ demanding for new products. The future clothing industry notonly should emphasize the advancement of products’ intelligent performance, but alsoshould not neglect to realize industrialization development through conversion design.Various enterprises of correlation products, which have possibility to convert, couldjointly develop products to realize industrialization promotion.

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References

Bolton, A. (2002), The Supermodern Wardrobe, V&A Publications, London, pp. 52-53.

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Further reading

Quinn, B. (Ed.) (2002), Techno Fashion, Berg, Oxford.

About the authors

Wei Zhen Wang works as an Assistant Professor of the Dalian Polytechnic University in P.R. China.He received his Master’s Degree in Artistic Design from the Tianjin Polytechnic University in P.R.China. His research interests include fashion design and luxury brand marketing. AssistantProfessor Wei Zhen Wang is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: 645926458@qq.com

Associate Professor Yan Wang works as a Lecturer of Faculty of Clothing and Design, MinjiangUniversity in P.R. China. He received his Master’s Degree in Literature from the Fujian NormalUniversity in P.R. China. His research interests include fashion culture and luxury brand marketing.

Shu Lian Yu is a Professor of the Dalian Polytechnic University in P.R. China. The areas of hisresearch interests include clothing structure, process and engineering.

Associate Professor Lin Sun is a Lecturer of the Dalian Polytechnic University in P.R. China.The areas of his research interests include art and fashion design.

Associate Professor Jing Liu works as a Lecturer of the North China Electric Power University inP.R. China. She received her Master’s Degree in Artistic Design from the Tianjin PolytechnicUniversity in P.R. China. Her research interests include graphics in modern bills and posters.

Xiu Min Wei received her Bachelor’s Degree in Fashion Design from the Dalian PolytechnicUniversity. She works as a Fashion Mayer of Youngor Group Co. Ltd in P.R. China. Her researchinterests include fashion design and retailing.

To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.comOr visit our web site for further details: www.emeraldinsight.com/reprints

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