international journal of informative & futuristic research...

3484

Published On: 31ST May, 2016

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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697

Volume 3 Issue 9 May 2016 Research Paper

Abstract

The current trend in the industry is to minimize cutting fluid use. In machining of work piece, surface roughness and cutting tool life are greatly affected by increasing temperature. Machining demands optimum selection of fluids and application strategies for various operations. Hence for selecting best cutting fluid, the complete thermal analysis is needed. This project focuses on vegetable based cutting fluids (VBCF’s) and machining with these fluids. This work consists of study of temperature distribution with respect to different cutting conditions. Observations are to be made by varying depth of cut and feed. In this work, performance of three VBCF’s sunflower oil, coconut oil, soybean oil and Non edible vegetable oil as jatropha or karanja are compared experimentally in terms tool temperature, work piece temperature, tool life by using single point cutting tool. Effect of different parameters on temperature is to be studied. This experimental result is to be validated by using thermal (CFD) analysis. By using experimental result and CFD analysis optimized cutting fluid to be found from sunflower oil, coconut oil, soybean oil.

1. INTRODUCTION

Optical networks are promising candidate to meet the bandwidth demands for various

emerging multimedia applications such as web applications, video on demand, multimedia

conference, image access and distribution, home broadband services etc. [1] An All-

optical WDM network consists of optical cross-connects (OXCs) interconnected by fiber

Formation Of Virtual Topology On Fiber Optic

Networks With Source Based Approach On

Link Failure Networks- A Comparative Study Paper ID IJIFR/V3/ E9/ 063 Page No. 3484-3494 Subject Area

Computer

Engineering

KeyWords Optical Fiber, WDM, Virtual Topology, Link Failure, Throughput, Delay,

Equipment Cost, Configurability

1st Y. Rama Mohan

Research Scholar,

Department of computer Science, Rayalaseema

University, Kurnool, India

2nd Dr.V.Raghunatha Reddy

Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science & Technology,

S.K.U, Ananthapuram, India

http://www.ijifr.com/

3485

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -9, May 2016

Continuous 33rd Edition, Page No.: 3484-3494

Y. Rama Mohan, Dr.V.Raghunatha Reddy:: Formation Of Virtual Topology On Fiber Optic Networks With Source Based Approach On Link Failure Networks- A Comparative Study

links, in which an OXC can switch an optical signal from an input and output link without

performing optoelectronic conversion. Given a set of connection requests, the problem of

setting up light paths by routing and assigning a wavelength to each connection is called

routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem [2].

WDM networks have gained tremendous popularity due to their ability to tap the

enormous amount of bandwidth in an optical fiber. Their growing popularity and

bandwidth capacity have made survivability in these networks is an important aspect.

The physical topology of a WDM network consists of nodes interconnected with a pair of

fiber links. The fact that fiber links pass through conduits and right-of-way give rise to

single-point failures. Such failures might result in failure of multiple links in the physical

topology.

The virtual topology at the optical layer consists of a sub-set of nodes of the physical layer

and an interconnection of logical links. Often the virtual topology is different from the

physical topology. Given the physical topology and the traffic pattern the virtual topology

design problem is to design a virtual topology considering throughput, delay, equipment

cost and configurability. If we cannot setup a light path for a connection request, then it is

blocked. A well-designed RWA algorithm is critically important to improve the

performance of WDM networks. RWA problem can be classified into static RWA and

dynamic RWA problems.

The failure in optical communication networks such as accidental link disruption

or switching device disorder will affect a huge amount of bandwidth in

transmission, thus survivability is one of the most important issues in the design of

WDM optical networks [3].

There are two kinds of failure in WDM networks: link failure and node failure. It

is observed that most modern switching devices are equipped built-in redundancy

to improve their reliability. Therefore, link failure is more concern than node

failure. Many studies in the literature justify that single link failure happens much

more frequent than multiple link failures, thus the single link failure model attract

more attentions in the optical survivability research.

The virtual topology design problem is known to be NP-hard [4], [5]. A survey of virtual

topology design algorithms is presented in [6]. The virtual topology design problem was

decomposed into four sub-problems [7], topology sub problem, virtual topology routing

sub problem, wavelength assignment sub problem and traffic routing sub problem.

Failure Occurrence

As optical networks are being speedily deployed on a worldwide scale, protecting a

network from different varieties of faults and failures have become peculiarly main in a

WDM network, failure could occur in any component of the network. Optical networks

additionally undergo different kind of failures. [8] Link node and channel screw ups are

very common. Node disasters arise in view that of gear failure at community nodes &

hyperlink screw ups are most of the time brought about by using fiber cuts which impair

carrier continuity to numerous numbers of users. A channel failure is mostly triggered

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with the aid of the failure of transmitting and/or receiving equipment running on that

channel. [9] One among fundamental offerings of operation network that have to be

deployed effectually is reliability. With a view to installation a reliable networking

method, one wants to shield transmitted sign over unreliable hyperlinks. Network capable

of shielding itself against failure is called survivability. There are practically two

important strategies to obtain survivability of a community: defence and restoration.

Defence pre plans backup routes which can be used within the event of a failure.

Restoration addresses screw ups with the aid of finding free wavelength channels for

backup after a failure happens. [10]

2. PROPOSED WORK

Transport network with an optical Layer between the higher electrical layer and the lower

physical medium layer are capable of meeting new challenges posed by the increasing

demand for bandwidth. The optical layer is protocol –transparent and can support different

kinds of services and protocols at higher layers. The number of wavelengths that can be

supported on a fiber is limited to a few hundreds only.

WDM networks are prone to failures of components such as links, nodes and switches.

These networks carry high volumes of traffic, failures may have several consequences, it

is imperative that these network have fault tolerance capability.

The network has a group of n connexion points i, (i = 1to n) and a group of distances dij

between pairs of points (i, j). The full range of stated distances can link to the number of

possible routes between adjacent pairs of points, however there will be minimum of n-1

such connections, because it is assumed that no point with in the network is isolated. Also,

in presenting the data for the network it is the dij are positive, which direction dij and dji

measure given so competently different directions are distinguished. The distances of the

forward and reverse directions might different i.e. it should be that dij ≠ dji.

The input for the problem consists of two directed graphs (each directed link is made up of

two different directional optical fibers):

Gpt(V;L) representing the physical topology, and

Glt(V;C) representing the logical topology.

V is the set of nodes in the network, and N is the number of nodes jV j.

L is the set of links of the physical network. It is represented as an n € N matrix, for which

entry lmn = 1 if there is a link between nodes m and n

and lmn = 0 otherwise.

A mapping is evaluated by disconnecting the links l mn of physical graph Gph one by one.

For each l mn, all clear channels csd for which rsd mn = 1 are disconnected in Glt, giving

rise to a partial logical graph Gmn lo

Using the clear channels of this partial graph, we try to find a path connecting the

endpoints s and d of each of the disconnected clear channels csd. If s and d are

disconnected in Gmn lo , we say that csd is unsurvivable on lmn, and call fcsd;

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093

507

8010

780

In The above traffic matrix is based on 4-node traffic matrix, weighted is assigned to

random and based on network. in the formation of virtual topology is implemented on

source based method. If physical topology we can one or two link failure occurs. 2->4(8):

2->4(8) & 1->3(7) then the formation of virtual topology different objects utilisation of

light paths, utilisation of wave lengths, and usage of hop weight, maximum congestion

and minimum congestion is clearly observed.

Table 1: 4-node after link failure for Source based approach

Node trans Light

paths

Wave

lengths

p-

hops

Hop

weight

Avg

hops

Max-

congestion

Min-

congestion

Source

based

4 1 4 2 4 32 1 1 -> 0 (10) 2 ->3(5)

4 2 8 3 8 57 1 1 -> 0 (10) 3 ->1(3)

Source-

lnk1

4 1 3 2 3 24 1 3 -> 2 (9) 2 ->0(7)

4 2 7 3 7 49 1 1 -> 0 (10) 3 ->1(3)

Source-

lnk2

4 1 3 2 3 24 1 3 -> 2 (9) 2 ->0(7)

4 2 6 3 6 42 1 1 -> 0 (10) 3 ->1(3)

In the above table 1 implementing source based approach on 4-node up to 2 transceivers

shows the results up to 2 link failures obtained for several objective functions like the

utilization of Light paths, Wave Lengths, Hop Weight, Average hop Weight, Maximum

Congestion and Minimum Congestion

In The above traffic matrix is 7-node traffic matrix, weighted is assigned to random and

based on network.in the formation of virtual topology is implemented on source based

approach. If physical topology we can observe three link failures occurs. 4->6(8): 4-

>6(8)& 6->3(13): and 4->6(8), 6->3(13) and1->4(5) then the formation of virtual

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topology different objects utilisation of light paths, utilisation of wave lengths, and usage

of hop weight, maximum congestion and minimum congestion is clearly observed.

Table 2: 7-node after link failure for Source based approach

Node trans Light

paths

Wave

lengths

p-

hops

Hop

weight

Avg

hops

Max-

congestion

Min

congestion

Source

based

7 1 6 8 6 49 1 3 -> 2 (12) 2 ->0(4)

7 2 10 9 10 79 1 5 -> 2 (13) 1 ->3(3)

7 3 11 10 11 87 1 5 -> 2 (13) 1 ->3(3)

7 4 12 11 12 89 1 5 -> 2 (13) 3 ->4(2)

Source-

lnk1

7 1 6 10 6 49 1 3 -> 2 (12) 2 ->0(4)

7 2 10 11 10 79 1 5 -> 2 (13) 1 ->3(3)

7 3 11 12 11 81 1 5 -> 2 (13) 3 ->4(2)

7 4 11 13 11 81 1 5 -> 2 (13) 3 ->4(2)

Source-

lnk2

7 1 6 10 6 49 1 3 -> 2 (12) 2 ->0(4)

7 2 9 11 9 66 1 3 -> 2 (12) 1 ->3(3)

7 3 10 12 10 68 1 3 -> 2 (12) 3 ->4(2)

7 4 10 13 10 68 1 3 -> 2 (12) 3 ->4(2)

Source-

lnk3

7 1 6 10 6 49 1 3 -> 2 (12) 2 ->0(4)

7 2 8 11 8 61 1 3 -> 2 (12) 1 ->3(3)

7 3 9 12 9 63 1 3 -> 2 (12) 3 ->4(2)

7 4 9 13 9 63 1 3 -> 2 (12) 3 ->4(2)

In the above Table-2 implementing source based on 7-node up to 4 transceivers shows the

results up to 3 link failures obtained for several objective functions like the utilization of

Light paths, Wave Lengths, Hop Weight, Average hop Weight, Maximum Congestion

and Minimum Congestion

058443

308126

8706354

2841029

0479742

05712

1704961

4236061

409707

2328026

253305

984339078

447714039

89930

In The above traffic matrix is 14-node(NSFNET) traffic matrix, weighted is assigned to

random and based on network.in the formation of virtual topology is implemented on

source based approach. If physical topology we can observe four link failures occurs. 13-

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>11(81): 13->11(81)& 13->14(3): 13->11(81) 13->14(3) 10->8(47): 13->11(81) 13-

>14(3) 10->8(47) 13->3(26) then the formation of virtual topology different objects light

paths, wave lengths, and usage of hop weight, maximum congestion and minimum

congestion is clearly observed.

Table 3: 14 node (NSFNET) after link failure for Source based approach

Node trans Light

paths

Wave

lengths

p-

hops

Hop

weight

Avg

hops

Max-

congestion

Min

congestion

Source

based

14 1 12 6 12 792 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

14 2 25 7 25 1437 1 2 -> 12 (98) 8 ->3(12)

14 3 38 8 38 1852 1 2 -> 12 (98) 12 ->13(3)

14 4 42 9 42 1936 1 2 -> 12 (98) 12 ->13(3)

Source-

lnk1

14 1 12 6 12 737 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

14 2 25 7 25 1437 1 2 -> 12 (98) 8 ->3(12)

14 3 37 8 37 1771 1 2 -> 12 (98) 12 ->13(3)

14 4 41 9 41 1855 1 2 -> 12 (98) 12 ->13(3)

Source-

lnk2

14 1 12 6 12 737 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

14 2 25 7 25 1437 1 2 -> 12 (98) 8 ->3(12)

14 3 36 8 36 1768 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

14 4 40 9 40 1852 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

Source-

lnk3

14 1 12 6 12 737 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

14 2 26 7 26 1416 1 2 -> 12 (98) 8 ->3(12)

14 3 35 8 35 1721 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

14 4 39 9 39 1805 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

Source-

lnk4

14 1 11 6 11 711 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

14 2 25 7 25 1390 1 2 -> 12 (98) 8 ->3(12)

14 3 35 8 35 1721 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

14 4 38 9 38 1779 1 2 -> 12 (98) 13 ->11(4)

In the above Table-3 implementing source based on 14-node up to 4 transceivers shows

the results up to four link failures obtained for several objective functions like the

utilization of Light paths, Wave Lengths, Hop Weight, Average hop Weight, Maximum

Congestion and Minimum Congestion

Figure 1: 4-node light paths Vs transceivers

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 1 2 3

lig

ht

pa

ths

transceivers

lightpaths on 4-node source S-lk1 S-lk2

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In the above figure, utilisation of light paths on 4-node with 2 transceivers with Source

based approach with link failures1 and link failures2

Figure 2: 4-node hop weight Vs transceivers

In the above figure, usage of hop weight on 4-node with 2 transceivers with Source based

approach with link failures1 and link failures2

Figure 3: 7-node light paths Vs transceivers

In the above figure, utilisation of light paths on 7-node with 4 transceivers implementing

source based approach with link failures1, link failures2 and link failure3.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 1 2 3

ho

p w

eig

ht

transceivers

hop weight on 4-node

source S-lk1 S-lk2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 1 2 3 4 5

lig

ht

pa

ths

transceivers

7-node light paths

source S-lk1 S-lk2 S-lk3

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Figure 4: 7-node wave lengths Vs transceivers

In the above figure, utilisation of wave lengths on 7-node with 4 transceivers

implementing Source based approach with link failures1, link failures2 and link failure3

Fig 5: 7-node hop weight Vs transceivers

In the above figure, usage of hop weight on 7-node with 4 transceivers implementing

Source based approach with link failures1, link failures2 and link failure3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 1 2 3 4 5

wa

ve

len

gth

s

transceivers

wave lenths on 7-node


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 2 3 4 5

ho

p w

eig

ht

transcivers



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Figure 6: 14-node (NSFNET) light paths Vs transceivers

In the above figure, utilisation of light paths on 14-node with 4 transceivers implementing

Source based approach with link failures1, link failures2, link failure3 and link failure 4

Figure 7: 14-node (NSFNET) wave lengths Vs transceivers

In the above figure, utilisation of wave length on 14-node with 4 transceivers

implementing Source based approach with link failures1, link failures2, link failure3 and

link failure 4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

lig

ht

pa

ths

transceivers

light paths on 14-node

source S-lk1 S-lk2 S-lk3 s-lk4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

wa

ve

le

ng

ths

transceivers

wave lenghts on 14-node


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Fig 8: 14-node (NSFNET) hop weight Vs transceivers

In the above figure, usage of hop weights on 14-node with 4 transceivers implementing

Source based approach with link failures1, link failures2, link failure3 and link failure 4

3. CONCLUSIONS

The paper emphasizes on the formation of Virtual Topology using Source based approach

implemented by varying Opto-Electric transceivers. Proposed approach is implemented on

4-node, 7-node and 14-node NSFNET traffic matrices. Implementation is made on

Complete Network and A Network with Link Failures in optical Fiber. The Results are

effectively compared by satisfying different objective functions like utilization of Light

paths, Wave Lengths, Hop Weight. The Results are observed as follows:

Figs: 1 to 2: On 4-node Network Light paths and hop weight is maximum on complete

network.

Figs: 3 to 5: On 7-node Network, if one link failure occurs the Light paths and hop weight

is maximum as equal to the complete network. After failure of three links in the Network

the stability in the efficiency of wavelengths is observed.

Figs: 7 to 9: On 14- node (NSFNET) networks light paths, wave lengths and hop weight is

maximum on complete network. Whereas slightly difference in the Link Failure

Networks.

4. REFERENCES

[1] R. Ramaswami et al., “Optical networks: a practical perspective,” Morgan Kaufmann

[2] Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 2002.

[3] H. Zang, et al., “A Review of Routing and Wavelength Assignment Approaches for

[4] Wavelength-Routed Optical WDM Networks,” in Optical Networks Magazine, vol. 1

[5] Pp.47-63, Jan. 2000.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

ho

p w

eig

ht

transceivers



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[6] Pin-Han Ho, “State-of-the-Art Progresses in Developing Survivable Routing Strategies in

the Optical Internet”, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 6, No. 4, the

fourth quarter, 2004.

[7] E. Modiano and A.Narula-Tam, “Survivable Light path Routing: A New Approach to the

design of WDM Based Networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,

vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 800-809, May 2002.

[8] D. Banerjee and B. Mukherjee, “A practical approach for routing and wavelength

assignment in large wavelength routed optical networks,” IEEE Journal of Selected Areas

in Communications vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 903-908, June 1996.

[9] R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan, “Design of logical topologies for wavelength-routed

optical networks,” IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications vol. 14, no. 5,pp.

840-851, June 1996.

[10] R. Dutta and G. N. Rouskas, “A Survey of Virtual Topology Design Algorithms for

Wavelength Routed Optical Networks,” Opt. Networks Mag., vol. 1, no. 1,pp. 73-89, Jan.

2000.

[11] Sateesh Chandra Shekhar, ”Survivable Multicasting in WDM Optical Networks”, By

Bachelor of Engineering, University of Pune, August 2004.

[12] D. Zhou and S. Subramaniam, Survivability in Optical Networks, IEEE Network, volume

14, no. 6, pages 16-23, November 2000.

[13] S.aravindh and mr.g.michael “ hybrid of ant colony optimization and genetic algorithm for

shortest path in wireless mesh NETWORKs”,Journal of Global Research in Computer

Science ” Volume 3, No. 1, January 2012

5. AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHIES

Y.Rama Mohan received his B.Tech degree from Madras University,

Chennai in the year 2002. He received M.Tech degree from

DR.M.G.R University, Chennai in the year 2005.He is presently

working as Assistant Professor in the CSE Department at G.Pulla

Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. He is

currently pursuing Ph.D at RayalaSeeme University.

Dr.V.Raghunatha Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of

Computer Science & Technology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University.

His area of Research Interest is Computer Networks, Data mining

and MANET and Cloud Computing. His research experience

includes 02- Ph.D. Degrees. He has published 26 papers in

International Journals & attended 04 Conferences. Presently he is

Research Supervisor for the First Author.

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