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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014
ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 424
Geospatial Approach for Cropping System Analysis
A Case Study of Bhiwani District, Haryana
M.P.Sharma,Kirti Yadav,Kamalpuneet Kaur ,Ravindra Prawasi,Ajeet Singh,
Haryana Space Applications Centre, CCS HAU Campus Hisar
ABSTRACT
Agriculture usually plays a vital role in the economy of
every nation that exists. Not only for the reason that it tends to feed the entire population of a country but also in the
respect that agriculture correlates and interacts with all the
related industries of that country. Cropping System Analysis
is essential for studying the sustainability of Agriculture.
The present research study reviews cropping pattern and
crop rotation maps of Bhiwani district and its development
blocks. Multi-date IRS LISS III digital data of Kharif, Rabi
and Summer seasons of 2007-08 along with other spatial
and non-spatial collateral data have been used for this study.
The complete enumeration approach was used. Stack of
Multi-date data was created at district level. The stacked images of Kharif, Rabi and Summer seasons were classified
separately using unsupervised ISO-DATA clustering
approach defining some conditions such as number of
clusters, number of iterations etc. NDVI of each date was
generated and used during classification. Season wise
cropping pattern maps were generated. Crop rotation maps
were generated using classified images of all three seasons
at district level as well as at block level using logical
combinations of crops such as rice-wheat-fallow etc. The
study reveals that in Kharif cropping pattern bajra, cotton
and paddy are main crops which occupy 1758.86, 351.07 and 122.5 (‘00 h) area respectively. Wheat, mustard and
gram are main crops during Rabi season which occupy
1475.75, 1312.35 and 683.21(‘00 h) respectively and moong
is main crop of Summer season. Major rotation in Bhiwani
district are Other Crops/Fallow-Mustard-Moong/Other
Crops/fallow,Other Crops/Fallow-Wheat-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow,Other Crops/Fallow-Other Crops/Fallow-
Moong/Other Crops/Fallow which occupy 666.78, 603.69
and 573.65 (‘00 h) area respectively. Maximum cultivated
area was during Rabi season and in summer season there is
minimum area i.e. 3619.05 (‘00 h) and 1444.16 (‘00 h)
respectively. During Kharif season area under cultivation was 3263.62 (‘00 h).
KEYWORDS: Cropping Pattern, Remote Sensing, IRS-P6
Satellite, LISS-III, Rabi, Kharif
1. INTRODUCTION
The Indo-Gangetic plains constitute the most important
agricultural region in south Asia.1The area of the IGP is
nearly 13% of the total geographical area of the country, and
it produce about 50% of the total food grains to feed 40% of
the population of the country. The Indo-Gangetic plain region comprising states of Punjab, Haryana, plains of
Jammu & Kashmir. Haryana is primarily an agricultural
state. About 70% of residents are engaged in agriculture.
Haryana is self-sufficient in food production and the second
largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains. The
main crops of Haryana are wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton,
oilseeds, pulses, barley, maize, millet etc. There are two
main types of crops in Haryana: Rabi and Kharif. The major
Kharif crops are rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, jute, sugarcane, sesame and groundnut. The major Rabi crops are
wheat, tobacco, pulses, linseed, rapeseed and mustard.
About 86% of the area is arable, and of that 96% is
cultivated. About 75% of the area is irrigated through tube
wells and an extensive system of canals. Irrigation canals
form the lifeline of agriculture in Haryana. Irrigation of the
state depends on the water provided by the canals. The
various canals which are operating in the state include
Western Yamuna Canal, Gurgaon Canal, Jawaharlal Lal
Nehru Canal and Bhakra Canal. These canals are the main
source of water for cultivation in various districts of the
state. This irrigation network has made Haryana one of the leading
states of India in terms of good grains production. The state
is not only surplus in food grains but also makes large
quantities available to the central pool to serve the needs of
the deficit states and provides some for export. Against the
all-India average 31.6% of net irrigated area to the net sown
area and Haryana has a higher average of 79.8% net
irrigated area. The output of food grains per hectare is
much higher in Haryana than the rest of the country and the
state is a kind of granary.
A cropping system is defined as the cropping pattern and its management to derive existing cropping systems; design,
testing and development of improvement of cropping
patterns and component technologies for selected
environment to efficiently utilize available farm resources.
Crop pattern has been defined as the proportion of area
under different crops at a particular period of time. A change
in cropping pattern means a change in the proportion of area
under different crops.
The Crop rotation is stated as growing one crop after
another on the same piece of land in different timings (seasons) without impairing the soil fertility. It is a planned
order of planting specific crops on the same field. Crop
rotation also means that succeeding crops are of a different
genus, species, subspecies or variety than previous crop.
2. STUDY AREA
Bhiwani District is one of the administrative districts of
Haryana. Bhiwani District is situated between 280 19’N and 2905’N latitude and 75026’E and 76028’E longitude.
Bhiwani District is surrounded by Hisar District on its north,
some area of Jhunjhunu district and Churu district of
Rajasthan on its west, Mahendragarh and Jhunjhunu districts
on its south and Rohtak District on its east. Total area
covered by Bhiwani district is 4778 sq km. The climate of
Bhiwani district can be classified as tropical steppe, semi-
arid and hot which is mainly dry with very hot summer and
cold winter except during monsoon season when moist air of
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014
ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 425
oceanic origin penetrates into the district. The normal annual
rainfall of the district is 420 mm which is unevenly
distributed. The district consists of flat and level plain
interrupted from place to place by clusters of sand dunes,
isolated hillocks and rocky ridges.
Fig. 1: Location Map of Bhiwani District and its Blocks
3. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
Remote sensing data is the basic data source for mapping
the cropping system of the Bhiwani district. Indian Remote
Sensing Satellite (Resourcesat) (IRS-P6) LISS-III data is the ideal for cropping system analysis. LISS-III sensors provide
23.5 m spatial resolution in Green, Red, NIR and SWIR
bands with 24 days revisit capability. Its repeat cycle can be
used for deriving Kharif, Rabi and Summer season crops
and change analysis between these seasons. The multi-date
Satellite data and Satellite sensor specifications are given in
table 4.1and table 4.2 respectively.
3.1 Ancillary Data
Administrative boundary (district & blocks).
Crop statistics at district and blocks level of Dept.
of Agriculture (DOA).
In season collected ground truth data in the form of
GPS location provided by HARSAC.
3.2 Software Used
ERDAS Imagine 9.3 software was used in importing, image
rectification and Geo-referencing, Geomatica 10.3 is used
for crop rotation. Arc GIS 10.0 was used for mapping and
MS Office was used for database preparation.
Methodology
In order to analyse cropping pattern and crop rotation of
Bhiwani district and its blocks for the year 2007-2008
complete enumeration approach was used. Basically the methodology of cropping system analysis comprises of the
following functional components:
Fig.2: Methodology for Cropping System Analysis
Bhiwani
SIiwaniTosham
Badara
Dadri-II
Kairu
Bahal Dadri-I
Loharu
Bawani Khera
Location Map of Study Area
INDIA HARYANA
BHIWANI
Multi-Date Digital Data of IRS P6
LISS III
Location of Ground
Truth Sites
Rabi Season Summer Season Kharif Season
Image to Image Registration
Boundary
Overlay
Extraction of
District Image
NDVI Generation
Unsupervised Classification Using ISO – Data Clustering
Identification of Classes
Generation of Cropping Pattern Maps for Kharif, Rabi & Summer
Crop Rotation Mapping
Cropping System Analysis Accuracy
Assessment
Combined Mask(major crops,other crops and fallow)
Report
Generation
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014
ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 426
3.3 Relative Deviation
In order to get the relative deviation of current estimated
values to the last years BES estimates following formula
was applied.
% RD (2007-08) = RS (2007-08) - BES (2007-08)*100
BES (2007-08)
Where,
RS is Area Computed by Remote Sensing Technique.
BES is Statistical Data Received by Bureau of Economics & Statistics.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Bhiwani district consists of flat and level plain interrupted
from place to place by clusters of sand dunes, isolated
hillocks and rocky ridges. A few isolated rocky ridges elevated sharply from the plain occur in the south central
portion or the district. Dohan River is the only ephemeral
stream in the area and flows in direct response to
precipitation. Only the tail of this ephemeral stream falls in
the south-central corner of the district and ultimately dies
out in sands around village. In Bhiwani district a number of
crops are grown but main crops are wheat,mustard, gram
and bajra. Near about 79% geographical area of Bhiwani
district is under cultivation.
4.1 Cropping System Analysis of Bhiwani District
In Kharif, Rabi and Summer season, the area under
cultivated land is 70.46%, 78.25% and 33.39% respectively
of total agricultural land. In Summer season there is very
less cultivated area because of harvesting of crops which is
shown in table 1 and fig.3. Table 1: Total Cultivated Land in Kharif, Rabi & Summer Season
Fig.3: Graphical Representation of Cultivated Land in Kharif, Rabi &
Summer Season
4.2 Kharif Cropping Pattern
Analysis of remote sensing data reflected that bajra and
cotton are two major crops in Kharif season, which could be
identified by using RS data. Table 2 shows the Kharif
season cropping pattern.
Table 2: Kharif Season Cropping Pattern S.No. Crops Area ('00 h) Area (%)
1 Bajra 1758.86 37.97
2 Cotton 351.07 7.58
3 Paddy 122.5 2.64
4 Other Crops 1031.18 22.26
5 Fallow 1368.27 29.54
6 Total 4631.88 100.00
Fig.4: Graphical Representation of Kharif Cropping Pattern of Bhiwani District
Map 1: Kharif Cropping Pattern Map of Bhiwani District
010002000300040005000
Kharif Rabi Summer
Area('
00
)
Seasons
Agricultural Area & Cultivated Area in Bhiwani District
Total
Agriculture
Area
Cultivated
Land Area
37.97
7.58
2.64
22.26
29.54
Area (%age)
Bajra Cotton Paddy Other Crops Fallow
S.No.
Seasons Total
Agriculture
Area
Fallow
Land
Cultivated
Land
Area
(‘00 h)
Cultivated
Area (%)
1 Kharif 4631.88 1368.27 3263.62 70.46
2 Rabi 4624.69 1005.64 3619.05 78.25
3 Summer 4324.99 2880.83 1444.16 33.39
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014
ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 427
4.3 Rabi Cropping Pattern
Wheat, mustard and gram are the three major crops during
Rabi season followed by other crops. Table 5.3 shows the
cropping pattern of Rabi season in which wheat crop is
evenly spread through the district but more in southern part
and it occupies 1475.75 (‘00 h) area of the Bhiwani district
while mustard and gram occupied 1312.35 and 683.21(‘00
h). The other crops grown in district include pulses,
vegetables and fodder etc. Table 3: Rabi Season Cropping Pattern
S.No. Crops Area('00 h) Area (%)
1 Wheat 1475.75 31.91
2 Mustard 1312.35 28.38
3 Gram 683.21 14.77
4 Other 147.73 3.19
5 Fallow 1005.64 21.75
6 Total 4624.68 100.00
Fig.5: Graphical Representation of Rabi Cropping Pattern of Bhiwani
District
Map 2: Rabi Cropping Pattern Map of Bhiwani District
4.4 Summer Cropping Pattern
During summer season most of the area of Bhiwani district
is fallow. Summer season is only of two months so only
those crops are grown which are ripped within two months;
mainly vegetables andother small crops are grown in this
season. Table 4 shows main crops of summer season in
which moong occupies 185.2 (‘00 h) area of district.
Table 4: Summer Season Cropping Pattern
S.No. Crops Area ('00 h) Area (%)
1 Moong 185.2 4.28
2 Other Crops 1258.96 29.11
3 Fallow 2880.83 66.61
4 Total 4324.99 100.00
Fig. 6: Graphical Representation of Summer Cropping Pattern of Bhiwani
District
Map 3: Summer Cropping Pattern Map of Bhiwani District
31.91
28.38
14.77
3.19
21.75Area (% age)
Wheat Mustard Gram Other Crops Fallow
4.28
29.11
66.61
Area (% age)
Moong Other Crops Fallow
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014
ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 428
4.5 Crop Rotations
The Crop rotation is stated as growing one crop after another on
the same piece of land in different timings (seasons) without
impairing the soil fertility. It is a planned order of planting
specific crops on the same field. Analysis indicate that Bhiwani
district has major crop rotations of Other Crops/Fallow-
Mustard-Moong/Other Crops/Fallow and Other Crops/Fallow-
Wheat-Moong/Other Crops/Fallow which occupy 666.69 and
603.69 (‘00 h) area respectively based on three seasons Kharif,
Rabi and Summer. All rotation of Bhiwani district is shown in
mapno 4 and table 5.Fig. 7 shows the graphical representation
of crop rotation of Bhiwani district. Table 5: Crop Rotations Statistics
S.
No.
Rotation
Area('00
h)
Area
(%)
1 Paddy-Wheat-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
61.16 1.42
2 Paddy-Mustard-Moong/Other Crops
/Fallow
24.29 0.56
3 Paddy-Gram- Moong/Other Crops
/Fallow
9.15 0.21
4 Paddy-Other Crops/Fallow-
Moong/Other Crops/Fallow
12.93 0.3
5 Cotton- Wheat-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
176.4 4.09
6 Cotton- Mustard-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
58.38 1.35
7 Cotton-Gram-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
13.48 0.31
8 Cotton-Other Crops/Fallow-
Moong/Other Crops/Fallow
18.84 0.44
9 Bajra- Wheat-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
484.23 11.22
10 Bajra-Mustard-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
509.07 11.8
11 Bajra- Gram-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
247.12 5.73
12 Bajra- Other Crops/Fallow-
Moong/Other Crops/Fallow
436.65 10.12
13 Other Crops/Fallow-Wheat-
Moong/Other Crops/Fallow
603.69 13.99
14 Other Crops/Fallow-Mustard-
Moong/Other Crops/fallow
666.78 15.45
15 Other Crops/Fallow-Gram-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
373.41 8.65
16 Other Crops/Fallow-Other
Crops/Fallow-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
573.65 13.29
17 Non-Agricultural Area 46.45 1.07
Total 4315.68 100
Fig.7: Graphical Representation of Crop Rotation of Bhiwani District
Map 4: Crop Rotation Map of Bhiwani District
4.6 Relative Deviation (% RD)
Table 5.6: Relative Deviation (% RD) of Bhiwani District
Seasons Crops Area (‘00 h)
derived from
RS Data
BES %RD
Kharif Bajra 1758.86 1761 -0.17
Cotton 351.07 375 -6.4
Paddy 122.5 148 -17.56
Rabi Wheat 1475.75 1532 -3.67
Mustard 1312.35 1379 -4.83
Gram 683.21 723 -5.5
5. CONCLUSION
The present study introduces the method of cropping system
analysis pattern of single year 2007-08. The study area is
Bhiwani district and its blocks. The main concentration emphasized on cropping pattern, crop rotation and cultivated
area in different seasons. Using ERDAS 9.1 software.
applied the unsupervised classification technique of multi-
date images of LISS-III and generated the cropping pattern.
For crop rotation Geomatica 10.3 software was used.
1. RS data analysis showed that Bajrais major crops
followed by Cotton and Paddy during Kharif Season.
Bajra is uniformly distributed in Whole District.
1.42
0.560.21
0.3
4.09
1.350.310.44
11.22
11.8
5.73
10.1213.99
15.45
8.65
13.29
1.07
Area (% age) Paddy-Wheat-
Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
Paddy-Mustard-
Moong/Other Crops
/Fallow
Paddy-Gram-
Moong/Other Crops
/Fallow
Paddy-Other
Crops/Fallow-
Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014
ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 429
2. Wheat is the major crop in Rabi season evenly
distributed in the district followed by Mustard and
Gram.
3. Major area of the district is lying vacant as fallow in
Summer Season and the only major crops is Moong
which is derived from RS data.
4. Minor non- contiguous crops which are not separable
using LISS-III data clubbed in other crops category. It
includes vegetables, Fodder green manure etc. 5. Major rotation in Bhiwani district is Other
Crops/Fallow-Mustard-Moong/Other Crops/Fallow,
Other Crops/Fallow-Wheat-Moong/Other
Crops/Fallow,Other Crops/Fallow-Other Crops/Fallow-
Moong/Other Crops/Fallow and Bajra-Wheat-
Moong/Other Crops/Fallow, which occupy 15.45,
15.45, 13.29 and 11.22(‘00 h) area respectively.
6. Other rotations are scattered in the district.
7. Maximum cultivated area was during Rabi season and
minimum area in Summer season.
8. An advantage of the proposed method is to identify the
spatial relationships between crops. An additional possibility of the multi-year cropping pattern map is its
use in future spatial crop distribution prediction, since it
contains expert knowledge about spatial relationships
between crops in the study area and implicit
probabilities of changes. The study of crop rotation map
will be very helpful in making good crop rotations
planning and by well-designed crop rotation we can
creates farm diversity and improves soil conditions and
fertility.
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