international journal of social science & linguistics · international journal of social...

International Journal ofSocial Science & Linguistics

Vol. 7, Issue 3

IJSSL

July-Sep.- 2019

ISSN No :2319-2755

A Peer Reviewed Referred Journal

IJSSL-JIF-3.630Impact Factor AssessmentYear 2017

Associated & Edited By Society for Social Action & Research (SSAR), Varanasi

Published & Printed By Karuna Publishing Cottage, Idar, Gujarat.

PatronProf. A.P. Pandey Vice- Chancellor, Central University, Manipur

Prof. S.S. Sarandevot Vice Chancellor JRN, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth(Deemed University,) Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Prof. S.N. Chaturvedi Deen, Social Science Faculty, M.G. KashiVidyapeeth, Varanasi

Chief EditorProf. Karuna S. Trivedi Principal

Mahila Arts College, Idar, GujaratEditorDr. Tarun Kumar Dwivedi HOD Economics Dept.

Kooba P.G. College, AzamgarhCo- EditorDr. Veena Dwivedi Dept. of Social Work JRN Rajasthan

Vidyapeeth, (Deemed University), UdaipurDr. Rakeshwari Prasad Asst. Prof. ( Economics)

S.B.P.G. College, VaranasiManaging EditorDr. Pankaj Kumar Singh Associate Professor, Dept. of Geography

Udai Pratap College, VaranasiSri Rahul Trivedi Director, Karuna Publishing Cottege,

Idar, GujaratEditorial Board NationalProf. Prabhunath Dwivedi Ex. Professor, Sanskrit M.G..K.V.P., Varanasi

& Shanti Niketan, KolkataProf. Shradhanand Professor (Hindi) M.G..K.V.P, VaranasiProf. Pradeep Kumar Pandey Professor & Head (Economics) M.G.K.V.P.,

VaranasiProf. Anand Verdhan Sharma Pro.Vice Chancellor, M.G. International Hindi

University, Vardha, MaharastraDr. Vimlesh Kr. Singh Yadav Asst. Prof. Sanskrit, Bhavans College

Kaushambi, AllahabadDr. Anamika Singh R.S.K.D. P.G. College, Jaunpur


IJSSL

Vol. 7, Issue 3

Advisory Board InternationalDr. Teun Goudriaan, Vakgreeb oosterse Talenen culturen, NetherlandDr. Andre Padoux , State university of New york, Paris, FranceProf. Francesco Sferra, University degli di Napoli, Italy

Advisory BoardProf. R.B.S. Verma Principal, School of Social, Work, Udaipur,

Rajasthan (India)Dr. Devendra Pratap Singh Principal, Kooba P.G. College, AzamgarhDr. Anil Kumar Singh, HOD, Miletry Science, G.R.P.G. College, JaunpurDr. Ajay Kamble HOD.Geography Bhavans College, MumbaiDr. H.B. Gupta, Professor & HOD, Deptt. Of E.I.E.H.E., BhopalDr. Ashok Tiwari Principal, Maa Gayatri B.ED. Collage, Chhapri,

Dahod, GujaratGhanshyam Deka, Department of Geography Pachhunga

University College, MizoramDr. Himmat Singh C. Rajput, Dean, Faculty of Rural Studies,

H.H.G. University, PatanDr. Harshad S. Raval Assistant Professor, M.S.K. Law College, Bharuch

GujaratPriyadhan De R.A., Ambuja Cement Foundation

Dist - Murshidabad ,West Bengal

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CONTENTS (1)

Editorial Notes Page No.

Articles

1 . Criminal Breach of Trust Aspects and Scope in Indian Judiciary 1-9

Saurabh Bishwambhar

2 . Dalit literature and Black American writing 10-13

Vyas Sagarkumar Chandrakatn

3 . Adolescents’ attitude towards Women empowerment .... 14-18

Dr. Archana Mishra, Arunima Singh

4 . As Civilization Advanced, Poetry Declined 19-22

Mr. Mahesh

5 . A Vision of Social Justice and Dr. Ambedkar- A Different. 23-29

Dr. Susanta Kumar Shadangi, Mr.Atul Gulati

6 . “Role of Working Capital Management in Liquidity of the. 30-35

Mr. Kalpesh U Suthar, (Dr). Paresh Shah,

7 . Nutrition and Health Promotion in Adults 36- 40

Archanaben Himmatsingh Rajput

8 . Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow in India 41-45

Dr. H B Gupta

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CONTENTS (2)

Editorial Notes Page No. Articles

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8 - xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa lkekftd cnyko esa iapk;rh jkt dh Hkwfedk 30&32eukst dqekj oekZ

9 - LoPNrk vkSj fodkl esa lEcU/k dk fo’ys”k.kkRed v/;;u 33&36iwtk iYyoh

10 - iapk;r pquko ds izfr xzkeh.k lekt nf’Vdks.k 37&41MkW- vfer dqekj flag

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Editorial

With the Cooperation of educationist & Researcher, Issue of these general is in our hand. Weare trying to make more better we also keep. Hope with you that you will send your articleaccording to newly resources and on excellent research papers.

india's vision is to attain the level of health that will enable every individual to lead a social andeconomically productive life. The national rural health mission launched in 2005 is a right initiativein this direction.

Public health care infrastructure in lndia has made a remarkable and impressive developmentin the past six decades of Indian Planning. ln fact mortality rate has fallen, Malaria has beencontrolled, small pox and Guinea worm have been completely eradicated Leprosy and Polio arenearing elimination.

Despite these achievements, 43 percent malnutrition among under-5 children live in India and38 per cent infants in India are underweight as compared to only 4 per cent in China.

Water sanitation remains a major problem. Data shows that 30.5 percent people get waterfrom hand pump, 34 percent from treated source, 14.6 percent use tap water from untreatedsource, 9 percent use water directly from well and 11.9 percent people use water from othersources like pond, spring. This is not a very happy picture forthe health scenario.

Acknowledging the gaps in health infrastructure and deficiencies in the health care system inrural areas the government conceptualized the National Rural Health Mission [NRHM] which isconsidered a milestone in the national health policy.

NRHM seeks to make a major course corrections to basic health care systems, decentralizethe management of district health programs, integrate horizontal and vertical health and familywelfare programs, strengthen organizational structure, and resources.

NRHM envisages to upgrade all Community Health Centers to Indian Public Health Standards.ironically, majority of the health infrastructure, medical manpower and other health resources

are concentrated in urban areas where 30% of the population live. This is what NRHM is seekingto correct.

In this issue we discuss how the government policy in giving better health to all, especially inthe villages is actually working on the ground.

In these issue total 21 papers are included. In which mainly, Criminal Breach of Trust Aspectsand Scope in Indian Judiciary, Dalit literature and Black American writing, Bharat Ki ParmanuNiti va Siddhant, Shishu Vriddhi evam Vikas Me Purak Ahar Ki Upyogita, Prachin Bharat MeKrishak ki Samajik Mahatta, As Civilization Advanced, Poetry Declined, A Vision of Social Justiceand Dr. Ambedkar- A Different., “Role of Working Capital Management in Liquidity of the.,Nutrition and Health Promotion in Adults, Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow inIndia, Samajik Parivartan ke daur me Mulyo ka sankath, Gramin Bharat me samajik Badalao mePanchayatiraj Ki Bhumika etc.

Article are kepting different throught. These included instent cases of indian lailty. We hopethat will find review of these issue.

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1

Criminal Breach of Trust Aspects and Scope in Indian Judiciary

*Saurabh Bishwambhar

Introduction

Section 405. of IPC defines Criminalbreach of trust in the following words-

"Whoever, being in any manner entrustedwith property, or with any dominion over property,dishonestly misappropriates or converts to hisown use that property, or dishonestly uses ordisposes of that property in violation of anydirection of law prescribing the mode in whichsuch trust is to be discharged, or of any legalcontract, express or implied, which he has madetouching the discharge of such trust, or wilfullysuffers any other person so to do, commits'criminal breach of trust."

That is to say that the beneficial interest inthe property in respect of which the offence isalleged to have been committed was vested insome person other than the accused, and that theaccused held the property on behalf of that person.A relationship is created between the transferorand transferee,

Where under the transferor remains thelegal owner of the property and the transfereehas only the custody of the property for the benefitof the transferor himself or someone else. At bestthe transferee, obtains in the property entrustedto him only a special interest limited to a claimfor his charges in respect of safe retention, andunder no circumstances does he acquire a right

to dispose of that property in contravention ofthe entrustment.

The offence of criminal breach of trust iscommitted when a person who is entrusted inany manner with property or With dominion overit, dishonestly misappropriates it, or converts itto his own use, or-dishonestly uses it or disposesit of in violation of any direction of law prescribingthe mode in which the trust is to be discharged,or of any lawful contract, express or implied,made by him touching such discharge, or willfullysuffers any other person so to do.

It cannot however be said that it isimpossible, under all circumstances, for a personto commit criminal breach of trust in respect ofhis own property. Where the accused whopledged promissory notes with the complainantas security for a loan, induced him to hand themover to him (i.e. the accused) by pretending thathe required them to collect money from hisdebtors with the aid of which he would pay cashto him (i.e. the complainant), it was held that thepossession of the promissory notes, even withoutendorsement, in the hands of the person, withwhom they were pledged, was of some value tothe complainant as it gave him control over theaccused and so long as they remained with him,they prevented the accused from using them todischarge the debts due by him to other creditorsin preference to him and the complainant had thus,

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*Saurabh Bishwambhar, 5TH YEAR BBA-LLB(Hons)ICFAI University, Dehradun

IJSSL, Vol.-7, Issue- 32

some sort of beneficial interest in the propertyand when he gave the notesto the accused for adefinite purpose and the accused dishonestlydisposed of them in violation of the legal contract,there was both entrustment and dishonestmisappropriation.

The following ingredients are necessary toattract the operation of section 405.

(a) The accused must be entrusted with prop-erty or dominion over the property; and

(b) The person so entrusted (i.e., the accused)must-

(i) Dishonestly misappropriate, or convert tohis own use, that property, or

(ii) Dishonestly use or dispose of that prop-erty or wilfilly suffer any other person todo so in violation of

(1) Any direction of law, prescribing the mode,in which such trust is to be discharged, or

(2) Any legal contract made touching the dis-charge of such trust.

What Is Criminal Breach Of Trust?

The offence of criminal breach of trust, asdefined under this section, is similar to the offenceof embezzlement under the English law. A readingof the section suggests that the gist of the offenceof criminal breach of trust is 'dishonestmisappropriation' or 'conversion to own use'another's property, which is nothing but theoffence of criminal misappropriation defined u/s403. The only difference between the two is thatin respect of criminal breach of trust, the accusedis entrusted with property or with dominion orcontrol over the property.

As the title to the offence itself suggests,entrustment or property is an essentialrequirement before any offence under this sectiontakes place. The language of the section is verywide. The words used are 'in any manner

entrusted with property'. So, it extends toentrustments of all kinds-whether to clerks,servants, business partners or other persons,provided they are holding a position of trust. "Theterm "entrusted" found in a 405, IPC governs notonly the words "with the property" immediatelyfollowing it but also the words "or with anydominion over the property".

The government sold cement to the accusedonly on the condition that it will be used forconstruction work. However, a portion of thecement purchased was diverted to a godown. Theaccused was sought to be prosecuted for criminalbreach of trust. The Supreme Court held that theexpression 'entrustment' carries with it theimplication that the person handing over anyproperty or on whose behalf that property ishanded over to another, continues to be its owner.Further, the person handing over the propertymust have confidence in the person taking theproperty. so as to create a fiduciary relationshipbetween them. A mere transaction of sale cannotamount to an entrustment. If the accused hadviolated the conditions of purchase, the onlyremedy is to prosecute him under law relating tocement control. But no offence of criminal breachof trust was made out.

It was held that when securities are pledgedwith a bank for specific purpose on specifiedconditions, it would amount to entrustment.Similarly, properties entrusted to directors of acompany would amount to entrustment, becausedirectors are to some extent in a position of trustee.However, when money was paid as illegalgratification, there was no question ofentrustment.

The accused, a sub-inspector (SI) of police,had gone to investigate a theft case in a village.In the evening, he saw one person named TikaRam coming from the side of the cannal and

3

hurriedly going towards a field. He appeared tobe carrying something in his dhoti folds.

The accused searched him and found abundle containing currency notes. The accusedtook the bundle and later returned it. The amountreturned was short by Rs. 250. The SupremeCourt held that the currency notes were handedover to the SI for a particular purpose and TikaRam had trusted the accused to return the moneyonce the accused satisfied himself about it. If theaccused had taken the currency notes, it wouldamount to criminal breach of trust.

The Supreme Court held that when the wifeentrusts her stridhana property with the dominionover that property to her husband or any othermember of the family and the husband or suchother member of the family dishonestlymisappropriates or converts to his own use thatproperty, or willfully suffers and other person todo so, he commits criminal breach of trust.

Entrustment

As the title to the offence itself suggests,entrustment of property is an essentialrequirement before any offence under this sectiontakes place. The language of the section is verywide. The words used are 'in any mannerentrusted with property'. So, it extends toentrustments of all kinds- whether to clerks,servants, business partners or other persons,provided they are holding a position of trust. Theword entrust is not a word of art. In commonparlance, it embraces all cases in which a thinghanded over by one person to another for specificpurpose. It need not be express it may be implied.It not only covers the relationship of a trusteeand beneficiary between the complainant and theaccused, like master and servant, guardian andward, and the pledgor and pledgee. It connotesthat the accused holds the property for, and onbehalf of another. Hence in all such transactions

like that of a consignor and consignee, bailor andbailee and hirer and hiree, there is an element oftrust implied in the transaction because in all suchrelation, the property entrusted to the accused is'property of another person'.

In order to constitute a legal entrustment,therefore, the complainant must be the owner ofthe property; there must be a transfer ofpossession; such transfer must be actual transfer,and not a fictional or notional one; such transfershould be made to somebody who has no rightexcepting that of a custodian, and suchentrustment must be made to a person, and notto a company or a firm. These are the panchsheelof a legal entrustment. Mere transaction of salecannot amount to an entrustment; entrustmentmeans that the person handing over any property,or on whose behalf that property is handed overto another, must have confidence in the person,taking the property, so as to create a fiduciaryrelationship between them.

The word entrustment in this section,governs not only the words 'with the property'immediately following it, but also the word 'or withany dominion over the property', occurringthereafter. Similarly, the managing director of acompany, including the amounts received fromthe subscribers, and dominion is as good asentrustment for the purpose of this section.

For a valid entrustment it is not necessarythat the accused should receive the money directlyfrom the complainant. Where under the termsof a contract, some goods were entrusted to theaccused, who was to sell those goods, obtainmoney for them, and that money on account ofthe complainant, it was held that though he didn'tactually receive the money from the complainant,he was 'entrusted' with it within the meaning ofthis section.



Property

The definition in a 405 does not restrict theproperty to movables or immoveable alone , theSupreme Court held that the word 'property' isused in the Code in a much wider sense than theexpression 'moveable property'. There is no goodreason to restrict the meaning of the word'property' to moveable property only, when it isused without any qualification in s 405. Whetherthe offence defined in a particular section of IPCcan be committed in respect of any particular kindof property, will depend not on the interpretationof the word 'property' but on the fact whetherthat particular kind of property can be subject tothe acts covered by that section.

The word 'dominion' connotes control overthe property. In Shivnatrayan vs State ofMaharashtra, it was held that a director of acompany was in the position of a trustee and beinga trustee of the assets, which has come into hishand, he had dominion and control over the same.

However, in respect of partnership firms, ithas been held29 that though every partner hasdominion over property by virtue of being apartner, it is not a dominion which satisfies therequirement of s 405, as there is no 'entrustmentof dominion, unless there is a special agreementbetween partners making such entrustment.

Explanations (1) and (2) to the sectionprovide that an employer of an establishment whodeducts employee's contribution from the wagespayable to the employee to the credit of aprovident fund or family pension fund oremployees state insurance fund, shall be deemedto be entrusted with the amount of the contributiondeducted and default in payment will amount ofthe contribution deducted and default in paymentwill amount to dishonest use of the amount andhence, will constitute an offence of criminal

breach of trust , the Supreme Court held that thedefinition of principal employer under theEmployees State Insurance Act means the owneror occupier. Under the circumstances, in respectof a company, it is the company itself which ownsthe factory and the directors of the company willnot come under the definition of 'employer.'Consequently, the order of the High Courtquashing the criminal proceedings initiated u/ss405 and 406, IPC was upheld by the SupremeCourt.

Misappropriation

Dishonest misappropriations the essence ofthis section. Dishonesty is as defined in sec.24,IPC, causing wrongful gain or wrongful loss to aperson. The meaning of wrongful gain andwrongful loss is defined in sec 23, IPC. In orderto constitute an offence, it is not enough toestablish that the money has not been accountedfor or mismanaged. It has to be established thatthe accused has dishonestly put the property tohis own use or to some unauthorized use.Dishonest intention to misappropriate is a crucialfact to be proved to bring home the charge ofcriminal breach of trust. Proof of intention, whichis always a question of the guilty mind or mensrea of the person, is difficult to establish by wayof direct evidence.

The accuse was employed as an assistantstorekeeper in the Central Tractor Organisation(CTO) at Delhi. Amongst other duties, his dutywas the taking of delivery of consignment ofgoods received by rail for CTO. The accusedhas taken delivery of a particular wagonload ofiron and steel from Tata Iron and Steel Co,Tatanagar, and the goods were removed from therailway depot but did not reach the CTO. Whenquestioned, the accused gave a false explanationthat the goods had been cleared, but later statedthat he had removed the goods to another railway

5

siding, but the goods were not there. The defenceversion of the accused was rejected as false.However, the prosecution was unable to establishhow exactly the goods were misappropriated andwhat was the exact use they were put to. In thiscontext, the Supreme Court held that it was notnecessary in every case to prove in what precisemanner the accused person had dealt with orappropriated the goods of his master. Thequestion is one of intention and not direct proofof misappropriation.

The offence will be proved if the prosecutionestablishes that the servant received the goodsand that he was under a duty to account to hismaster and had not done so. In this case, it washeld that the prosecution has established that theaccused received the goods and removed it fromthe railway depot. That was sufficient to sustaina conviction under this section. Similarly, it washeld that dishonest misappropriation or conversionmay not ordinarily be a matter of direct proof,but when it is established that property, is entrustedto a person or he had dominion over it and he hasrendered a false explanation for his failure toaccount for it, then an inference ofmisappropriation with dishonest intent may readilybe made. Prosecution need not establish theprecise mode of dishonest misappropriation ofconversion.

The accused was in possession of the keysto a safe. It was held that the accused was liablebecause he alone had the keys and nobody couldhave the access to the safe, unless he couldestablish that he parted with the keys to the safe.

The offence under section 405 can be saidto have committed only when all of its essentialingredients are found to have been satisfied. Asin the case of criminal misappropriation, even atemporary misappropriation could be sufficient towarrant conviction under this section. Even if the

accused intended to restore the property in future,at the time misappropriation, it is a criminal breachof trust.

Doctrine of Public Trust and Interpretationof Law Courts It was held by the Supreme courtthat a minister is in a position of trustee in respectof public property under his charge and discretion,and he must therefore deal with people's propertyin just and fair manner, failing which he or shewould be personally liable for criminal breach oftrust.

In the case of Common Cause, the apexcourt imposed a fine of Rs 50 lakh on CaptainSatish Sharma, former petroleum minister in theP V Narsimha Rao's government for arbitraryexercise of discretionary power of minister inallotment and distribution of petrol pumps andcooking gas agencies; and ordered the centralBureau of Investigation. To probe into theallotment scam and institute criminal proceedingsfor committing breach of trust against CaptainSatish Sharma for abuse of office during his tenureas minister.

The bench consisting of justices KuldeepSingh and Faizanuddin, setting aside order ofallotment of petrol pumps said" Not only therelatives of most of the officials working forCaptain Satish Sharma but even his own driverand the driver of his additional Private Secretaryhave been allotted a petrol pump and a gasagency respectively……………. There isnothing on the record to indicate that the Ministerkept any criteria in view while making theallotments………….. no criteria was fixed, noguidelines were kept in view, none knew howmany petrol pumps were available forallotment, applications were not invite and theallotments of petrol pumps were made in anarbitrary and discriminatory manner."



The court explained that in a welfare statethe Government provides a large number ofbenefits to the citizens and held:

"A Minister who is the executive head ofthe department concerned distributed thesebenefits and largesse (generosity)s. He is electedby the people and is elevated to a position wherehe holds a trust on behalf of the people. He hasto deal with the peoples' property in a fair andjust manner. He cannot commit breach of the trustreposed in him by the people."

In the case of , the apex court levied afine of 60 lakhs on Mrs. Sheila Kaul, formerUnion Minister for Housing and UrbanDevelopment and former govermor of HimachalPradesh and cancelled the allotment of 52 shopsand kiosks (stalls) for arbitrarily, oppressively andun-constitutionally allotting the shops to herrelatives, friends and staff members during hertenure as Minister. The court directed theGovernment to formulate an allotment policywithin two months and complete the process ofallotment within four months.

Justice Kuldeep Singh and Justice Hansaria,while imposing the fine said

"Since the properties she was dealing withwere Government properties, the government bythe people has to be compensated for breach ofpublic trust. Mrs. Kaul should pay for causingpecuniary loss to the exchequer for action in an"oppressive and mala fide manner", while makingshop allotments.

However the apex court in a review petitionfiled by Mrs. Kaul, quashed the damages oncompassionate ground having regard to thepeculiar facts and circumstances of Mrs. Kaul,who was stated to be old, ailing and passingthrough great hardship.

It was thought that these decision have setat rest the controversy in respect of exercise ofdiscretionary power by the Ministers, Governorsetc., and have established jurisprudence of publicaccountability and transparency in theGovernment's working and would be an eyeopener to persons in high positions to exercisepowers with restraint so as not to make it farceand mockery of rule of law and democraticprocess. But to the dismay of common man anddisappointment to legal fraternity in a reviewpetition, a three member bench of the SupremeCourt consisting of the Justices Saghir Ahmed,Venkatswami and Rajendra Babu turned downits earlier decision of November 4 1996 andordered for the refund of sum of Rs. 50 lakh tothe petitioner and quashed the order of the courtfor launching of prosecution against Capt. Sharmafor criminal breach of trust under section 406,IPC.

While endorsing the findings, it was foundby the court that the conduct of the Minister waswholly unjustified, the court said nevertheless itfalls short of "misfeasance"; and the petitioner"Common Cause", not being an applicant forallotment, it could not claim to have suffered anydamage or loss on account of conduct of Minister.There has to be an identifiable plaintiff or claimantwhose interest are damaged by the public officer(tort feaser) maliciously or with the knowledgethat the impugned section was likely to injure theinterest of that person. As regards the impositionof pecuniary damages, it was said by the court:

"State cannot derive itself the right of beingcompensated by its officers on the ground thatthey had contravened or violated the fundamentalrights of a citizen. Directing the Minister to pay,a sum of 50 lakh to the Government, would amountto asking the government to pay exemplarydamages to itself, which is not tenable under law".

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Lastly, it was said by the court that the'Doctrine of Public Trust' is not applicable in thecase of ministers in discharging their duties.

I fail to understand the logic of such afarfetched argument that though the act of theMinister is wrong, it is not actionable, it also aderogation from the maxim of 'Ubi jus ibiremedium', this should not be so especially in ademocratic country like India where public trustis the breath of the system. With due respect tothe court that in a democracy the court cannotshirk from its constitutional responsibility bypleading its inability to provide remedy applyingthe colonial theory of "the king can do no wrong".Another assumption of the court, that 'the ministerdoes not assume the role of a trustee' in the realsense, nor does a trust comes into existence, ismisleading. Moreover the fact that there is noinjury to a third person in the present case is notenough to make the principle of publicaccountability inapplicable in as much as therewas injury to the high principle of public law, thata public functionary has to use its power for thebona fide purpose and in a transparent manner.

Criminal Breach of Trust by PublicServant or by Banker or by Agent

Section 409 of IPC says - Criminal breachof trust by public servant, or by banker, merchantor agent.- Whoever, being in any mannerentrusted with property, or with any dominion overproperty in his capacity of a public servant or inthe way of his business as a banker, merchant,factor, broker, attorney or agent, commits criminalbreach of trust in respect of that property, shallbe punished with [ imprisonment for life], or withimprisonment of either description for a termwhich may extend to ten years, and shall also beliable to fine.

The acts of criminal breach of trust doneby strangers is treated less harshly than acts of

criminal breach of trust on part of the personswho enjoy special trust and also in a position tobe privy to a lot of information or authority or onaccount of the status enjoyed by them, say as inthe case of a public servant. That is why section407 and 408 provide for enhanced punished ofup to seven years (which is generally three yearsor/with fine) in the case of commission of offenceof criminal breach of trust by persons entrustedwith property as a carrier, wharfinger orwarehouse-keeper.

In respect of public servants a much morestringent punishment of life imprisonment orimprisonment up to 10 years with fine is provided.This is because of special status and the trustwhich a public servant enjoys in the eyes of thepublic as a representative of the government orgovernment owed enterprises. Under section 409,IPC, the entrustment of property or dominionshould be in the capacity of the accused as apublic servant, or in the way of his business as abanker, merchant broker, etc. The entrustmentshould have nexus to the office held by the publicservant as a public servant. Only then this sectionwill apply the accused a public servant in hiscapacity as a Superintendent of Pakistan unit ofHindustan Co-operative Insurance Society inCalcutta, which was a unit of LIC, although notauthorized to do so, directly realized premiums incash from Pakistani policy holders andmisappropriated the amounts after making falseentries in the relevant registers.

To constitute an offence of criminal breachof trust by a public servant under sec 409, IPC,the acquisition of dominion or control over theproperty must also be in the capacity of a publicservant. The question before the court waswhether the taking of money directly from thepolicy holders, which was admittedlyunauthorized, would amount to acting in his



capacity as a public servant. The Supreme Courtheld that it is the ostensible or apparent scope ofa public servant's authority when receiving theproperty that has to be taken into consideration.The public may not aware of the technicallimitations of the powers of the public servants,under some internal rules of the department oroffice concerned. It is the use made by the publicservant of his actual official capacity, whichdetermines whether there is sufficient nexus orconnection between the acts complained of andthe official capacity, so as to bring the act withinthe scope of the section. So, in this case it washeld that the accused was guilty of the offenceunder sec 409.

Dishonest Intention

Unless dishonest intention is shown, anoffence under sec 405, IPC, cannot becommitted. Every breach of trust in the absenceof mens rea, is not criminal. The court shouldascertain whether the state of mind in which theaccused was, did not exclude the existence ofdishonest intention which is an essential ingredientof the offence of criminal breach of trust.Evidence is certainly relevant for purpose ofascertaining whether the state of mind of accusedrender it possible or likely for him to haveentertained dishonest intention when he dealt withthe moneys entrusted to him. If the accused wasreally unable to form the criminal intention, hecannot be guilty of the offence under section 406.

Certain title deeds were entrusted to theaccused for the purpose of making enquiries aboutsome land. The accused did not return thedocuments and said that he had lost the bundleand that the task was not completed. It was foundthat the accused had used the title deeds to harmthe transferee. Under these facts, it was held thatthe offence was complete when the documentswere used to harm the transferee and that taking

of money was not necessary to constitute theoffence.

The prosecution is not bound to establishthe mode in which the accused has appropriatedthe amount of entrustment. Dishonestmisappropriation may be inferred from theestablished facts. Dishonest intention was heldto have been proved in the case of a post masterwho entered an amount in the saving bank passbook of a depositor without entering the same inhis account book. Where the accused took a goldjewel from a goldsmith for showing it to his wifeand placing an order for a similar jewel but failedto return it and retained it with him towards somedebt due to him by the goldsmith and claimed it tobe his own, it was held that the accused was guiltyof dishonestly retaining it and claiming it to be hisby misappropriating it.

Every breach of trust gives rise to a suit fordamages, but it is only when there is an evidenceof mental act of fraudulent misappropriation thatthe commission of embezzlement of any sum ofmoney becomes a panel offence punishable ascriminal breach of trust. A mere breach ofcontract is not synonymous with criminal breachof trust. It is the mental act of fraudulentmisappropriation that distinguishes anembezzlement, amounting to a civil wrong or tort,from the offence of criminal breach of trust. Ifthere is no mens rea, or if other essentialingredients are lacking, the same set of factswould not sustain a criminal prosecution thougha civil action may lie. A mere failure to repay theloan would not constitute a criminal breach oftrust. Where the managing agents acteddishonestly, it was held that they were not liablefor criminal breach of trust even though therehas been a breach of contract causing loss to thepolicy holders of the company. The mere factthat the payment was delayed in no ground for

9

imputing a criminal intention on the part of theaccused, when there is no particular obligation topay it at a certain date.

1 Saurabh Bishwambhar, 5TH YEAR BBA-LLB (Hons)ICFAI University, Dehradun.

2 Jaswantrai Manilal Akhaney v State ofBombay, AIR 1956 SC 575.

3 Sushil Kumar Gupta v Joy ShankerBhattacharjee, AIR 1971 SC 1543.

4 Re Venkata Gurunatha, AIR 1923 Mad597.

5 State of Gujarat vs Jaswantlal Nathalal6 Jaswant Rai Manilal Akhaney vs State of

Bombay.7 State of UP vs Babu Ram8 Rashmi Kumar vs Mahesh Kumar Bhada9 K Lakshman Das v K Krishno Murthy,

1981 CLR 60.10 Dwarkadas Haridas v Emperor.11 R K Dalmia vs Delhi Administration.12 Employees State Insurance Corporation vs

S K Aggarwal.

13 Krishan Kumar V UOI.14 Jaikrishnadas Manohardas Desai vs State

of Bombay.15 Surendra Prasad Verma v State of Bihar.16 In the case of Common Cause, A Regis-

tered Society v Union of India17 Shiva Sagar Tiwari v Union of India.18 Shiv Sagar Tiwara v Union of India.19 The decision was given by a bench con-

sisting of Justices G. B. Pattnaik, R. P. Sethiand Bisheswer Prasad Singh in 2002.

20 In the case of Superintendent and Remem-brance of Legal Affairs v. S K Roy

21 In the case of Mohanlal Mulchand v MehtaKanaiyalal Pranshanker

22 Gopi Nath Tripathi v State of Orissa, 40Cut LT 771.

23 Kotamsath Appanna v Koppoju AIR 1953Nag 310. Abhinash Chandra Sarkar vEmperor, 37 Cr LJ 439


*****


Dalit literature and Black American writing

*Vyas Sagarkumar Chandrakatn

As we know about the cast system in India, there are many cast in India in Ancienttimes like Brahmin, Kshtriya, Sudra, Vaishya etc. We know that how they suppressedby high class society. But today the situation is different, not only different buttotally different. We are agreeing that villages are not accepts the new era of theworld... Dalit is a category of self-definition of Untouchables in post-IndependenceIndia. It signifies a state of radical consciousness and seeks to interrogate andchallenge the previous stereotypes that caste Hindu society had employed to describeuntouchable as well as near untouchable castes and communities.

Mythological Context of Dalit :

The religious scripture manuSmriti‘described verna system‘of the societybased upon the occupation. It is a four layeredVerna‘system comprising four kinds of people ofthe society borne out of the body of Lord Vishnu.According to this myth, Brahmin was born out ofhead, kshtriya was born out of arms, vaishya wasborn out of abdomen and Shudra wa born out offeet. It emphasized Shudra as a slave or servantbecause he was born out of feet and he wasdestined to serve the rest of the society. Dalit (shudra) , thus was recognized as an inferior partof the society. They were assigned inferioractivities like leather work, butchering ot cleaningthe streets, removing animal carcasses and waste.The civilized Hiundu society has allotted workslike manual labour, cleaning streets, latrines andsewers. As they consider these activities polluting,the Dalits who are engaged in these activities are

commonly segregated and banned from fullparticipation in Hindu social life. They werebanned fropm entering the temple, not allowed tofetch water from the public well of the village.

As A.S.Chandalia observes:,

“The post modernist philosophers likeMichel Foucault, Julia Kristeva and JacquesDerrida was not there but the determiners of thenorms and writers of samhitas knew the powerof knowledge. Education, i.e. knowledge is themost powerful means of social mobility. Accessto knowledge was refused to all except theBrahmins”.1

Dalit Literature:

Dalit literature is the literature whichartistically portrays the sorrows, tribulations,slavery degradation, ridicule and poverty enduredby Dalits. This literature is but a lofty image ofgrief. Every human being must find liberty, honor,

*Assistant Prof. English,Maharshi Dayanand Arts and commerce College Baspa, Patan

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11

security and freedom from intimidation by thepowerful elements of society. These values arenow being articulated in Dalit literature.Recognizing the centrality of human being, thisliterature is thoroughly saturated with humanity‘sjoys and sorrows. It regards human beings assupreme, and leads them towards total revolution.Dalit literature has arisen from the culturalconflict. Since the downtrodden‘(Dalits‘) have noplace in the Canonical Literature of India, Dalitwriters call it Hindu Literature‘and challenge itshegemony.

In the words of Baburao Bagul:

The established literature of India is HinduLiterature. But it is Dalit literature which has therevolutionary power to accept new science andtechnology and bring about a total transformation.Dalit is the name of a total revolution; it isrevolution incarnate. The idea of the equal worthof all people was widely expressed, but socialconditions did not change. There wererevolutionary transformations in the lives of thenation, society and individuals due to theconsciousness of such humanistic values asequality, liberty, fraternity and justice. Yet, at thesame time, sentiments of pain and revolt werealso kindled because of dissatisfaction with aninequitable system. The literature of the post-independence period expressed these sentiments.The new writers emerged from various sectionsof the society. They presented in their writings,their own language, environment, condition andissues. Dalit literature attracted considerablediscussion because its form and objective weredifferent from those of the other post-independence literatures. Its presence was notedin India and abroad. In this process, dalit literaturehas effectively threatened the Brahminichegemony from literature. It also concertized Dalitmasses for assertion, protest and mobilization. It

stirred up thinking in Dalit intellectuals andcatalyzed creation of organic intellectuals of dalits.The emergence of Dlait literature, where writersare mostly Dalits, it proves in itself as a profoundchange taking place in Indian society.

Dalit Literature rising in 1920s:

The mobilization of the oppressed andexploited sections of the society- the Peasants,Dalits, women and low caste occurred on a largescale in the 1020s and 1930s, under varyingleaderships and with varying ideologies. Dalitwriting is a post-Independence literaryphenomenon. The emergence of Dalit literaturehas a great historical significance. The causesand effects leading to the age-old existence ofoppression and despair of the lives of marginalizedclass of nation‘s vast population are also observedin many other parts of the world. Dalit literaturerepresents a powerful emerging trend in theIndian literary scene. Dalit literature representsa powerful emerging trend in the Indian literaryscene. In the unashamed description of thetraumas of being an ¯Untouchable and target ofupper caste ideology its texts question theinstitutions that have placed them at the margins.

In the early 1970s, two Maharashtrianmovements achieved enough prominence to benoticed by the English language press…the DalitPanthers and dalit Literature. By substituting theword Black‘for Dalit‘ the reader can immediatelyunderstand that thephenomenon comparable tothe American Black Panthers and BlackLiterature has surfaced among the lower castesin social and literary affairs in western India.

Like the American Movement, the Dalitpanthers and the Dalit school of literaturerepresents a new level of pride, militancy andsophisticated creativity. The Marathi word Dalitlike the word Black, was chosen by the group



itself and is used proudly; and even in the Englishpress, the unfamiliar Marathi word has to beused…untouchables, scheduled castes, depressedclasses, Gandhi‘s euphemism, harijan…are thesame connotation. Dalit implies those who havebeen broken, ground down by those above themin a deliberate and active way. 10

Black American Writings:

The racial problem is only one of the manyproblems that not only America but Many partsof the Western world face at the present time. Itis one of the problems that seem endemic to theTwenty- first century societies of the West,particularly the societies those have beenindustrialized for a considerable time. This problemRacial discrimination‘has also its own relation tothe whole complex of many larger problems andit cannot be fully understood in isolation. Racismand classicism signify the traumatic conditionsunder which African- American lived in WhiteAmerica. It started when white masters of theland brought the first Africans in chains and usedtheir labour to enrich their coffers. As a result,black people soon ceased to exist as humanbeings in the white world. Racism is a system ofsocietal and psychological restrictions that hascritically affected the lives of blacks. Right fromthe days of slavery, the blacks have realized thecruel reality of racism: Judgment from the whiteman‘s standards of life and beauty, the blackman‘s life became unbearable. In rebuilding hissheltered life, he was compelled to appropriatehis materials form a new culture. But his masterpermitted him access to western culture on a veryrestricted basis. The process of assimilation wasdeliberately obstructed by the Whites. The otherside of this coin is an unconscious self-hatredlikewise appropriated from the dominant culture.Hated by Whites and being an organic part ofthe culture that hated him, Black man grew in

time to hate himself what others hated him. Anunconscious desire to be White coupled withfeelings of revulsion towards the Negro massesmay produce an assimilations pattern of behaviorat the purely personal level. He is condemnedbecause he is Black. Nature is responsible forthat. What it means to be a black man in thisworld dominated by the white race? The blackAmerican writer defines his racial condition whichis responsible, by and large, for his socio-culturalcondition in the conspiring world of the whitepeople. Suffering is indeed his lot. He hascommitted no sin. Nobody has talked about BlackAdam‘s fall. Nor has anybody applied the Indiandoctrine of Karma to his socio-racial conditionsto explain his perpetual suffering, torture andtrauma for being Black. The Karma doctrine canbe applied to only individuals, men or women, butnot to the whole race-black, brown or white. Theslavery was imposed upon the blacks in Americafor more than three centuries. The land of libertylocked them in this dark dungeon of slavery. Theirracial problem resulted into social, economic andcultural problems. But they were not shatteredcompletely. The Jim Crow Laws were passed toput them in bondage. The highest court of Americaupheld the notorious separate-but-equal‘principle.The Negro was disfranchised without any benefitof legal power and property. But Africa, the landof his ancestors, cannot altogether disappear fromtheir memories. Africa occupies a special placein their hearts and souls. Their conscious mindsare filled with America but Africa is stuck foreverin their psyche. That is the reason why they callthemselves Afro-Americans. Their identities havetravelled from colored, to Negro, from Negro toBlack, from Black to Afro-American and nowfrom Afro-American to African American. Theyare full-blooded African Americans. The long darkshadows fall across two continents – Americaand Africa. Their history is a long passage of time

13

telling a tale of two continents. They were thrownout of their own history, faith and culture. Africanhistory has given them a full page about Americanhistory has given them a small and narrow marginon its page. Their history is a story of an endlesshallucination of agony. But this agony has givenrise to a vast and rich heritage like their spirituals,Jazz, Blues, Poems, plays short stories and novels.Marginal is their existence. Ralph Ellison‘sInvisible Man‘to Richard Wright‘s NativeSon‘to Alex Haley‘s Roots ‘the BlackAmerican literature deals with the essence ofblack identity caught in perpetual crisis. Theirhistory is a long passage of time telling a tale oftwo continents. They were thrown out of theirown history, faith and culture. African history hasgiven them a full page about American historyhas given them a small and narrow margin on itspage. Their history is a story of an endlesshallucination of agony. But this agony has givenrise to a vast and rich heritage like their spirituals,Jazz, Blues, Poems, plays short stories and novels.The Negro literature has passed through suchsubsequent phases like black literature, Afro-American literature and finally to African-American literature.

As R. Bhongle explains:

“African-American literature today opposesseveral things in the literature of the whiteAmericans. Negro‘now is no longer a marginalcharacter but a protagonist who asserts his racialidentity. He opposes even the earlier image ofhimself as portrayed by the Harlem writers- a

docile, self-conscious, submissive black manknocking at the door of god who has always beenunkind. Jesus Christ is described as the white devilwith blue eyes.. If at all there is the Godbenevolent to the Negro, he must be anincarnation of his own image and personality.”2

Dalit literature serves the purpose of Socialintervention and carries strong radicalConnotations. The nature of these connotationsvaries depending upon the writer‘s personality,motives and inspiration to write the changingsocio-cultural contexts. To appreciate it, one hasto understand the historical, social and culturalsetting to Which they belong. The context,perspectives and characteristics of the historicaltrend collectively set the quality of the conceptof dalit literature along with the Westerncounterpart of the genre. The exercise providesthe understanding of the Subject who is anindividual among many who shares the sametypes of cultural ostracism, physical repressionand social stigma, the result being that he is keptout of the legitimate boundaries of human societyboundaries of human society.

References:

1. N. M. Aston, Dalit Literature and AfricanAmerican literature‘, New Delhi, PrestigeBooks, 2001, p-9

2. R. Bhongle , Dalit Literature and African-American Literature: A ComparativeStudy‘, in ed. N.M.Aston, Dalit Literatureand African-American Literature‘, NewDelhi, Prestige Books, 2001, p-33-34

*****


IJSSL, Vol.-7, Issue-314 ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

* Associate professor of Home Science,Maharani Laxmi Bai Govt. Girls, P.G. Autonomous Collage, Bhopal

* * M.Phil (Home Science), Research Scholar, Barkatullah University, Bhopal

Adolescents’ attitude towards Women empowerment inRelation to Socio-Economic Status

Dr. Archana Mishra*Arunima Singh**

While the phenomenon of women’sinequality is universal, its magnitude and severityvary from country to country and within a country,from community to community. This inequalitymanifests itself in several forms and is generallymeasured in terms of the status that women enjoyin society vis-à-vis men. The population CrisisCommittee (USA) using different indicators ofgender inequality examined the status of womenin 99 countries in 1988 It found that in none ofthese countries there was gender equality. Thecountry coming closer to equality was Swedenwith a score of 87 points out of 100, closelyfollowed by Finland (Score 85). The countriesstanding lowest on the scale are Bangladesh(Score 21.5 and Mali (score 26). India holds 77th

place in country ranking with a score of 45.5 SriLanka scores 59.5 and China 58.5 points on thisscale.

Education and employment have improvedthe position of women through their indirecteffects as well. Education, much more thanlegislation have been responsible for pushing upthe age at marriage of women in India. Kerala’shighest age (around 23) and Rajasthan’s lowestage (around 15) at marriage of women could be

attributed to the differential levels of women’seducation in these two states. It may be pointedout that though there has been legislation(Minimum age at Marriage Act) fixing theminimum age of a girl for marriage at 18; this hasbeen respected more in its violation then in itsobservance. But, education has kept the girls inschools for longer periods than before and thusprevented early marriage. Late marriage hasbrought other benefits also. It enable women tohave at least some knowledge of the implicationsof married life, some voice in the selection ofspouse, better control over the number ofpregnancies and better perspective in theupbringing of children.

Which were hitherto the preserves ofwomen from affluent have now become massand grassroots based. But their critical roles inthe development of women have not been properlyunderstood

In such a context human rights for womencould be envisioned as the ‘collective rights of awoman to be seen and accepted as a person withthe capacity to decide on act her own behalf andto have equal access to resources and equitablesocial, economic and political support to develop

15

her full potential’ (APF 1993). Empowering themto realize their full potential could possibly be theoverriding concern of any women’s studyprogramme.

Ironically, inequality, discrimination andviolence still casts a long shadow over the lives,livelihoods, minds and bodies of girls and womeneverywhere-even in the countries when lawshave been enacted. Women constricting half ofworld’s population and putting in nearly to thirdsof human working hours receive one tenth of theworld’s in income and own one hundredth of theworld’s property. Women is still consideredunequal to man in wages and social status despitethe equal remuneration act. She can rarely enjoythe legal right because of the patriarchal structuresof our society which created the unjust and theunequal situation for her. Her literacy level stillremains very low. Such a situation arises becausetill today, for the vast majority of India’s millions,a daughter is viewed as liability, a social burden,educating who is regarded a waste of finance,time and energy. In the light of above observation,one comes to conclude that in order to ensure ajust society through the education andempowerment of women, certain studies need tobe conducted in this area.

Review of Related Literature

1 . Srinivasan, Padma and Lee, Gray,R.(2004) was conducted the study toknow the attitudes toward dowry systemamong married women in the NorthernProvince of Bihar, where dowry has strongroots in tradition. He found that Indiandowry system should not be viewed sim-ply as a traditional practice that would even-tually be eliminated by the process of so-cial change, but rather as an important com-ponent of a marriage system that is chang-

ing in response to a progressively morematerialistic culture.

2 . Mohanasundaram, K. and Kannan,R.(2001) Found that (1) All categories ofparents in the sample had favourable atti-tude towards women education. The ruraland urban parents differed in their attitudeand urban parents were at a higherfavourable level than the rural parents intheir attitude.(2) There was no significantcorrelation between the attitude of parentstowards women education and their eco-nomic and social status.

3. Devi, T. Vinoda (1991) did a study oneducation and empowerment status ofwomen and their attitude and practices infamily welfare in Andhra Pradesh andfound that possession of physical ameni-ties was highest amongst the doctors andcollage lectures, followed by schoolteacher and nurses, the least belong withwomen casual laborers. Further possessionof physical amentias was positively relatedto education and income of the respondentsand amongst the women employee’s doc-tor and lecturers showed a more positiveattitude towards population issues, followedby teacher clerk and nurses.Adolescents’ Attitude Towards Womenempowerment in relation to their socio-eco-nomic status.

Objective of the study:1. To observe low SES male and female ado-

lescents attitude towards women empow-erment

2. To observe average SES male and femaleadolescents attitude towards women em-powerment.

3. To observe high SES male and female ado-lescent attitude towards women empow-erment.

Adolescents’ attitude towards Women empowerment in...

IJSSL, Vol.-7, Issue-316

Subsidiary objectiveIn addition to the above said objectives of the

study, fallowing subsidiary objective hasalso been realized:

1. Construction and standardization of ‘Women empowerment attitudescale’(WEAS)

Need of the Study1. It helps in democratization of the adoles-

cents.2. It is one of latest topic that are why it is

chosen by the investigator for study.Hypotheses of the study:In order to achieve the above mentioned objec-

tives of the study, the followed hypothesesare subjected to empirical verifications:-

1. There is no significant effect of low SESon the Development of male and femaleadolescents’ attitude towards women em-powerment.

2. There is no significant effect of averageSES on the development of male and fe-male adolescents’ attitude towards womenempowerment.

3. There is no significant effect of high SESon the development of male and femaleadolescents’ attitude towards women em-powerment.

Design of the study:Normative survey method is used to con-duct the present study.

Sample & PopulationThe samples were consisted of five hun-dred adolescents (250 males and 250 fe-males) from Ghazipur city distt.(U.P.)Studying in class 11th & 12th , Age groupof 13 to 19 years.

ToolsFallowing tools are used in present study-1. Women empowerment attitude scale (By

investigator with the help of her guide Dr.Archana Mishra)2. Socio-economic status scale (by

Dr.Kalliath, R.P.(1999).To obtain raw scores for various purpose of the

study. Procedure for data collection:

The study is conducted on a sample of 500adolescents of class 11th & 12th from Ghazipur,the entire test viz women empowerment attitudescale and socio-economic status were filled bythe sample adolescents and returned back toinvestigator.

Statistical Analysis:For analyzing data statistic techniques

namely mean, standard deviation ‘r’, ‘t’ test , ‘z’

Table -1

Groups

Boys

N

45

M

84.889

S.D.

11.416

Df

62

Calculated value of Z

1.628

Level of significance

0.01

Tabulated value of ‘Z’

Result

0.107

Results

Significant

Girls 19 94.631 17.330

(Boys=Male adolescent) (Girls=Female adolescent)

17

test are applied, analysis of variance and othersuitable techniques are used.

There is significant effect of low SES onthe development of male and female adolescentsattitude towards women empowerment.

Table-1 indicates that the value of Z onwomen empowerment scale is 1.628. This value

is significant at 0.01 level of significance becauseit is greater than the required value of Z(0.107,for df is equal to 62). Thus the hypotheses “thereis no significant effect of low SES on thedevelopment of male and female adolescentsattitude towards women empowerment” mat berejected.

Testing of hypothesis-2]

To test hypothesis two, average SES maleand female adolescents (N=383) on womenempowerment attitude scale are taken. Toanalyze the score ‘Z’ test is applied and value ofZ is obtained. The results are shown in table-2

There is significant effect of average

SES on the development of male and femaleadolescent attitude towards womanempowerment.

Table-2 indicates that the value of Z onWEAS is 3.655. This value is significant at 0.01level of significance. Because it is greater thanthe required value of Z (0.0002 for df is equal to

Table-2

Table shown the value of Z on WEAS

Groups N M S.D Df Calculated Value of Z


Tabulated value of Z results

Results

Male adolescent

181 90.14 10.892 381

3.655 0.01 0.0002 Significant

Female adolescent

202 96.59 11.804

Table -3

Table showing the value of Z on WEAS

Groups N M S.D Df Calculated Value of Z


Tabulated value of Z results

Results

Male adolescent 24 90.75 9.547 51

0.378 0.05 0.515 No Significant Female adolescent 29 97.34 7.875

Adolescents’ attitude towards Women empowerment in...


381). Thus the hypothesis, “ there is no significanteffect of average SES on the development of maleand female adolescents attitude towards womenempowerment” may be rejected.

Testing of hypothesis-3

To test hypothesis three, highest groups ofmale and female adolescents (N=53) on WEASare taken. To analyze the score Z-test is appliedand value of ‘Z’ is obtained. The results are shownin table-3

There is no significant effect of high SESon the development of male and femaleadolescent attitude towards womanempowerment.

Table-there, indicates that the value of Zon WEAS is 0.378. This value is no significantat0.05 level of significance; because it is lesserthan the required value of Z (0.515 for df is equalto 51).

Thus, the hypothesis, “there is nosignificant effect of high SES on the developmentof male and female adolescents attitude towardswomen empowerment” may be accepted.

ConclusionThe result of the study concludes that,

1. There is significant effect of low SES onthe Development of male and femaleadolescent’s attitude towards women em-powerment.

2. There is significant effect of average SESon the development of male and femaleadolescent’s attitude towards women em-powerment.

3. There is no significant effect of High SESon the development of male and femaleadolescent’s attitude towards women em-powerment.

References:

1. Devi, T. Vinoda (1991) Research Abstractson Social Welfare 1998-2008,Decumentation Center for women andChildren National Institute of Public Co-operation and Child Development 5, SiriInstitutional Area, Hauz Khas. New Delhi.

2. Kumar, Radha 2011) History of WomenStruggle (Forth Edition), Vani Parkashan,New Delhi.

3. Lenin, V.I.(2010) The Emancipation ofWomen (First Edition), Rahul Foundation,Lucknow.

4. Madhavananada, Swami & Majumdar,Ramesh Chandra (2001) Great Women ofIndia (Fifth Edition), Advaita AshramaKolkata.

5. Mahajan, Anupama Puri (2012) Empow-erment of Women in Pancahayti Raj insti-tutions ( First Edition), Anamika Publish-ers & Distributors (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Mohanasundaram, K. and Kannan,R.(2001) Socio-economic Status and Atti-tude of Parents towards Women Educa-tion. The Educational Review, Vol.44. No.6. Pp. 13-16.

7. Srinivasan, Padma and Lee, Gary, R.(2004) Dowry system in Northern India:women ‘attitudes and social change. Jour-nal of Marriage and family, 66 (5): 1108-17

8. Srivastav, R.K. (2011) A Study of Adoles-cents’ attitude towards women empower-ment in Relation to their Competence,Anusilana, Vol. XXXVI, Year 7, pp.47-52,Sept.

9. Srivastav, R.K. (2011) A Study of Adoles-cents’ attitude towards women empower-ment in Relation to their Socio-EconomicStatus, Shodh Drishti, Vol. 2, No. 8, pp.291-296, Sept.

*****

19

As Civilization Advanced, Poetry Declined

Mr. Mahesh*

This research paper is an attempt to show what civilization is and how poetry has touched itsnadir in modern age. Civilization has given man the means of comfort or luxury as well as thatof self annihilation materialism like an octopus which has firmly held the whole of mankind inthe present age. So poetry, the means of spiritual splendour, moral renovation, emotional inten-sity and imaginative elevation is really crushed and moulded into sort of literary carpentry or inexplicable feast of readers to be horrified and go undrunk and unsatiated.

creation and loses all its charms which areexpected from a piece of poetic art. In the wordsof Howard Nemerov, “Poetry evokes aconcentrated imaginative awareness ofexperience or a specific emotional responsethrough language chosen and arranged for itsmeaning sound and rhythm.” In poetry we findsplendor thoughts, emotions, feelings, imaginationin apt and appropriate manner. These things startdancing in the mind of a poet and it gives musicaltouch to the composed poem. But today we donot find the ‘New Poetry’ harmonious. “Poetryin the sense feeds and waters the passions insteadwithering and starving them; lets them rule insteadof ruling then” (Plato’s Republic). Poetry lifts thereader to high level in mind and in free and freshatmosphere.

With the advancement of civilization, menis busy and in the technological advancement thatthey seldom have time to understand their ownemotions and feelings. Macaulay is right in hisessay on Milton (1925) as he says, “We thinkthat as civilization advances poetry almost

Civilization means an advanced state ofsocial development. We should have morefacilities in life and live in tune with the inventionsof science. This is the call of civilization. It is aforward movement of society in which high levelof culture, science, ethics, industry, government,political justice and literature has been reached.Civilization is a highly developed culture and wayof life of a society. It shows the characteristicsof physical and spiritual development of a societycollectively. In a civilized society there isconsiderateness of morality, good understanding,respect and new development of thoughts andideas. Civilization is the human creativity intellectand volition translated into reality. Civilizationprogresses on the wheel of knowledge andtechnology. The technological revolution isreplacing the empire of written poetry’s word withthe coming words of television, film, computer,mobile, facebook, and whatsapp etc.

Poetry must have a soothing effect onthe tortured soul. If it fails in bringing about theabove qualities poetry declines to be a precise

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*Assistant Professor in EnglishGovt. Girls Degree College Ahiraula, Azamgarh,


necessarily declines……Language the machineof the poet is best fitted for his purpose in itsrudest state. Nations like individuals, first perceiveand then abstract. They advance from particularimages of general terms. Hence the vocabularyof an enlightened society is philosophical, that ofa half – civilized people is poetical…………Inproportion as men know more and think more,they looks less at individuals. and more at classes.They therefore make better theories and worsepoem.”

The poetry of the past is so rich that it hasgreat magical spell upon the readers or students.It has an enthusiastic zeal and wonder, and abilityto bind the reader in the realm of pleasure andsoothe. But the poem written in the influence ofmodern materialistic world has no power to attractreader or students. The verse of present age hasno universal appeal. It has lost its original trendsand forms. That is why people prefer to hear thesongs of film instead of reading poetry. We cansay that it has put a wall between poet and poetry.It has confined the emotion and feeling of modernman. The people of the old days have enoughtime to live with nature. No doubt, free and freshideas or thoughts come in the presence of nature.To find the real dignity of poetry one has to sitcalmly and peacefully and think hourly in the lapof nature.

Today, poetry has no its original depth andsplendour. Materialism has cut the poetry fromits root. Epic has changed into fiction drama haschanged into prose form. That is why the worldis facing the lack of true poets. Here we find thatT.S. Eliot is right when he say “immature poetsimitate; mature poet steal, bad poets, deface whatthey take and good poets make it into somethingbetter or at least something different.” We haveno good poets today. The results is that “they bidus be all eyes, no mind, all sense, no thought, all

chance, all confusion, no order, no organization,on fabric of the reason” (Bliss Perry).

We can say that civilization is the exteriordevelopment of mankind. Civilization is materialprogress for man to drown him into complexities.It is the bane of his inner life and so that of poetrywhose genuine substance is a sort of emotionaland imaginative experience. When the intricaciesof civilized life can destroy even God, undermineman’s emotional potential, fetter his imaginativewings and eclipse his moral sense and hisawareness of spiritual richness, how can he flywith his clipped wings, feel the heart of realitythe world and of Nature with his bruised heartand pour out his wounded sensibility inunderstandable but sublime poetry? MathewArnold was of the opinion that he started scalingin his time. Is poetry not harmonious madness?The curse of this civilization is that it can make aStephen spender record the speed of an expresstrain and make him be elated with its song; ButShelleyan “Profuse strains of unpremedited art”can’t be managed in the suffocating and complexatmosphere of modern age. Has civilization notturned poetry into a sort of literacy carpentry asThe Wasteland is? If we read or study this poem,the feast of T.S. Eliot’s poetry will horrify andde-enligten most of us and stir us to vanish ratherthan lose ourselves in its most subtle flavour.

Poetry gets suffocated even in the handsof W.B. Yeats, acclaimed perhaps as the greatestpoet of modern age. In ‘Sailing to Byzantium’ hesailed the seas and claims his arrival at the cityof Byzantium for learning the spiritual richnessand splendour of art but how many of us get alongwith him to the destination? Don’t we feel gettingdrowned in the waters of his poetry, if we havenot an initiated gentleman to clap his hands andlift us not of the same? How many of us can feelthe heart of his poem, Byzantium in its evocation

21

of the fury and mire of human veins and theuntransitoriness of art without a keen desire todismiss it as mere battling pabulum for show notfor feasting and slaking our thirst and satiatingour palate.

What sort of poetry is the poetry of DylanThomas? Is it not an amalgam of his inner spiritand complex ingredients of modern unpoeticalworld? Poetry is not for intellectual maneuveringsand battlement but for spiritual consolation andupliftment in the vortex of modern life.Shakespeare’s imagination cannot glance fromearth to heaven and from heaven to earth in thepresent civilized age and create a new world ofbeing tinged with the milk or gall of humanity.Materialism is the reason that we find the acheof modernity in Larkin’s poetic world. The wholehuman situation and the materialistic and industrialdevelopment is trust rating. It is because ofcivilization that Ted Hughes finds himself unableto feel pity for civilized people who are not evena figure of fun. Civilization that is materialism hassunk its hands into the ship of modern life like anoctopus. We can only deplore the dearth of thepoetry of life and so absence and annihilation ofthe same after its collision with for did not drabfacts. Why has civilization not given a singleShakespeare or a Milton a Wordsworth orShelley? The reason is that civilization rids us ourspiritual richness and so of the spontaneousoverflow of imaginative emotion.

This civilization has nearly throttled poetrylike Porphyria’s Lover and anticipating spiritualresurrection through one’s friends on the otherside of the water. T. V., movies, mobile, computer,and social media has shattered the very soul ofpoetry. Poetry of today has lost its originality andmaterialism of civilized society has generatedartificial poetry.

There is no charm of wonder of the Pre-Romantics in present verse. Neither have wefound the imaginative and symbolic flow of theRomantics in the poetry of present time. There isno curiosity of the Renaissance in modern poetry.There is lack of musical magic and appropriatesense at appropriate place. There is no attractionin poetry due to materialism or the advancementof civilization. Man is making progress into fieldof science but he is growing dry in the core of hisheart. That is why he is getting away fromNature. He is shifting in cities and is going toofar from his original cultural heritage. So he islosing his imaginative power of thinking in thesurroundings of machines and electronicallyworld. Man is turning into machine like mind andworking without heart.

To Sum up “civilization is a never endingprocess. It is an ever developing, ever evolvingprocess. Man is never stagnant and he has anunquenching thirst for change in style of living,thinking and bringing new ideas for the bettermentof human society. At every stage when ever thereare changes in civilization cultural developmentis also valuable. The industrial revolution whichlasted till 1840 brought about a tremendous changein our civilization, which told upon the form andtheme of literary works also as such the poetrycould not retain its previous glory of romance,ethics, and other mind ravishing and everlastingthoughts. Civilization is bound to precede higherand higher level. But every one must have toknow that poetry depends on the perspectives ofthe individual feelings and emotions. We shouldnot forget our social, moral and cultural values inthe daylight of modernity and advancement ofcivilization. The cultural heritage must be retainedat all cost. Therefore we consciously must retainour emotion and thoughts with us.

As Civilization Advanced, Poetry Declined


Modern poetry came into existence withmaterialism prevailed. As a result of which poetlike Arnold laid emphasis on the cultural upliftmentof the soul. Poetry is an expression of naturalthought and feeling with the support of sound andrhythm. Poetry is an eloquent and musical artisticcreation without any artificiality in it. With thedevelopment of society there is overabundanceof visual media like movies, T.V., mobile, laptopand computer etc. Civilization ignores the feelingsand emotions of a poet. So the soothing effect ofpoetry is out of fashion because of civilization.

Poetry is written today without any deepmeaning. It is converted as song with the interestof civilization. The young civilized generation iswandering in search of mental peace, but all invain. He has no solace in the civilized society.The youth of modern age prefer to hear musicalsongs instead of reading poetry. But poetry is likepanacea which means a universal remedy for allkind of diseases. A good poetry has power toconsole a broken heart. The civilized people can

cool themselves if they start to sit with nature, towalk beside the river side, to see naturallandscape, mountain falls, and hilly areas and tohear the songs of thicket brook. If civilized societywill take interest in nature then there is possibilityto compose natural poetry by a poet, full ofmeaning and sublime in message.

Reference1. A study of poetry – Bliss Perry (Book-

1920, publisher-Boston Houghtom Mifflin)2. The decline and fall of literature – An-

drew Delbanco (www.nybooks.com)3. The International Fallacy – W.K. Wimsatt

(University of kenturky press 1954)4. The death of literature – Alvin Kernan (Yale

University Press 1992)5. Poetry Literature – Howard Nemerov

(Rutgers University Press Michigan 2008)6. As civilization advance culture declines –

Harichandana Devalla (https://www.civilservicesindian.com)

*****

23

A Vision of Social Justice and Dr. Ambedkar-A Different Perspective

Dr. Susanta Kumar Shadangi*Mr.Atul Gulati*

Dr. Ambedkar, a pioneer of social justice and a figure of vision is not only known for his workin favor of the upliftment of the weaker section but also known for his tireless efforts to makea bridge between the legal theory and social practice. His continuous struggle was to get theemancipation of those people from the yoke of stigma and to make them aware of their rightsat par with others. He had convinced that no socio-political reform movement could be pos-sible without the annihilation of this class/ caste system. He had also a strong belief that themain reason of the discrimination in the society is the existing caste system, which at last ledhim to indulge in continuous struggle to get justice.

Key Words: Discrimination, inequality, social justice, social system, cast.

It is the primary aim of a well-ordered stateor society to establish and maintain justice withinits geographical boundary. But it is however notaltogether easy to frame a clear idea of it. Atdifferent points of time, different scholars andphilosophers have explained justice in variousways. In the words of Dias “The concept ofjustice is so vast be encompassed by one mind. Itis not something which can be captured in aformula once for all. According to him justice assomething which can be captured once for all, itis a process, complex and shifting balancebetween many facts3. It has aims in removing allkinds of inequalities and affording equalopportunities to all citizens in social as well aseconomic affairs4. The doctrine of Pythagoreansstresses that “Every citizen should have his special

place assigned to him in a just social order.”ToPlato, justice meant every individual should assigna place in society according to one’s naturalaptitudes and skills. He says that justice is ‘oneclass, one duty, and one man one work’ and saysany interference or any kind of interchange injob between three social classes would bring harmto state and should be considered as injustice. itis the virtue of the soul. Aristotle considered thatconstitutional government by insisting ondistributive justice through law could usher inhappiness and welfare.5

Roger Cotterrell says “Justice is aperception of social relationship in balance. It isone aspect of sense of social cohesion orintegration.6” He shows his favour towards to

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* Dr. Susanta Kumar Shadangi, Asst Prof. ICFAI University Dehradun.** Mr.Atul Gulati, Advocate by profession and imparting training for Judicial Examination aspirants., Dehradun


sociological interpretation of legal ideas in orderto reframe social relations on appropriate ways.

In Indian perspective, the term justiceincludes both procedural and substantive. Theformer speaks about the rules of court proceduresand mechanism what is otherwise known asnatural justice and the latter says about the makingof provision for social assistance. Benefits,facilities, concessions, privileges and specialrights, to those who deserve and need.

Idea of social justice:

Social justice can be expressed in terms ofa philosophy that speaks about of the conceptof distributive justice to the wealth, privileges andadvantages that accumulate within a society or astate. There have been two major conceptionsof social justice out of that one embodies thenation of merit and desire, the other those of needsand equality. The first conception involves erodingof hereditary privileges and an opening of asociety in which people have the chance to displaytheir desires. It can be expressed in equality ofopportunity and careers open to talents. Thesecond conception very clearly speaks that goodsshould be allocated according to each person’svaried needs. As the main intention is to makepeople materially equal, it entails an idea ifequality.

So far as the term social justice is concernedit came into limelight only during the FrenchRevolution where it is explained in terms of liberty,equity and fraternity. Thus the notion of socialjustice postulates clearly that when the questionof merit deserves attention, the demand of theneed of the oppressed cannot be ignored. Thejustification behind meeting the needs of oppressedis that they arise, out of deprivation andexploitation of the system. Hence it has a widerconnotation and aims at removing all kinds of

inequalities and affording equal opportunities toall citizens in both social and economical affairs.It is a bundle of rights balancing wheel betweenhaves and havenot. So in general, social justicecan be defined as “The rights of the weak, aged,destitute, poor, women, children and other under-privileged persons” that creates just and fair socialorder to one and all. In other word it can be saidas a revolutionary idea which includes both theeconomic as well as social justice.

According to Utilitarian, social justice isbeing one of the dimensions of justice whichstands for fraternity, with a view to create suchhuman social conditions which ensures free andfair development of all human being7. In fact itgives preferential treatment for creation sectionsof the population who has been deprived ofcertain values for ages, with a view to bring themon equal footing with other sections of thepopulation.

According to John Rawl, the concept ofsocial justice refers to all social primary goods-liberty and opportunity, income and wealth andthe basis of self respect are to be distributedequally unless an unequal distribution of any orall of these goods is to the advantage of the leastfavoured8. “ Social primary goods” specified byRawls are of particular importance, for the fairdistribution of them, namely liberty andopportunity, income and wealth and basis of selfrespect in a society will undoubtedly help toachieve the much needed social justice. Anotheraspect of his theory is that while emphasis on theequal distribution of the “Social primary goods”he envisages “an unequal distribution” of the said“social primary goods” if such unequal distributiongoes “to the advantage of the least favored”. Inenvisaging such “unequal distribution of the socialprimary goods to benefit the least favoured” inthe society, he rightly realized that equal

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distribution of the “social primary goods “in anunequal or hierarchical society would result inperpetuating the already existing inequality andthe social justice would become a cry in thewilderness. The “least favoured “in every societymust be given initial advantage to compete withthe most favoured in the society by the unequaldistribution of “social primary goods’ to theadvantage of the least favored. In enunciatingthis view, Rawls seems to have anticipated thedoctrine of “Protective Discrimination” embodiedin the constitution of India. John Rawls consideredjustice as central to the legal system or rather tothe civilization itself9. Reiterating Aristotelianconcept of equality amidst equals or in proportionto equal conditions in the matter of opportunitiesand liberties, he regarded that any deviation fromthe rule is justified only for giving better protectionof the least advantaged individuals or class ofpersons in the society.

Another important juries, whose writingshave great impact on the concept of social justiceis Roscoe Pound. He classified three legallyprotected interests; they are Public interest, Socialinterest, and Private interest10. In his socialinterests he enumerates six important “socialinterest”11 and his sixth principle of social interestis very relevant to the concept of social justice.According to his sixth principle, there is socialinterest in the individual human life, which isdescribed by him as the claim or want or demandinvolved in civilized society that each individualbe able to live a human life therein according tothe standards of the society. This principle isconsidered as by Roscoe Pound as the mostimportant of all.

In view of Justice K. Ramawsamy:

“‘Social justice’ is an integral part of justicein the generic sense, justice is the genus, of whichsocial justice one of its species, social justice is a

dynamic devise to mitigate the sufferings of thepoor, weak, dalits, tribals and deprived sectionsof the society and to elevate them to the levels ofequality to live a life with dignity of person. Socialjustice is not a simple or single idea of a societybut is an essential part of complex social changeto relieve the poor etc. from handicaps, penuryto ward off distress and to make their life livable,for greater good of the society at large. In otherwords, the aim of social justice is to attainsubstantial degree of social, economic and politicalequality, which is the legitimate expectation andconstitutional goal. In a developing society likeours, steeped with unbridgeable and ever wideninggaps catalyst, rub icon to the poor etc to reachthe ladder of social justice.”

Since social justice is a part of the schemeof justice itself, such special measures shall neitherbe disproportionate nor is arbitrary .It a socialhappiness which is guaranteed by a just socialorder.

In India, The Supreme Court has alsoexplained the concept of social justice i.e. theconstitution commands “justice, liberty, quality, andfraternity as supreme values to usher in theegalitarian social, economic and politicaldemocracy”. As observed by the Hon’ble courtin M. Nagraj “ social justice is concerned withthe distribution of benefits and burdens. The basisof distribution in the area of conflict betweenrights needs and means. These three criteria canbe put under two concepts of quality namely“formal equality” and “protective equality” Formalequality means that law treats every one equal.The concept of egalitarian equality is the conceptof proportional quality and it expects the states totake affirmative actions in favour ofdisadvantaged sections of society within the framework of democratic policy.12

Justice Krishna Iyar a former judge of the

A Vision of Social Justice and Dr. Ambedkar..


supreme court of India once said, “Social justiceis not but conscience, not verbal borrowing fromlike documents but the social force of the supremelaw”. Social justice is people oriented; legal justiceis canalized, controlled and conferred by law13.It is the product of social injustice which seeks toremove all social and economic inequalities andensure equality of status and equality ofopportunity.

Although, the ward social justice is notdefined in the Indian constitution but it is relativeconcept taking in its wings the time andcircumstances, the people their backwardness,blood, sweat and tears14.

The creator’s contribution:

In India, the Constitution considers state asa form of social welfare organ which can meetthe needs of the Indian people. The fathers ofthe Indian Constitution had the dream of a newsocial, economic and political order, the soul ofwhich was social justice. Through the Constitutionthey have brought a renaissance in the conceptof social justice which weaves a trinity of it in thepreamble, the fundamental rights, and the directiveprinciples of state policies and this trinity is the“the core of the commitments to the socialrevolution15. This is the conscience of ourConstitution. The preamble of the IndianConstitution is the mirror of social justice. Itprovides social, economic and political justice tothe citizen of sovereign, socialist, secular,democratic, republic of India.

Ambedkar being the chief architect ofthe Indian Constitution was fully aware of theexisting pattern and problems of the society andtheir conflicting interests. Through his Words andworks he tried his best to reflect the same in itstrue spirit by means of the legal frame work forthe upliftment of the downtrodden sections of

Indian society in various relevant provisions ofthe Indian constitution. The Provisions which aimsat preventing discrimination and promoting socialjustice are the Fundamental Rights – Article 14guaranteeing equality before the law and equalprotection of law, Article 15 prohibitsdiscrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste,sex or place of birth. Article 17 calls for abolitionof untouchability. Besides these the DirectivePrinciples of State Policy are designed to securesocial justice. Although this part of Constitutionis not enforceable by any court16. However theprinciples laid down there are neverthelessfundamental in the governance of the country andit shall be the duty of the state to apply theseprinciples in making laws. Other Articles for theupliftment of depressed classes include. Article330 reservation of seats and representation forSCs and STs in the Lok Sabha. Article 332

reservation of seats for SCs and STs in thestate assembly. Article 334 reservation of seatsin all Government bodies. It was his primeconcern that the prime duty of a state is to ensureoperation of all legal system promote so that itwill excess to every citizen and nobody will bedenied to any economic or any other socialdisabilities. But more than six decades experienceshow that unfortunately state has been failed toprotect and safeguard the interests of the weakersections of the society. So Dr. Ambedkar hadrightly added one thing by saying that the taskcannot be successfully accomplished unless itwas carried out with a fuller degree of sincerityof politician, judges and bureaucrats combinedwith the cooperation of the common people.

Amberkar’s quest for social justice can alsobe visualized in the philosophy, policy and idealsof the constitution of India. He had of the opinionthat social justice can be dispensed in a free socialorder in which an individual is end in itself.

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Therefore he fought relentlessly to establish asociety based on democratic ideas of liberty,equality and fraternity. He was always in favourof establishment of socio-economic and politicalequality as a concrete policy. According to him, itis quite essential to realize that politicaldemocracy cannot be succeed where there isno social and economic democracy. So he pleadedthe realization of economic and social democracyin India. Democracy for him was not a form ofGovt., but a form of social organization.17 Heused to say no doubt it requires the very existenceof strong opposition, equality before law andhonest administration, observation ofconstitutional morality and public conscience.Moreover the success of democracy dependsupon the person who constitutes, develop andmastermind it, i.e. the man behind thedemocracy.18 His philosophy was occupied withsocial amelioration, political enlightenment andspiritual awakening. In this way he advocated theconcept of state socialism. His concept of statesocialism is different from the concept of Marxistsocialism. His state of socialism is not based onbloody revolution. He believed that bringingsocialism is the duty and responsibility of the stateand it is the state shall provide protection againsteconomic exploitation and shall work towardsmaking egalitarian society.

In concise, the real contribution of Dr.Ambedkar is reflected in the protectivediscrimination scheme of the governmentenvisaged under some provisions of Part III andPart IV dealing with the constitutional mandatefor the schedule caste and schedule tribes andother backward classes. The Article 15(4) andArticle 16(4) of Part III and Part XI and scheduleV and VI dealing with upliftment of schedulecaste and schedule tribes speak clearly about thesubstantial contribution of Ambedkar for the

development of untouchables. He was very muchconcerned and serious about this and towardsthe overall development and welfare of theweaker sections of the society. The contents ofAmbedkar’s concept of social justice includedunity and equality of all human beings, equal worthof men and women, respect for the weak andthe lowly, regard for human rights, benevolence,mutual love, sympathy, tolerance and charitytowards fellow being. Humane treatment in allcases, dignity of all citizens, abolition of Castedistinctions, education and property for all andgood will and gentleness, He emphasized moreon fraternity and emotional integration. For thispurpose he fought relentlessly for their bettermentand showed a path of progress for the depressedsection of people through constitutional reforms.He was of the view that social justice alone couldlead to social harmony and social stability. It washis belief that a democracy which enslaves theclass that is devoid of education, means of life,any power of organization, intelligence, is nodemocracy but a mockery of democracy.According to him social and economic democracycan only make political democracy meaningful.He had emphasized on humane treatment in allcases dignity of all citizens, abolition of Castedistinctions, education and property for all andgood will and gentleness. Moreover he hasemphasized more on fraternity and emotionalintegration. His view on social justice was toremove man-made inequalities of all shadesthrough law, morality and public conscience; hestood for justice for a sustainable society19.

Ambedkar believed that everyone has somevalue contribution in the civic order, in which helives. Therefore, everyone must have an equalshare in the determination or making of the lawof his land. He demands that the protection oflaw, equally and ethically, be accorded to every



member, without any distinction. It was his strongbelief that the rights are equal and common to allhumans. He used to say that ‚we are demandingequal rights which are the common possessionof the entire humanity but due to inhibitionscreated by the Shastras we have been deniedthese basic human rights. He further says thatrights are protected not by law but by the socialand moral conscience of society. If socialconscience is such that it is prepared to recognizethe rights, which law chooses to enact, rights willbe safe and secure. But if the fundamental rightsare opposed by the community, no law, noparliament, no judiciary can guarantee them inthe real sense of the word. The equality beforelaw is in the main foundation social equality. Theeconomic equality emphasizes the quality ofopportunity. It is a legitimate demand of thepresent generation, worth and works. Hesuggested that the state controls through the lawof constitution. It can provide everyone with fullequality of opportunity as one part of social justice.In this case, state socialism is a worthyproposition, which envisages the placing of someeconomic restraints by the state upon the ownersof the means of production everyone with fullequality of opportunity as one part of social justice.

It was his view that individual and societyis supplement and complement to each other andthus both gets strength and benefit from eachother.20 He was in favour of that establishmentof socio-economic and political equality as aconcrete policy. His concept of social justice isbased on unity and quality of all human beings,regards for human rights, benevolence, mutuallove, sympathy, tolerance and charity towardsfellow beings. He had a firmly belief that peopleshould not only get political and economic freedombut also get social justice so that an era of socialinequalities should end in free India, irrespective

of caste, creed, and party politics. 21 Heemphasized more on fraternity and emotionalintegration. His view of social justice was toremove man-made inequalities of all shadesthrough law, morality and public conscience. Tohim real democracy was a social democracy. Hewanted that there must neither be an oppressedclass nor a suppressed class. He preached that‘worth’ and not ‘birth’ should shape the life ofthe individual in any country.22

To conclude, Dr. Ambedkar was a toweringfigure of astonishing vision and mission whichspoke against social and economic inequalities andworked all his life the upliftment of the depressedclass. A bare perusal to his words and works itshows that he was much concerned for invokingconstitutional means for assuring social justice bywiping out grave socio-economic injustice writlarge on the face of India. He wanted such asociety free from social vices and economicinfirmities of inequality which consequently erodethe social fabric of a society culminating in itsdisintegration by relentless simmering of largemajority of have-nots and social ostracized. Inthis way he had given the whole responsibility tostate to do social justice with oppressedcommunities. But what our experiences showthat sometimes state has failed to fulfill itsresponsibility. Consequently, India is facing manyinternal problems like growing caste tensions,Naxalism etc in many parts of the country. So hehas rightly said that rights cannot be protected bylaws but the social and moral conscience ofsociety. If social conscience is such that it isprepared to recognize the rights, which lawchooses to protect rights will be safe and secure.If the fundamental rights are opposed by thecommunity, no law, no parliament no judiciary canguarantee them in the real sense of the term.Hence, his main emphasis was that Indians should

29

develop character and integrity in economic andsocial fields for qualitative change in life toachieve the goal of democracy. He believed thatlaw is an important powerful weapon to fightagainst discrimination. Dalit and non-dalitcommunity shall come forward to understand ofhis idea. In this way he was much concernedabout over all development of vulnerable sectionof the Indian society and demolished exertingcastes discrimination by enacting constitution, andcontinued his struggle through his life to eradicatesorrow and suffering from the lives of the peopleto ensure both social and economic prosperity.Therefore, his notion of social justice is relevantin contemporary Indian society to accomplish justsociety within the framework of constitutional andlegal methods. It means that he wanted peopleshould not only get political and economic freedombut also get social justice as well so that an era ofsocial inequalities should end in India. Let usrealize the said value and become conscious ofthe need of the hour by participating in formattingthe democratic values to bring heaven on earth.It is high time for all of us to see that with duedeference to the noble soul of the great son ofIndia. As true Indians we should take serious noteof the ‘enemies within’ and try our level best tofrustrate the evil and treacherous designs byholding the country together.

Endnote

1 Dr. Susanta Kumar Shadangi, Asst Prof.ICFAI University Dehradun.

2 Mr.Atul Gulati, Advocate by professionand imparting training for Judicial Exami-nation aspirants., Dehradun.

3 Surendra singh “ Dr. Ambedkar contribu-tion to social Justice”, Rawat pub, 2005, P.78

4 Ibid. P. 81.5 5 Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics.6 Roger Cotterrell, “ Why must ideas be in-

terpreted Sociologically?” 25 journal of lawand society 171 extracted in MDA Free-man.

7 Nazzer. H. Khan, “ B. R. Ambedkar onfederalism, ethnicity and gender justice”Deep and Deep Pub, New Delhi, P. 151.

8 John Rawl’s “ theory of justice” UniversalLaw Pub. Delhi, 2002. P. 44.

9 John Rawl ’s, Theory of Justice ( 1972) atpp. 1,303.

10 Friedman W. “ Legal Theory” 5th Edn.Universal Law Pub. Delhi, 2002, P.336.

11 Ibid. P. 337.12 M. Nagaraj v. Union of India, (2006) 8

SCC: AIR 2007 SC71.13 Krishna Iyar “B.R. Ambedkar Centenary,

Social Justice and the Undone vast Jus-tice” B.R Pub. Delhi, 1991, P.141.

14 Mohamed Shabbir “Ambedkar on Law,Constitution and social Justice” Rawat Pub,Jaipur, 2005, P.130.

15 Ibid, p. 131.16 Article 37 of the Constitution of India,17 B.R. Ambedkar States and Minorities

(1952), P. 12518 M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of thoughts, First

Edition, p. 352.19 Purohit B.R, Sandeep Joshi, “Social justice

in India” Rawat Pub, Jaipur, 2003, P.189.20 See M.S Golwalkar, Buch of Thoughts, P.

20.21 G.S. Lokhande, Bhim Rao RamjiAmbedkar,

A study in social Democracy ( 1982), P.XI.22 W. N. Kuber Builders of New Indian ( First

Edition) P 32.

*****



“Role of Working Capital Management in Liquidity of the IndianCeramic Industry- A Primary Study”

*Mr. Kalpesh U Suthar**(Dr). Paresh Shah,

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of working capital management in Liquidity ofIndian ceramic industry. In every business working capital management is most important actto continuation of business activities; to achieving business goal. The presented paper includesthe explanation of primary knowledge of Working Capital Management in all types of compa-nies. In this study, working capital management is defined using the argument of previousstudies.

Key Words: Working capital management, Liquidity, Ceramic Industry

*(M.Com, B.Ed, GSET)Research Scholar, Rai University, Saroda.Visiting Lecturer, D D Thakar Arts and K J Patel Commerce collage, Khedbrahma**[FCMA, Ph.D.(Finance), Alumni of IIM, Ahmedabad]Accredited Management Teacher and Researcher Professor; Rai University, Saroda

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

Introduction:

In this paper researcher explained roleof working capital management in ceramicindustries using the previous study and otherreferences. Every company is run their activitiesusing the working capital. In traditionalmanagement method; company feel absence ofworking capital management. But in modernapproach of management, Working capitalmanagement is essential and academic act to runbusiness and to goal achievement of anycompany. “Working capital management is theart - and increasingly the science - of organizinga company’s short term resources to sustainongoing activities, mobilize funds and optimize

liquidity1.” This paper includes 15 review ofpaper regarding comment on role of workingcapital management in liquidity. Further study isas follow.

Objectives of study:

The general objective of this study is toexamine the role of working capital managementin ceramic industries and to know how it examinesby various researcher and accountant.

Limitation of study:

The study is based on review of literature;research paper of the previous study and otherreferences. So it may be not explain proper effectsof working capital management; or may be the

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periodical changes affect to this study. In case ofunavailability of research paper on ceramic andgranite industry of working capital management;other paper will be studied and explained likecommon phrase.

Review of literature:

Dr.R.Kavitha and Dr.R.Shanmugam(August,2016) studied on the Impact of capitalexpenditure on working capital management forthe period of 2004-05 to 2013-14. Study paperbased on secondary data. Sample size of 21 largepharmaceutical firms of India, with the use ofvarious ratios (i.e. NLB, WCR, CAPEX etc.) andthe statistical tools. They compared dependentand independent variables through correlationanalysis. Output of the study report are (1) Netliquidity balance, W.C. requirement and Capitalexpenditure show high variation. (2) Positivecorrelation seems between Net liquidity andOCASH and G.R. (3) Negative correlation seemsbetween Net liquidity balance and LEV.

George William Collins (Octobr, 1946)wrote an article regarding “Analysis of WorkingCapital” in publication of American AccountingAssociation “The Accounting Review(Vol.21No.4)” with the illustrative presentation and showsummery of working capital with varioustransaction affected to the WC by using variouscomparatively tables and forms like Balancesheet.

James A. Gentry and Other (Spring-Summer, 1979) wrote a paper on ‘AnInternational Study of Management Perceptionsof The Working Capital Process’ for the periodof December-1974 to March-1975 to study shortterm resources. They collected primary data of500 industry by interview and secondary data ofpublished data. They have studied on workingcapital management with accounting tools like

analysis of variance test, cash statement andstatistical technique like chi-square and ANOVAfor determinate of related objectives. The resultshows that short run objectives are not related tolong run financial management.

Greg filbeck and others(spring, 2007)had worked on “Working Capital survey(ofselected firms work for shareholder)” by usingsecondary data to find out investor view ininvestment regarding working capital withexamine of stock market. They have tested for1997 to 2000 of various company and prove thatmarket price of shares are dependent on workingcapital; it shows that the investors are use workingcapital information to invest in the company.

Colin park(July, 1951) studied on workingcapital and the operating cycle; for the year endedon December 31st,1950. Colin had computed bulkof product to find operating cycle; arithmeticaverages and weighted averages are also usedon current and non-current assets.

Joseph A. Mauriello(Jan, 1962) wrote areport on the working capital concept – Arestatement on the basis of AICPApronouncement and illustrative explanation forpresenting operating cycle and non-operatingcycle items; with use of the current assets andcurrent liabilities.

James L. Gibson(July, 1964) review thepaper on working capital; worked by Colin Parkand John W Gladson. He compared the both paperand given classification of wealth (i) Consumableand (ii) Secondary; for make recommendation omitintangibles, use current exchange value and makeappropriate adjustment to approximate realincome.

Surbhi Jain and Other(July, 2017) havewrote on “Impact of capital structure onprofitability of Indian manufacturing industries for

“Role of Working Capital Management in Liquidity of the Indian..


the period of 2011 to 2015, study is based onsecondary data using a panel regression model(fixed effect regression and random effectregression). Short term debt and Long term debtare compared to total capital employed. Resultof the study is shows negative impact of capitalstructure on profitability. The theory proposed bymodi gilani and miller(1963); shows the firmshould use more debt capital as possible tomaximize its value, does not hold true in the contextof Indian manufacturing companies.

Divahar Sundar Nadar and Other(April,2017) have studied on “An empirical study andanalysis of the capital structure and workingcapital of Indian textile industry” for the periodof 2006-07 to 2015-16 with secondary data fromBSE and HDFC web sites to analysis of trendand component analysis for capital structure andworking capital. Result of the study shows majorworking capital is locked in inventory andreceivable(i.e. debtors). So they demanding morecash as working capital. Thus it can said thatIndian textile sector need efficient effective andeconomic working capital management.

Vatsal and Ruchi(August, 2014) studiedon “Relationship between working capitalmanagement and profitability: A comparison ofsteel and cement industries of India” withsecondary data from company’s web site andmoneycontrol.com for the period of 2009 to 2013using pearson’s correlation and linear regressionas statistical tools. They presented analysis bydescriptive and quantitative. The paper showsboth the types of industry have same relationshipbetween working capital management andprofitability as finding of Deloof(2003), Shahidali(2011) and vida et al(2011).

v Nirmal Chakraborty(February,2015) studied on “working capital management

and its impact on liquidity and profitability: Anempirical study of Britannia industries” usingpublished data in annual report of the companyfor the period of 2000 to 2013. Paper includesuse of technique of ratio analysis and spearman’srank correlation to find out relation sheep betweenliquidity and profitability. Paper includes uses of‘T’ test. Paper presented current ratio, quick ratioand net profit margin; which is not satisfactory.Company’s credit policy is found to be better.Inventory holding position is much better. Thereare positive relationship between liquidity andprofitability.

M. Sumathy and S. SeethaLakshmi(March, 2015) studied on “workingCapital Structure and Liquidity Analysis of Oiland Gas Industry” using the data five oil and gasindustry of India, Data was collected from theweb site of moneycontrol.com. Paper containvarious ratios, averages and ANOVA by MSexcel software. Conclusion show no soundliquidity position among the oil and gas industry.

R sangitha and N saravanan(October,2016) studied on “working capital managementin cement industries in ariyalur –A comparativestudy” for the period of 2011 to 2015; isquantitative research based on secondary datafrom moneycontrol.com(web portal), selectedcompany’s websites, books and research report.The study of working capital management ofcement companies were analysed by net workingcapital, current assets to total assets ratio anddescriptive statistics. Analysis are presentedthrough tables and various types group. Papersuggested that the companies should maintaingood working capital management.

Aslam and Dr.Aziz(July, 2016) studiedon “Impact of working capital and firm size onfirm performance: An evidence from BRIC

33

automobile industry” for the period of 2000-2015;data was collected from The Stock ExchangeKarachi of automobile listed 25 firms/companyof BRIC. Study is based on five variables- DOL,Sales log, DFL, CR and EBIT using descriptivestatistics table, ANOVA and Regression analysistable. Co-efficient correlations of financial leaseshows positive impact, operating lease showsnegative relations and size of the firm is directlyrelated to the performance and growth of thefirm.

Subrata Mukharjee(Sept-Oct, 2016) hasworked on “Working capital management of ACClimited” using 10 years secondary data of 2004-05 to 2013-14. Study includes various ratio usingsecondary data from final account of ACC ltd.Study includes the use of regression analysis tocompare liquidity factors and profitability factorsusing co-efficient of inventory, turnover, currentratio, working capital turnover and sales; provedthat there are some relation between workingcapital and profitability. Company has low costequity fund so, it cannot use Debt. Managementis using the internal sources to finance.

Indian ceramic industries:

Ceramics also known as fire clay is aninorganic, non-metallic solid article, which isproduced by the art or technique of heat andsubsequent cooling. Ceramics is a diverse industryand contains several categories of products,including sanitary ware, refractories, cement,advanced ceramics and ceramic tiles. Ceramicproducts like crockery, sanitary ware, tiles etcplay a very important role in our daily life. This isbecause, apart from their decorative look, ceramicproducts are primarily hygiene products. This isalso one of the chief reasons for their wide usagein bathrooms and kitchens in modern householdsto medical centers, laboratories, milk booths,schools, public conveniences etc. The ceramic

industry has a long history, with the first instanceof functional pottery vessels being used for storingwater and food, being thought to be around since9,000 or 10,000 BC. Clay bricks were also madearound the same time. The ceramic industry hasbeen modernizing continuously, by newerinnovations in product design, quality etc2.

Working capital management:

Working capital management ismanagerial work to maintain daily finance. Inother word working capital management is themanagement of the short-term investment andfinancing of a company. Main aims of the workingcapital management are adequate cash flow foroperation and most productive use of resources.There are so many factors affects to WC. i.e.Company size and growth rates, Organizationalstructure, Borrowing & Investing position,Banking facilities, Rates of interest, Economy etc.For long, the discipline of working capitalmanagement involved around manufacturing andtrading as these were the dominant economicactivities of the time. Net working Capital is basedon ‘Gone concern approach’ and ‘Going concernapproach3’ (A.Doukas, 2015)

Liquidity:

Liquidity refers to a company’s cashposition and its ability to pay its bills as they comedue. The phrase “Cash position” is not limited tocash on hand and in the bank. It includes accessto bank loans and short term investment as well.Liquidity should not be confused with profitabilityor net worth; a company could earn accountingincome with significant assets and yet go insolventfor lack of working capital4.

Working capital cycle is very important todetermination of WC. And the duration of WC isdepending on the nature of business. For exampleXYZ co. holds raw material for 45 days, it gets



credit from supplier for 15 days, productionprocess needs 10 days, finished products residuein store for 25 days; so total WC cycle:45+15+10+25=95 days.

Figure 1: Working Capital Cycle

Conclusion:

Working capital management is a part ofa general enterprise strategy to its valuemaximization. Working capital includes rawmaterials, work in progress materials, finishedgoods inventories, account receivable andoperational cash balance. Thus it is necessary tomanagement of all particulars of working capital.Working capital management is related to firm’s

profitability, size of the firm, type of the companyor firm, cash flow, sales growth and level ofleverage. After all over it can be says that theeffected factors are so many but it is dependingon working capital manager or financial managerto proper use of financial tools. Skilled,circumspect and qualified finance manager canmanage working capital properly. It can be seenin study of ACC Ltd. Management is efficientlymanaging the components of working capital.

Study of oil and gas industry conclude the nagativeresult of variable taken in it. Working capitalmanagement plays a critical role in handling day-to-day affairs of cement industries and in studyof steel and cement industries; impact ofprofitability is also seems.

Bibliography:

A.Doukas, J. (2015). The fundamental of

35

financial statement analysis as applied tothe coca-cola company. wiley: Business ex-pert press.

Bhattacharya, H. (2014). Working Capitalmanagement. In H. Bhattacharya, Work-ing Capital management (p. 24). Delhi: PHILearning Pvt. Ltd.

Chakraborty, N. (February-2015). Work-ing capital management and its impact inliquidity and profitability: An empirical studyof Britania industries. IJMIE , Vol. 5, Is-sue-2.

Kamal Naser, R. N.-H. (January-2013).Factors influencing corporate workingcapital management: Evidence From anemerging economy. Journal of Contempo-rary Issues in Business Research , 5-8.

Laffer. (1970). WCM. lakshmi, D. M. (2015). Working capital

Structure and liquidity analysis of oil andgas industry. Zenith international journal ofbusiness economics and management re-search .

Michalski, G. (April-2014). Value-basedworking capital management: DeterminingLiquid assets levels in Entrepreneurial En-vironment. Europe: Grzegorz Michalski.

Mukharjee, D. S. (Sept-Oct 2016). Work-ing capital management of ACC ltd.TRANS Asian journal of marketing andmanagement research .

N.Saravanan, R. a. (October-2016). Work-ing capital management in cement indus-

tries in ariyalur- a comparative study. Ze-nith international Journal of business eco-nomics and management research , vol.6(10) 1-10.

Other, S. J. (July-2017). Impact of capitalstructure on Profitability of Indian manu-facturing firms. Asian Research Consor-tium , Vol.7, issue-7 (299-306).

plewski, M. a. (2006). Working capital man-agement.

Preve, L. A. (2010). Working capital man-agement. New York: Oxford Universitypress.

Sagner, J. S. (2011). Essential of workingcapital management. New Jersey: JohnWiley and sons.

Sagner, J. S. (2010). Essentials of workingcapital management. New Jersey: JohnWiley and Sons.

Sagner, J. S. (2014). Working Capital Man-agement. In J. S. Sagner, Working CapitalManagement (p. 17). Hoboken, New Jer-sey: John Wiley & Sons.

sagner, J. (2014). Working capital manage-ment. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

Sharma, D. S. (Auguest-2014). Relation-ship between working capital mangementand profitability: A comparision steel andcement industries of India. IJMIE , Vol-4,Issue 8.

www.investopedia.com. (n.d.).

*****



Nutrition and Health Promotion in Adults

Archanaben Himmatsingh Rajput*

During recent decades, the concept of health promotion has become a legitimate partof health care because of the aging of the postwar baby boom generation. As thispopulation ages, the potential strain on health care systems will increase because thegreatest use of health care services occurs during the last years of life. In older adultsthere are many correctable health factors that can be assessed through screeningprotocols. Hypertension, cholesterol, hearing, vision, diabetes, and cancer screeningare well integrated into health promotion programs; nutrition promotion programs arenot as well integrated. Reluctance to develop health promotion programs for olderadults exists because of a perception that they would not follow such plans or changetheir lifestyles. However, longitudinal studies have shown that health promotion activi-ties extend the number of years of health in older people although the relationshipweakens in older age. Changes in diet and exercise patterns are most effective in theprevention of nutrition-related conditions when they are instituted early in life, butpositive effects can occur at any age. If nutritional interventions are instituted early, asubstantial reduction in health care expenditures may result from a decrease in theincidence or the delayed onset of these conditions. Changes in behaviors (reducingsalt and fat intake) were positively associated with a belief that consuming a healthfuldiet would contribute to better health. The use of a variety of adult education theoriesand models will enhance behavior changes that lead to more healthful habits andenable a health educator to be successful in effecting change.

Introduction

In recent decades the concept of healthpromotion as a proactive activity has become alegitimate part of health care. The publication ofthe U.S. Public Health Service agenda, HealthyPeople 2010, laid out guidelines to supportachievement of a vision of improved health forall Americans (1). Changes in diet and exercisepatterns are most effective in the prevention ofnutrition-related conditions when they areinstituted early in life, but positive effects can

occur at any age. Health promotion activities,including changes in dietary habits, can contributeto an increase in life expectancy and better healthand can be incorporated into routine care for allolder adults (2). Primary prevention, used toprevent the onset of disease, may be a lesserstrategy with older adults; secondary prevention,used to identify and treat or cure diseases in theirpresymptomatic stage or to prevent theprogression of disease may be more appropriateand successful for this age group (3)(4).

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

* Research Scholar, M.Sc. (Food & Nutrition)

37

Health promotion is an important focus inthe present health care environment. As thepopulation ages, the potential strain on health caresystems will increase because the greatest useof health care services occurs during the lastyears of life (5)(6).

Older women are a particular target groupbecause they live, on average, 7 years longer thanmen and tend to have disabilities during their lateryears (5). The conditions that contribute the mostto disability are heart disease, cancer, stroke,fracture, pneumonia, osteoarthritis, and cataracts,almost all of which may be affected by nutritionalinterventions (3)(7)(8)

Any preventive health care or health carepromotion should be based on recommendationsderived from sound research or a preponderanceof epidemiological data. Conditions that areassociated with nutritional habits and that mayrespond to secondary prevention strategiesinclude obesity, hypertension, diabetes,osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease (9).

There is some reluctance to develop healthpromotion programs for older adults because ofa perception that older adults will not follow suchplans or change their lifestyles. Questions aboutthe willingness to alter health behaviors arecertainly legitimate. However, longitudinal studieshave shown that health promotion activitiesextend the number of years of health in olderpeople, although the relationship weakens in olderage.

One way to assess the likelihood ofinstituting change is to examine health beliefs ofolder adults to determine whether there is arelationship between beliefs and behaviors.Changes in behaviors (reducing salt and fatintake) were positively associated with a beliefthat consuming a healthful diet would contribute

to better health. The use of a variety of adulteducation theories and models will enhancebehavior changes that lead to more healthfulhabits . For older adults, setting goals through acollaborative arrangement that becomes apartnership between the individual and the healthcare professional may contribute to greateradherence to a health promotion plan becausethe older individual has participated in setting thegoals and the program is individualized. Successfulprograms build on existing social support systemsand cultural or ethnic beliefs or traditions . Peereducators, particularly if they have a backgroundsimilar to that of their clients, often are positiverole models but may require training and nutritioninformation from expert coaches.

Given the opportunity to obtain informationand accessible health services that focus onchanging health behaviors to improve health status,lower the risk of disability, and improve quality oflife, elderly people will participate in healthpromotion programs and make changes thatimprove their health behaviors . Studies indicatethat there is a benefit to health promotion and areduction in health care costs for those who arewilling to make changes.

In a series of studies that examined healthpromotion programs for rural elderly adults withouteasy access to health services, Medicarebeneficiaries were offered disease prevention andhealth promotion services including smokingcessation, physical activity, nutrition, alcoholcounseling, and immunizations. The investigatorsfound that rural elderly adults will participate inhealth promotion programs if they are encouragedto do so by their physicians, if it is paid for byMedicare, and if they have post-high schooleducation. An essential component of theseprograms involves altering nutritional behaviorsto achieve goals that include lowering cholesterol,



managing weight, increasing dietary fiber, andincreasing the consumption of fruits andvegetables.

Diet as a Factor in Health

Diet is a major factor in the development ofconditions and diseases, including non-insulin-dependent diabetes, coronary heart disease,atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer—5 of the 10leading causes of death in the United States.There is much speculation that if nutritionalinterventions are instituted early, health careexpenditures will be significantly reduced as aresult of a decrease in the incidence or thedelayed onset of these conditions.

Dietary Fat and Cholesterol as RiskFactors

Despite public health messages that focuson reducing fat intake (and, theoretically,decreasing total energy intake at the same time),the incidence of obesity in the Americanpopulation has increased. There is strong evidencethat obesity is associated with cardiovascular riskas well as a higher incidence of hypertension,hyperlipidemia, and diabetes in both older menand women.

Several risk factors for coronary heartdisease are, for the most part, the same formiddle-aged and elderly adults. Female genderhas a positive effect up to middle age, but thatinfluence dissipates in later life. Although theinfluence of total cholesterol as a predictor ofrelative risk for coronary heart disease decreaseswith age, levels of total, low-density lipoprotein(LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol are still strong predictors of absolutecoronary disease risk. Data from the Framinghamstudy and the Multiple Risk Factor InterventionTrial demonstrate that attributable risk (the riskof those with the lowest cholesterol subtracted

from those with the highest cholesterol) increaseswith age although relative risk decreases. In theFramingham study, data indicate that for a 1%rise in cholesterol there is a 2% rise in coronaryartery disease (CAD), yet for a 1% increase inHDL cholesterol levels there was a 2% fall inCAD. Castelli. reports that most physiciansaggressively treat patients when cholesterol levelsare above 300 mg/dl, but the majority of heartattacks occur in individuals who have cholesterollevels between 200 and 250 mg/dl. Strategies toincrease HDL levels while lowering LDLcholesterol to the total cholesterol:HDLcholesterol ratio of 3.5 or less are recommended.There appears to be a greater benefit or decreasein attributable risk associated with a decrease inan elevated cholesterol to the midrange ofcholesterol levels and less gained by loweringcholesterol levels to below the midrange.

Contradictory evidence—a lack ofassociation between cholesterol and coronaryheart disease mortality and morbidity in elderlyadults—has been reported by others.

Heart Disease Prevention

Diet is a primary intervention in theprevention of heart disease. Whether dietaryinterventions will have a measurable benefit inolder people has been explored on a limited basis;most intervention trials are conducted on high-risk younger adults. One trial that included elderlysubjects (age range 50–89 years) was a VeteransHealth Administration study that took 8 years totest a cholesterol-lowering diet (40% of energyfrom fat; two thirds of fat from vegetable sourcesand one third from animal sources). Although therewas less than complete compliance, the resultsindicated a decrease in cholesterol levels in bothmiddle-aged and elderly subjects if their baselinecholesterol was 233 mg/dL or higher. Subjectswho had a baseline cholesterol below 233 mg/dL

39

had no measurable change in their cholesterollevels. The benefit of the dietary interventionappears to be a reduction in atherosclerosis andcoronary heart disease mortality.

Other intervention programs that includedor were specifically targeted at elderly subjectsalso demonstrated a reduction in risk factors forcardiovascular disease. The Minnesota HeartHealth Program included elderly subjects incommunities in Minnesota, North Dakota, andSouth Dakota. The results of this study indicatedthat detectable disease rate differences close tothe study goal of 15% were achieved after anintervention and education program that spanneda 10-year period. The endpoints includedreduction in serum cholesterol, systolic bloodpressure, smoking, and saturated fat intake thatcontributed to a decreased rate of death fromcoronary vascular disease and stroke; strokemortality was not affected.

Another community-based study, theAustralian North Coast Cholesterol CheckCampaign, demonstrated that nutrition counselingand physician referrals contributed to a reductionof blood cholesterol levels in ahypercholesterolemic population. The programstrategy was to screen, counsel, refer, and retestparticipants. Other investigators suggested thata 5% reduction in cholesterol levels in Australiawould save millions of dollars per year in medicalcosts; costs for the program were a fraction($100,000–$150,000) of the projected savings.Participants in the Australian North CoastCholesterol Check Campaign reduced theircholesterol 6%–10% and maintained lower levelsfor at least a year.

The Rural Health Promotion Project, anintervention study conducted with Medicarebeneficiaries in Pennsylvania, reported asignificant reduction in serum cholesterol levels

with a medication intervention. The reduction inserum cholesterol was 6%, approximately 16 mg/dl, which would be consistent with a 12%–18%decrease in heart attack risk; however, those whodemonstrated the greatest decrease in serumcholesterol were those who had the highest riskand were treated most aggressively withmedication. Mortality rates were not reported.

Cumulative evidence from epidemiological,clinical, and laboratory studies has led torecommendations of a diet low in saturated fatand cholesterol for the prevention or treatmentof coronary heart disease. The question remainsas to whether treatment to lower cholesterol isreasonable for elderly individuals. Some evidenceindicates that cholesterol-lowering therapy mayimprove quality of life rather than extend lifeexpectancy. Often, older individuals haveconcurrent chronic conditions that may precludechanges in diet or the inclusion of additionalmedications. For reasonably healthy elderlyadults, cholesterol-lowering may extend theirhealthy years. In a Danish prospective study thatfollowed postmenopausal women for 12 years,the investigators found that a measurement ofserum total cholesterol gives a good estimate oflong-term cholesterol status, thereby identifyingthose for whom early intervention should beconsidered. Individuals who have only a few riskfactors can be treated conservatively with dietand exercise. The American Heart Association(AHA) Step 1 diet is generally recommended,but for such a regimen to be successful in elderlyindividuals, the diet must be easy to follow andnutritionally adequate. In an examination of theeffects of the Step 1 diet followed by a weight-loss regimen in postmenopausal women, theinvestigators found that although the Step 1 dietimproves lipoprotein lipid profiles of obesepostmenopausal women, weight loss is necessary



to reduce risk factors of obese postmenopausalwomen with normal lipid levels Others found thata weight-reduction diet with exercise affectedmeasures of body weight but not blood lipidprofiles (40). In another study conducted on obesemiddle-aged and older men, the AHA Step 1weight-maintenance diet contributed to a reductionof lipoprotein lipid levels but HDL cholesterollevels decreased as well; when weight loss wasadded to this regimen, HDL cholesterol levelswere preserved

Refrences1 U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Print-ing Office; 2000.Google Scholar

2 Fishman P, 1996. Healthy people 2000:What progress toward betternutrition?. Geriatrics.51 : (4) 38-43.GoogleScholar

3 Rubenstein LZ, Nahas R, 1988. Primaryand secondary prevention strategies in theolder adult. Geriatr Nurs. 19:11-18.GoogleScholar

4 Hickey T, Stilwell DL, 1991. Health pro-

motion for older people: all is not well. TheGerontologist. 31: 822-829. Google Scholar

5 Chernoff R, 1999. Demographics of aging.Chernoff R, , ed. Geriatric Nutrition: AHealth Professional’s Handbook 2nded. 1-12. Aspen Publishing Company,Gaithersburg, MD.Google Scholar

6 Heidrich SM, 1998 . Health promotion inold age. Annu Rev Nurs Res.16:173-195.Google Scholar

7 LaCroix AZ, Newton KM, Leveille SG,Wallace J, 1997. Healthy aging: a women’sissue. West J Med.167:220-232.GoogleScholar

8 Pizzi ER, Wolf ZR, 1998. Health risks andhealth promotion for older women: utilityof a health promotion diary. Holist NursPract.12: (2) 62-72.Google Scholar

9 Patterson C, Feightner J, 1997. Promotingthe health of senior citizens. Can MedAssoc J.157:1107-1113.Google Scholar10Ferrini R, Edelstein S, Barrett-ConnorE, 1994The association between healthbeliefs and health behavior change in olderadults. rev Med.23:15.Google Scholar

*****

41

Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow in India

*Dr. H B Gupta,

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in development ofIndia. There are many sectors which are growing very well because of FDI. Ser-vice sectors retain top spot, IT and Hardware moves up to second position. FDIinflow in year 2015-16 were 55.6 Billion, which jumped 60.89 US $Billion in yearending 2016-17. Service sector has shown highest growth at the rate of 18 %.Computer software & Hardware, Trading, Automobiles, Telecommunications alsoattracted FDI speedily. After launching the Make in India project 40 % growthshown in FDI inflow in India. Now the Indian Government decided to allow 100%FDI in various sectors such as Automobiles, Real estate, Defense etc. It led to themarket full of possibilities & flourished the Indian Economy. Maximum FDI hasinflow from Mauritius followed by Singapore. FDI is the generation of world classsupply chain in India which will decreases transaction, information and productioncosts of businesses and expend markets.

This paper is mainly focused on FDI inflow in India & its impact on IndianEconomy. Further study will help in finding out which sectors might attract moreFDI in India.Keywords- Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Institutional Investment, sectors,Impact, Indian Economy

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*Professor Economics, IEHE, Bhopal, M.P, India

Introduction-

FDI in different states in India haveincreased speedily since the early 1990s whenthe Indian Economy was opened up to foreigninvestments. Gujarat , Maharashtra , AndhraPradesh, Delhi, Karnataka, Odisha Tamil Naduare among the leading states that have attractedmaximum FDI. A remarkable inflow of FDI invarious industrial units in India has boosted theeconomic life of country. FDI inflow increasedabout16 % and contributed 3% in growth of GDPin India . After launching the Make in India project40 % growth shown in FDI inflow in India. FDI

inflow in year 2015-16 were 55.6 Billion, whichjumped 60.89 US $Billion in year ending 2016-

FDI Inflow in India (in US D Billion)

Table No 01

S No Year FDI Inflow 1 2007-08 34.8 2 2008-09 41.9 3 2009-10 37.7 4 2010-11 34.8 5 2011-12 46.8 6 2015-16 55.6 7 2016-17 60.9

Source- RBI


17. FDI inflow shown in below table from 2007-08 to 2016-17.

Objectives-

The main objectives of research study areas per mentioned below-

To analyze the Inflow of FDI in country.

To find out reason for FDI To highlight the major schemes started by

the Govt. to promote FDI To find out challenges before Inflow of FDI

To analyze the Impact of FDI on Growth.Methodology:-

To achieve the objectives study is based onsecondary data. The major data and informationrelated to the research study has been collectedfrom the various departments of govt. of India,

such as Department of Economics and statistics,Department of commerce & Industries, Govt. ofIndia, Planning Commission, Govt. of India and

FDI Allowed ( in % ) Table No 02 S.No.

FDI FDI Allowed ( in % )

1. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

100% (Automatic)

2. Defense Manufacturing Sector

100% (Automatic up to 49%, above 49% govt. route)

3. Non-Banking Finance Companies

100% (Automatic)

4. Pharmaceuticals (Green Fields)

100% (Automatic)

5. Petroleum and Natural Gas

100% (Automatic)

6. Food Products Manufactured or Produced in India

100% (Government)

7. Mining 100% (Automatic) 8. Broadcasting Sector 100% (Automatic) 9. Print Media 100% (Government) 10. Civil Aviation-Airports 100% (Automatic) 11. Construction

Development 100% (Automatic)

12. Telecom Services 100% (Automatic up to 49%, above 49% govt. route)

13. E-commerce Activities 100% (Automatic) 14. Single Brand Retail 100%(Automatic up to 49%,

above 49% govt. route) 15. Multi Brand Retail

Trading 51% (Government)

16. Railway Infrastructure 100% (Automatic)

43

from various departmental reports. Collected datahas been analyzed by applying various statisticalmethod and techniques. Chart/tables have alsobeen prepared to show the Inflow of FDI in India.

Entry Routes for FDI-

The main entry routs for inflow of FDI inIndia are as per below-

• Investments can be made by non-residentsin the equity shares/fully, compulsorily andMandatorily convertible debentures/ fully,compulsorily and mandatorily convertiblepreference shares of an Indian company,through two routes:

• (i) The Automatic Route: under the Auto-matic Route, the non-resident investor orthe Indian company does not require anyapproval from the RBI or Government ofIndia for the investment.

• (ii)The Government Route: under the Gov-ernment Route, prior approval of the Gov-ernment of India through Foreign Invest-ment Promotion Board (FIPB) is required.Proposals for foreign investment underGovernment route as laid down in the FDIpolicy from time to time, are considered bythe Foreign Investment Promotion Board(FIPB) in Department of Economic Affairs(DEA), Ministry of Finance

FDI Allowed For Investors -

Government of India has taken very gooddecisions to promote FDI inflow in India.Government of India allowed 100 percent FDI inmany sectors. The details of sectors wise of FDIallowed by the government of India are given inbelow table.

Secto rs attract ing high est FDI Eq uity Inflo w s

R anks Se ctor 2013-14 2014-15 2015- 16 Cum ulati ve inflow s

%age tota l inlows

1. Se rv ice s se ctor 13,294 27,369 45,415 2,58,354 18%

2. Construc tion development 7 ,508 4,652 727 1,13,936 8%

3. Comput er soft wa re a nd hardwa re 6 ,896 14,162 38,351 1,12,184 7%

4. Te lecommunica tions ( ra dio paging, ce llu la r mobile)

7 ,987 17,372 8,637 92,729 6%

5. Aut omobile indust ry 9 ,027 16,760 16,437 81,394 5%

6. D rugs a nd pharma ceut ic als 7 ,191 9,052 4,975 70,097 5%

7. Chemica ls 4 ,738 4,658 9,664 59,555 4%

8. Trading 8 ,191 16,755 25,244 68,837 4%

9. Pow er 6 ,519 4,296 5,662 52,613 4%

10. H otel and tourism 2,949 4,740 8,761 49,710 3%

Sectors attracting highest FDI Equity Inflows


Dr. H B Gupta,


MAIN SECTORS-

There are many sectors which are growingwell because of FDI. Service sectors retain topspot, IT and Hardware moves up to secondposition Service sector has shown highest growthat the rate of 18 %. Computer software &Hardware, Trading, Automobiles,Pharmaceuticals, Real estate, Defense, Foodprocessing Textile, Telecommunications, alsoattracted FDI speedily.

Source : RBI

We get 33% of FDI from Mauritius rootdue to tax relaxation treaty with this.

Shungalu committee analysed the issue andgives a solution as GAAR which is yet toimplement.

Apart from Mauritius leading sources ofFDI for India are Singapore, United King-dom and Japan.

Highest FDI was recorded in the services,telecommunication, construction activitiesand computer hardware and software andhospitality sectors.

According to UNCTAD’s world invest-ment report India is the second lucrativeplace for FDI after china.

The inflow of FDI in various sectors is alsoshown in the graph below:

6,889

5904

3845

2527

1470

1333

1324

869

754

113

4443

2296

2728

2726

763

777

2895

707

1498

769

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000

Services

Computer Software And Hardware

Trading

Automobile Industry

Chemicals (Except Fertilizers)

Hotel And Tourism

Telecommunications

Power

Drugs and Pharmaceuticals

Construction Development

Figure in US Dollar $

Top Sectors That Attracted FDI

2014-15

2015-16

Top Sectors That Attracted FDI

45

Challenges-

The inflow of FDI has shown tremendousincrement in the past year especially in the servicesector but there are also various challenges whichare faced by various countries. The mainchallenges are policies, Existing stringentprocedural and regulatory clearance, trade union,high tax rates, Infrastructure and competition fromChina. Moreover, there are various sectors thatare still not under the purview of FDI and areneglected.

Conclusion-

However, India has recently developed aworld class Infrastructure that includes roadsrailways, electrification, ports, industrial Growthcenter SEZs, IT parks and waterways that haveattracted investors from various countries. Thegovernment of India has also passed andimplemented the GST bill from July 2017 that hasrevised the tax structure; making it simpler andattractive for FDI investors. Demonetization toohas brought about revolutionary policy changesin the economical and political environment of thenation. In continuation with amending the FDIpolicies there has been increase in the FDIpercentage limit. FDI in many sectors have beeneased out to 100%. The procedure has also beenmade easier with less stringent policies, rules andregulations. These changes have attracted

investors. It will not be unfair to say that India isemerging to be the greatest hub for foreign directinvestment and is ready to face the challengeagainst China.

Increment in the national income and henceper capita income, Investment in technology andskills. Moreover, Increase in the level ofemployment has lead to creation of demand andsupply of money in the nation and hence hascreated market for business and better supply offunds. All these factors have resulted 3%contribution in the GDP of country.

References- (Books & reports-)

Economic Survey Govt. of India Annual Report, RBI Reports News Paper-Dainik Bhaskar & Economic

Times of India Central Statistical Organization (CSO) Indian Economy Mishra & Puri Indian Economy- Rudra Datta Economics Times of India Websites- www.google.com www.dipp.nic.in/fdi_statistics/india www.rbi.org.in www.makeinIndia.com/documents· Dipp.nic.in/sites

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1ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

Hkkjr dh ijek.kq uhfr o fl)kUr

*MkWå vfuy dqekj flag

*,lksåizkså] j{kk v/;;u foHkkx] Jh x.ks'k jk;ih-th- dkyst MksHkh] tkSuiqjA

1998 esa Hkkjr us ijek.kq {kerk izkIr djus lsiwoZ 1974 esa iks[kju ijh{k.k ds }kjk v.kq {kerk izkIrdj yh vkSj ckj&ckj bldh iqf"V dh x;h fd Hkkjrijek.kq ce dk fuekZ.k ugha djuk pkgrk vkSj og iw.kZijek.kq fujL=hdj.k dk leFkZu djrk gS fQj Hkh ogviuk fodYi [kqyk j[ksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;fn Hkkjrdh lqj{kk ds fgr esa ijek.kq vL=ksa dh vko';drk gqbZrks og vius fodYi dk iz;ksx djus esa ladksp ughadjsxkA phu ,d ijek.kq 'kfDr gS vkSj Hkkjr ds lkFkmlds laca/k yEcs le; rd lkekU; vkSj larks"ktudugha gks ik,A ikfdLrku ds ikl ijek.kq {kerk FkhvkSj mls izos'k&}kjk dk ns'k ekuk tkrk FkkA Hkkjr dsvusd iz;klksa ds ckotwn ikfdLrku dh Hkkjr&fojks/kh uhfr esa fo'ks"k ifjorZu ugha gqvk FkkA phu usikfdLrku ds ijek.kq dk;ZØe esa mldk iwjk lkFkfn;k] ,slh fLFkfr esa phu vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa dh vksjls Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ds fy, ladV mRiUu gks ldrkFkkA vr% Hkkjr vko';drk iM+us ij ijek.kq ce dkmRiknu dj ldus ds vius vf/kdkj dks ugha NksM+ukpkgrk FkkA1 foi{k ds dqN usrkvksa us rks le;≤ij ek¡x dh Fkh fd Hkkjr dks vius ijek.kq fodYi dkiz;ksx djus ls nsj ugha djuh pkfg, ijUrq] ljdkjhrkSj ij Hkkjr us u rks bl fodYi dks NksM+k Fkk vkSju gh fu"ks/k laf/k ds fo"k; esa Hkkjr dh ckr ugha ekuhx;h] ijek.kq fujL=hdj.k dk dk;ZØe ugha cuk;kx;k] ftlls Hkkjr dh lqj{kk dks [krjk cuk jgkA bl

fLFkfr esa ;g vke /kkj.kk cu jgh Fkh fd Hkkjr dksviuh nqfo/kk dh uhfr NksM+dj ijek.kq fodYi dkiz;ksx djuk gh pkfg,A dqN fopkjdksa ds vuqlkj]Hkkjr dh ^fu.kZ; u djus dh izofŸk* dk ijek.kqfodYi ls Js"B vkSj dksbZ mnkgj.k gks ugha ldrk gSA

Þns'k us n<+rk vkSj gB/kfeZrk ls n'kdksa ls viusijek.kq fodYi dk lgkjk fy;k gS] ijUrq bldksizR;{k lqj{kk lEink ds :i esa iz;ksx djus ls ?k.kkdjrk jgk gSA og ijek.kq O;oLFkk dh HksnHkko izdfrdk 'kksj epkrk jgk gS] ijUrq mlus c<+rs gq, HksnHkkovkSj cM+h 'kfDr;ksa dh opZLo vk/kkfjr izFkkvksa lsmcjus dk dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;k gSA og lges gq,]vius u pqdkrk jgk gS] ijUrq mlus u rks ;g lkglfd;k fd bl fodYi dks NksM+ ns] vkSj u ;g fd cM+h'kfDr;ksa dh ujlagkj izofŸk ds fo:) vius blfodYi dk iz;ksx djsAÞ2

;g fopkj tu&ekul dh Hkkoukvksa dk lghizfrfcEc FkkA Hkkjr dks lkgl tqVkdj b/kj ;k m/kjdksbZ fu.kZ; djuk pkfg, Fkk vkSj nqfo/kk dh fLFkfr lsckgj fudyuk pkfg, FkkA

Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj ghusg: us v.kq ÅtkZ vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh FkhAlqizfl) oSKkfud gkseh HkkHkk blds v/;{k Fks vkSjukscsy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur lh-oh- jeu ijke'kZnkrkfu;qDr fd, x, FksA usg: us bl vk;ksx ls dgk Fkk


fd Þijek.kq 'kfDr dh uhfrxr izdfr dks ns[krs gq,lHkh ewy lkexzh dk mRiknu djuk gksxkA ftlizzdkj ijek.kq nkSM+ vkjEHk gks x;h Fkh mldks /;ku esaj[krs gq, izR;sd ns'k dks viuh lqj{kk ds fy,vk/kqfudre oSKkfud mik;ksa dk fodkl djuk gksxkAÞ3usg: ds bl fopkj ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr ds ;ksX; oSKkfudksaus gesa ijek.kq lkeF;Z miyC/k djk nhA gekjs ikl iwjhijek.kq {kerk Fkh vkSj ladV gekjs lEeq[k FkkA ijek.kqfujL=hdj.k dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugha FkhA ,slh fLFkfresa Hkkjr dks ladksp NksM+dj 'kh?kz vius ijek.kq fodYids laca/k esa fu.kZ; ysuk gh FkkA

ikfdLrku ds fons'k ea=h xkSgj v;wc use/;&1997 esa ;g izLrko fd;k Fkk fd Hkkjr vkSjikfdLrku ,d ,slk le>kSrk djsa] ftlds }kjk,d&nwljs ds fo:) ijek.kq vL= iz;ksx u djus dhopuc)rk gksA blls iwoZ] 1994 esa Hkkjr us ikfdLrkudks ÞizFke iz;ksx u djusÞ ds le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj djusds fy, dgk FkkA ml le; ikfdLrku us lh/ks ghHkkjr ds izFke iz;ksx u djus ds izLrko dks vLohdkjdj fn;k FkkA bu nksuksa izLrkoksa esa ewyHkwr varj gSAiz;ksx u djus dk vk'k; gS fd ijek.kq vL=ksa dk,d&nwljs ds fo:) iz;ksx fd;k gh ugha tk;sxkA;fn ,slk gksrk gS fd ikfdLrku ds ikl ijek.kq vL=j[kus dk vkSfpR; gh ugha jg tk;sxkA mls viukijek.kq dk;ZØe lekIr djuk iM+sxk] D;ksafd ikfdLrkurks vius ijek.kq vL= dks dsoy Hkkjr ds fo:) rS;kjdjrk gS] ijUrq ikfdLrku dk izLrko eku ysus ij HkhHkkjr dks phu ds fo:) ijek.kq lqj{kk ds fy, rS;kjjguk gh FkkA Hkkjr ds izFke iz;ksx u djus ds lq>koesa opu ;g fn;k x;k fd ge ijek.kq vL=ksa dk iz;ksxigys ugha djsaxs] ijUrq ;fn nwljk i{k bl le>kSrs dhvogsyuk djds ijek.kq ;q) NsM+ nsrk gS] rc gekjsikl viuh lqj{kk ds fy, bu vL=ksa ds iz;ksx djusdk iw.kZ vf/kdkj gksxkA vFkkZr~ nksuksa dks vius ijek.kq

fodYi [kqys j[kus vkSj ijek.kq vL= tek djus dhLora=rk Hkh gksxhA bu nksuksa izLrkoksa esa tks varj gS]mldk izR;{k izHkko vojks/kd fLFkfr ij iM+rk gSA

pkgs og Hkkjr dk ÞizFke iz;ksx u djusÞ dkizLrko gks ;k ikfdLrku dk Þiz;ksx u djusÞ dklq>ko] ijUrq ,d ckr Li"V gS fd nksuksa ns'k vizR;{k:i ls ;g ekurs Fks fd muds ikl ijek.kq vL=miyC/k Fks] ;k muds fuekZ.k dh {kerk Fkh] ijUrq Hkkjrdh nf"V esa ikfdLrku dk izLrko /kwrZrkiw.kZ vkSjHkzeksRiknd FkkA ikfdLrku dk lq>ko eku ysus lsHkkjr la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk }kjk lq>k, x, ml ekxZij py iM+sxk] ftlds vuqlkj gesa viuh ijek.kq{kerk ij igys jksd yxkuh fQj mls de djuk vkSjckn esa mldk mUewyu djuk iM+rk] tks ;g Hkkjr dsfgr esa dnkfi ugha FkkA4

nqHkkZX; dh ckr Fkh fd 1974 esa iks[kju esaijek.kq ijh{k.k djus ds i'pkr~ 24 o"kZ ls Hkkjr usviuk ijek.kq fodYi ek= [kqyk j[kk FkkA u rks Hkkjrus dksbZ vU; ijh{k.k fd;k Fkk vkSj u gh ijek.kqfodYi cUn fd;k FkkA vUrr% Hkkjr us 24 o"kZ cknvius ijek.kq fodYi dk mi;ksx djds ebZ 1998 esaikap ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd,A bUgsa iks[kju&2] ,oa 'kfDrJa[kyk ds uke ls tkuk x;kA Hkkjr ds oSKkfudksa us;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd bu ijh{k.kksa ds }kjk mUgs os leLrvkadM+s rFkk rF; izkIr gks x;s Fks tks fd Hkkjr dksijek.kq 'kfDr lEiUu jkT; cuk ldus ds fy, i;kZIrFksA mudks vU; dksbZ ijh{k.k djus dh vko';drkugha jg x;h FkhA vr% iz/kkuea=h oktis;h us ;g?kks"k.kk dh fd Hkkjr ,d ijek.kq&vL= lEiUu jkT;cu x;k Fkk] rFkk ;g Hkh fd og vkxs dksbZ vkSjijek.kq ijh{k.k ugha djsxkA m/kj] ikap cM+s ns'kksa usHkkjr dks ijek.kq&vL= lEiUu jkT; ekuus ls blvk/kkj ij bUdkj dj fn;k fd 1968 dh ijek.kqvizlkj laf/k dh ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj dsoy mi;qZDr

3

ikap ns'k gh vL=&lEiUu ns'k FksA ,slk blfy, Fkkfd vizlkj laf/k ij gLrk{kj gksus ls iwoZ dsoy bUghans'kksa us ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd, FksA Hkkjr dks ;g ifjHkk"kkLohdkj ugha FkhA5 mlus rks vizlkj laf/k ij blfy,gLrk{kj gh ugha fd, Fks fd fd og HksnHkko ij vk/kkfjr FkhA Hkkjr us 1998 esa ;g dgk fd vc tcfdmlds ikl vius ijek.kq vL= gSa rc mldks fdlh lsbl ckr dk izek.k&i= ugha pkfg, fd og ijek.kq&vL=lEiUu ns'k gSA ;g rks okLrfodrk gS] pkgs dksbZLohdkj djs ;k u djsA

vxLr 1998 esa iwoZ iz/kkuea=h Jh vVy fcgkjhoktis;h us laln esa Hkkjr ds izLrkfor ijek.kq fl)kUrdh ?kks"k.kk dhA mUgksaus dgk fd Hkkjr U;wure ijek.kqfuokjd dh {kerk j[ksxk rFkk izFke iz;ksx u djus dsfl)kUr ij pysxkA6 bldk vFkZ gqvk fd Hkkjr ek=mrus gh ijek.kq vL=ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj Hk.Mkj.k djsxktks mldh lqj{kk ds fy, vko';d gksaxs rFkk 'k=q ds}kjk Hkkjr ij ijek.kq vkØe.k ds ekxZ esa vojks/kddk dk;Z djsaxsA blds vfrfjDr Hkkjr fdlh HkhifjfLFkfr esa fdlh ,sls ns'k ds fo:) ijek.kq vL=ksadk iz;ksx ugha djsxk tks fd ijek.kq vL=&lEiUuugha gSA og vU; ijek.kq&vL=&lEiUu ns'kksa ds fo:)Hkh ijek.kq vkØe.k dh igy ugha djsxkA og dsoymlh fLFkfr esa vius ijek.kq vL=ksa dk iz;ksx djsxktcfd mlds fo:) fdlh ijek.kq 'kfDr us igysijek.kq vL= dk iz;ksx djds vkØe.k fd;k gksAjktuhfrd Lrj ij vizSy 1999 esa] ,d er ls yksdlHkkesa oktis;h ljdkj dh ijkt; gks x;h ijUrq] fdlhoSdfYid ljdkj dk xBu ugha fd;k tk ldkAyksdlHkk dks Hkax dj fn;k x;kA flrEcj&vDVwcj1999 esa u, pquko djok, x,A bl chp oktis;hljdkj dk;Zokgd :i esa dk;Zjr jghA pquko dsifj.kkeLo:i oktis;h ljdkj iqu% lŸkk:<+ gqbZA

bl pquko dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk

ifj"kn~ ds jk"Vªh; lqj{kk lykgdkj cksMZ us Hkkjr dsijek.kq fl)kUr dh :ijs[kk dh ?kks"k.kk dh rkfd mlij lkoZtfud :i ls ppkZ dh tk ldsA bl :ijs[kkds vuqlkj ;g O;oLFkk dh x;h fd ;fn Hkkjr ijijek.kq vkØe.k dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr dks ijek.kq vL=ksadk tokch vkØe.k djuk gh iM+k rks mldk fu;a=.kek= iz/kkuea=h ds gkFkksa esa gksxkA

lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds jk"Vªh; lykgdkj cksMZ }kjkizLrkfor ijek.kq fl)kUr dks Hkkjr ljdkj us 2002esa ekewyh ifjorZu ds lkFk vkSipkfjd :i ls ns'k dsijek.kq fl)kUr dk :i ns fn;kA bl fl)kUr dsvuqlkj pkj ckrsa izeq[k jgh& izFke] Hkkjr U;wureijek.kq vojks/kd {kerk rc rd j[ksxk tc rd 'ks"kijek.kq ns'k vL= lEiUu jgrs gSaA f}rh;] Hkkjr izFkeiz;ksx u djus dh uhfr ij pysxk&vFkkZr~ og dHkh Hkhfdlh ,sls ns'k ds fo:) vius ijek.kq vL=ksa dkiz;ksx ugha djsxk] ftuds ikl ijek.kq vL= ugha gSAog fdlh ijek.kq&vL=&lEiUu ns'k ds fo:) Hkh rcrd vius ce dk is;kx ugha djsxk tc rd Hkkjr ijijek.kq vkØe.k ugha fd;k tkrk] ijarq ;fn Hkkjr ijijek.kq vL= ls izgkj gksrk gS rks Hkkjr bldk iwjhijek.kq {kerk ls mŸkj nsxkA ;fn dksbZ ns'k Hkkjr ijjklk;fud ;k tSfodh; vL=ksa ls vkØe.k djsxk rcHkh Hkkjr mlds mŸkj esa viuh j{kk ds fy, ijek.kqvL=ksa dk iz;ksx djsxk( rrh;] Hkkjr ds ijek.kq vL=ksadks rhu :iksa esa iz;ksx ds fy, rS;kj j[kk tk;sxk&ftlesa foekuksa ds }kjk iz{ksikL=ksa dh O;oLFkk] iFoh lsekj djus dh {kerk ¼Fky lsuk ds vf/kdkj esa½ rFkkukSlsuk dh O;oLFkk gksxh( prqFkZ] ijek.kq fl)kUr dhO;oLFkk ds vuqlkj] bu vL=ksa ds iz;ksx ij fu;a=.kvkSj vkns'k dk vf/kdkj iz/kkuea=h ;k mlds }kjkeuksuhr vf/kdkjh ds ikl gksxk& vFkkZr~ u dsoyijek.kq vL=ksa ij vafre fu;a=.k iz/kkuea=h dk gksxkcfYd iz/kkuea=h ds vkns'k ij gh 'k=q ds fo:)mudk iz;ksx fd;k tk;sxkA

Hkkjr dh ijek.kq uhfr o fl)kUr


lanHkZ xzaFk lwph &

1- ds- lqczºe.;e % bf.M;kt U;wfDy;j feFk ,.Mfj;fyVh]

2- ds-ds- ikBd % U;wfDy;j ikfylh vkWQ bf.M;k3- ds- lqczºe.;e % ogh4- HkV~Vks vferkHk % bf.M;kt U;wfDy;j fMVjsal %

iks[kju Vw ,.M fc;k.M

5- vkj-vkj- lqczºe.;e % bf.M;k & ikfdLrku &pkbuk % fMQsUl ,.M U;wfD;j Vªkb,afxy bulkmFk ,f'k;k

6- ch-,y- QkfM+;k % vUrjk"Vªh; jktuhfr

*****

5

f'k'kq ds of) ,oa fodkl esa iwjd vkgkj dh mi;ksfxrk

*M‚Œ dapu yrk Çlg

*vflLVsaV çksQslj ¼ xg foKku ½

ohj cgknqj Çlg eseksfj;y efgyk egk fo|ky; xksj[kiqj

eka dk nwèk f'k'kq dk çeq[k vkgkj gksrk gSijarq 6 ekg dh vk;q ds ckn ls c<+rs gq, f'k'kq dhvko';drkvksa dh iwÆr gsrq iwjd vkgkj vR;arvko';d gks tkrk gSA 6 ekg dh vk;q ds ckn lsf'k'kq ds leqfpr fodkl gsrq eka dk nwèk i;kZIr ugÈgksrk vr% vU; [kk| inkFkks± dh vko';drk gksrh gSD;ksafd f'k'kq dk vkdkj vkSj mlds dk;Zdykiksa esaof) gks jgh gksrh gS bl dkj.k bl vk;q esa f'k'kq dhiks"kkgkj dh vko';drkvksa esa dkQh of) gks tkrh gSAiwjd vkgkj dk mís'; eka ds nwèk dh laiwÆr djuk rFkk;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd f'k'kq dks i;kZIr ÅtkZ½çksVhu rFkk vU; iks"kd rRo çkIr gksrs jgsa rkfd oglkekU; :i ls fodflr gks ldsA 6 ekg dh voLFkkds i'pkr Lruiku ds lkFk&lkFk iwjd vkgkj dk

lek;kstu f'k'kq dh laiw.kZ of) vkSj fodkl ds fy,vR;ar vko';d gS bl voLFkk esa f'k'kq rhoz xfr lsfodflr gksrs gSaA 6 ekg dh voLFkk rd ckyd dkotu tUe ds le; ls 2 xquk½ 1 o"kZ iwjk gksus rdmldk otu tUe dk 3 xquk gks tkrk gS rFkk yackÃtUe ds le; ls Ms<+ xquk c<+ tkrh gSA thou ds'kq#vkrh o"kks± ds nkSjku 'kjhj ds lHkh vax lajpukReddk;kZRed –f"V ls cgqr rhoz xfr ls fodflr gksrs gSackn esa ;g fodkl nj èkheh gks tkrh gSA thou dsigys 2 o"kks± esa raf=dk ç.kkyh vkSj efLr"d dkfodkl iw.kZ gks tkrk gS vr% of) ,oa fodkl ds fy,vfèkd csgrj iks"kkgkj ds :i esa iwjd vkgkj dhvR;ar vko';drk gksrh gSA fHkUu & fHkUu vk;q Lrjksaij ckyd dh yackÃ rFkk Hkkj ds vkSlr eku rkfydkesa fn, x, gSa tks bl çdkj gSa &&&

vk;q vkSlr yackÃ vkSlr Hkkj

tUe ds le;

4 ekg

8 ekg

1 o"kZ

2 o"kZ

5 o"kZ

19 ls 20 bap

23 ls 24 bap

26 ls 28 bap

28 ls 30 bap

32 ls 34 bap

tUe dk nks xquk

6 ls 8 ikSaM

tUe ds Hkkj dk 2 xquk

16 ls 19 ikSaM

tUe ds Hkkj dk 3 xquk

28 ikSaM

38 ikSaM

nloÈ iapo"kÊ; ;kstuk esa f'k'kq ,oa NksVs cPpksa dh mi;qä vkgkj i)fr;ksa ds egRo dks

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630


Lohdkjrs gq, igyh ckj ;kstuk vk;ksx us nloÈiapo"kÊ; ;kstuk ds jk"Vªh; iks"k.k y{;ksa esa LruikurFkk iwjd vkgkj ds y{;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k gSAiapo"kÊ; ;kstuk esa o"kZ 2007 rd çkIr fd, tkusokys tks fof'k"V iks"k.k y{; fuèkkZfjr fd, x, buesals çeq[k y{; bl çdkj Fks&

1- f'k'kq ,oa cPpksa gsrq vkgkj i)fr;ksa rFkk mudhns[kHkky esa lqèkkj ds fy, iks"k.k ,oa LokLF;f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsuk rkfd Lruiku ds ekeyksadh nj dks orZeku 15&8 çfr'kr ls c<+kdj 50çfr'kr djuk

2- çFke 6 ekg ds nkSjku dsoy Lruiku ds ekeyksadks orZeku 55&2 çfr'kr ls c<+kdj 80 çfr'krdjuk

3- 6 ekg dh vk;q ls iwjd vkgkj nsus ds ekeyksadks orZeku 33&5 çfr'kr ls c<+kdj 75 çfr'krdjukiwjd vkgkj izkjEHk djus dk dksbZ fuf'pr

le; ugh gS ijUrq ;fn fpfdRldh; dkj.k u gks rkspkj ekg ls iwoZ bldh 'kq:vkr ugha djuh pkfg;sApkj ekg ds cPps dh vk¡rksa esa ^^,ekbyst** uke dsikpd jl o vU; L=ou izkjEHk ugha gksrk vr% vUuo vUu ls cus mRiknksa dks cPpk ipk ugha ldrk gSAiwjd vkgkj izkjEHk djus ds le; ds lEcU/k esa izkIrvkadM+ks ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd xzkeh.k rFkk'kgjh nksuks {ks=ksa dh 90% ekrkvksa us f'k'kq dks iwjdvkgkj 6 ekg ds ckn nsuk izkjEHk fd;k tks bl fo"k;esa mudh tkx:drk dks n'kkZrk gSA

iwjd vkgkj izkjEHk djrs le; bldh ek=kFkksM+h j[kuh pkfg;s D;ksafd f'k'kq /khjs&/khjs gh u;svkgkj ds izfr :fp fn[kk ikrk gS blds vfrfjDrikpu fØ;k esa Hkh dfBukbZ gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrhgSA ;fn f'k'kq dks fn;k x;k iwjd vkgkj f'k'kq ipkugha ik jgk gS rks og vkgkj dqN fnuksa ds ckn iqu%izkjEHk djsa rFkk izkjEHk esa cgqr de ek=k esa f[kyk;saA

bl lEcU/k esa lwpuk izi= }kjk izkIr vkadM+ksa ls ;gLi"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks= dh 38% rFkk 'kgjh {ks=dh 30% ekrk;sa ,slh gSa ftUgksus f'k'kq dks iwjd vkgkjFkksM+h ek=k esa fn;kA tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= dh 36% rFkk'kgjh {ks= dh 64% ekrk,a ,slh Fkha ftUgksus iwjdvkgkj dks lUrqfyr ek=k esa fn;kA mijksDr v/;;uesa nksuks {ks=ksa esa f'k'kq dks fn;s x;s iwjd vkgkj dhek=k FkksM+h ,oa lUrqfyr fn;s tkus dk izfr'kr vf/kdns[kk x;kA+++

f'k'kq dk izkjfEHkd ifjiwjd vkgkj rjy gksukpkfg;s lkFk gh blesa ty dk i;kZIr ek=k esa lekos'kfd;k tkuk pkfg;s ftlls Hkkstu dk ikpu vklkuhls gks rFkk f'k'kq dks dCt u gksA izkjEHk esa dksbZ Hkhvkgkj xk<+s :i esa ugh nsuk pkfg;s ftlls mldkLo:i nw/k ls fHkUu u yxsA /khjs&/khjs tc f'k'kq mls:fp iwoZd ysus yxs rc ikuh dh ek=k de dj nsa ovkgkj dks xk<+k cukdj f[kyk;saA bl lUnHkZ esa mÙkjnkrkekrkvksa }kjk izkIr lwpuk izi= ls tks vkadM+s izkIr gksrsgSa muesa 34% xzkeh.k ekrkvksa us rFkk 60% 'kgjh ekrkvksaus f'k'kq dks izkjfEHkd vkgkj ds :i esa rjy inkFkZfn;k tcfd 60% xzkeh.k ekrkvksa us rFkk 28% 'kgjhekrkvksa us f'k'kq dks izkjfEHkd vkgkj ds :i esa fefJrinkFkZ fn;kA mijksDr v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fdf'k'kq dks izFke vkgkj ds :i esa rjy inkFkZ 'kgjh {ks=dh ekrkvksa us xzkeh.k {ks= dh ekrkvksa dh rqyuk esavf/kd fn;kA

6 ekg dk gksus ij f'k'kq dks lUrjk] eqlEehvFkok VekVj dk jl nsuk vkjEHk dj fn;k tkrk gSAQyksa ds jl esa mifLFkr dkcZfud vEy nw/k ls ngh dsfuekZ.k ds ruko dks de djrs gSa ftlls nw/k izksVhu dsikpu esa lgk;d gks tkrh gS o dSfY'k;e ds vfHk'kks"k.kesa of) djrh gSA losZ{k.k ds nkSjku lwpuk izi= esamÙkjnkrk ekrkvksa ls tks vkadM+s izkIr gksrs gSa mlesaxzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh nksuks {ks= dh ekrkvksa ds le; esadkQh fHkUurk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA xzkeh.k {ks= dh

7

vf/kdka'k ekrkvksa us bls vkgkj ds ckn nsus dksizkFkfedrk fn;k tcfd 'kgjh {ks= dh vf/kdka'k ekrkvksaus bls nks vkgkjksa ds e/; fn;kA nksuks gh {ks= dh ,dfrgkbZ ekrk,a ,slh Hkh fn[kha ftUgksus bls nsus esa le;dk /;ku ugha fn;kA

f'k'kq ds vkgkj esa vyx&vyx [kk| inkFkksZadh rqyuk esa fefJr Hkkstu dks vf/kd lfEefyr djukpkfg;s tSls& f[kpM+h] nfy;k] fefJr lfCt;ka] lwthdh [khj] pkoy nky gyqvk] vaMk] bMyh vkfnA f'k'kqvkgkj esa vf/kd fepZ elkys vkSj ?kh&rsy ¼olk½ dkiz;ksx ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA FkksM+h ek=k esa Loknkuqlkjued o 'kDdj dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA1 o"kZ ds f'k'kq dks ?kj dk cuk iwjk [kkuk fn;k tkldrk gSA ij /;ku jgs Hkkstu fcuk fepZ elkys ;qDrgksA FkksM+h ek=k esa ?kh eD[ku dk iz;ksx fd;k tkldrk gSA losZ{k.k ds nkSjku izkIr lwpuk izi= esamÙkjnkrk ekrkvksa ls tks vkdM+s izkIr gq, mlesa xzkeh.krFkk 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=ksa esa f'k'kq dks fcuk fepZ elkysokys iwjd vkgkj nsus okyh ekrkvksa dk izfr'kr vf/kdjgkA nksuksa {ks= dh ekrkvksa us vf/kd fepZ elkys okysiwjd vkgkj dk iz;ksx ugha fd;kA

vktdy cktkj esa dbZ izdkj ds ^^csch QwM**miyC/k gSa ftls rqjUr rS;kj djds f'k'kq dks f[kyk;ktk ldrk gSA ijUrq ?kj ij rS;kj Hkkstu dh ikSf"Vdrk,oa Lokn dh ckr gh dqN vkSj gksrh gSA f'k'kq LokLF;dh nf"V ls cktkj esa miyC/k ^csch QwM** ds LFkku ij?kj dk cuk Hkkstu Lokfn"V] gkfujfgr ,oa LokLF;o)Zdgksrk gS vr% ^^csch QwM** ¼lsjsyd] QSjsDl vkfn½ dsLFkku ij f'k'kq dks ?kj dk cuk v)Z Bksl iwjd HkksT;inkFkZ tSls& ?kWwVh nky] iryh f[kpM+h] nfy;k] mcykvkyw] lwth dh [khj] lkcqnkus dh [khj] elyk gqvkQy] elyh lfCt;ka] dLVMZ vkfn ns ldrs gSaA bllUnHkZ esa fd;s x;s losZ{k.k ls izkIr vkadM+ksa ls ;gfu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks= dh 46% rFkk 'kgjh{ks= dh 62% ekrk,a ?kj ds cus iwjd vkgkj dks cktkj

es a miyC/k ^^csch QwM** dh vis{kk Lokfn"V]lqfo/kktud ,oa LokLF;o/kZd ekurh gSaA tcfd xzkeh.k{ks= dh 34% rFkk 'kgjh {ks= dh 32% ekrk,a bls dsoyLokLF;o/kZd ekurh gSaA fd;s x;s v/;;u esa ;g ns[kkx;k fd xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh nksuks {ks= dh ekrkvksa uscktkj esa miyC/k csch QwM* dh rqyuk esa ?kj ds cusiwjd vkgkj dks mÙke crk;kA fdUrq uxjh; rFkkxzkeh.k nksuks {ks=ksa esa tgk¡ ekrk,a ?kj ls ckgj dk;ZjrFkha ogk¡ f'k'kq vkgkj esa csch QwM* dk iz;ksx lqfo/kk dhnf"V ls csgrj crk;k x;kA

f'k'kq dks iwjd vkgkj nsrs le; ,d ckj esa ,dgh u;k vkgkj izkjEHk djsaA ,d lkFk dbZ izdkj dsu;s vkgkj dks ,d gh fnu izkjEHk ugha djsaA tc f'k'kq,d u;s vkgkj dks [kkus ds izfr vH;Lr gks tk, rHkhnwljk u;k vkgkj izkjEHk djsaA vkgkj esa ifjorZudjuk Hkh vko';d gS vU;Fkk ,d gh izdkj ds vkgkj[kkrs&[kkrs f'k'kq Åc ¼cksj gks½ tk,xk rFkk mls mlvkgkj ds izfr v:fp gks tk,xhA vr% f'k'kq dksuedhu ,oa ehBk nksuks izdkj dk vkgkj f[kykukpkfg;s rkfd og lHkh izdkj ds Hkkstu [kkus dkvH;Lr gks tk,A f'k'kq dk vkgkj fdl izdkj dkgksuk pkfg;s bl lUnHkZ esa mÙkjnkrk ekrkvksa ls tksvkadM+s izkIr gksrs gSa muls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fdxzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh nksuks {ks= dh vf/kdka'k ekrkvksa usf'k'kq vkgkj esa uedhu ,oa ehBk nksuks ds fn;s tkus dksizkFkfedrk nhA cPpksa ds lexz fodkl ds fy;s ikSf"Vd,oa mPp izksVhu ;qDr vkgkj nsuk furkUr vko';dgksrk gSA ,d cPps ds ikSf"Vd Lrj dks tkuus ds fy;smlds gko&Hkko] ekalisf'k;ksa] Ropk] vka[ksa] nkrksa dkfodkl] vfLFk;ksa dk fodkl] Lefr {kerk] otu]yEckbZ ds ckjs esa lrr~ o fu;fer fujh{k.k djrs jgukpkfg;sA

lwpuk izi= }kjk izkIr tkudkjh ds vuqlkjxzkeh.k {ks= dh 60% rFkk 'kgjh {ks= dh 72% ekrkvksa



dk ekuuk gS fd f'k'kq ds vkgkj esa ikSf"Vd rRoksa dhdeh gksus ij f'k'kq dk fodkl :d tkrk gS] Hkkj esadeh vk tkrh gS rFkk fØ;k'khyrk de gks tkrh gSAblds foijhr 30% xzkeh.k rFkk 22% 'kgjh ekrkvksa dkekuuk gS fd ikSf"Vd rRoksa dh deh ls dsoy fodkl:d tkrk gSA

vkgkj esa rjy inkFkksZa ,oa ty dh i;kZIr ek=kgksus ij ikpu vklkuh ls gksrk gS rFkk f'k'kq dks dCtugh gksrkA ty ikpd jlksa dks mÙksftr djds ikpufØ;k dks lEiUu djus esa iwjk&iwjk lg;ksx djrk gSAbl lUnHkZ esa fd;s x;s losZ{k.k ls izkIr vkadM+ks ls ;gLi"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh nksuks {ks= dhvf/kdka'k ekrkvksa us ;g ekuk fd f'k'kq ds vkgkj esarjy inkFkksZa rFkk ty dh i;kZIr ek=k gksus ij ikpuvklkuh ls gksrk gS] fMgkbMªs'ku ugha gksrk gS rFkkLokLF; mÙke jgrk gSA

cPpksa ds lexz fodkl ds fy;s ikSf"Vd ,oamPp izksVhu ;qDr vkgkj f[kykuk furkUr vko';dgksrk gSA fuEu Lrj ds iks"kd vkgkj ls os 'kh?kz ghizHkkfor gks tkrs gSa ftlls mudk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld]ckSf)d] laosxkRed] lkekftd ,oa [ksy fodklckf/kr gksrk gSA bl mez ds cPpksa esa laØked jksxksa lsyM+us dh {kerk dk Hkh vHkko gksrk gS Qyr% os 'kh?kzgh chekj iM+ tkrs gSaA iwjd vkgkj ds ek/;e ls f'k'kqdks fdl izdkj dk Hkkstu fn;k tkuk pkfg;s bllUnHkZ esa mÙkjnkrk ekrkvksa ls tks vkadM+s izkIr gksrs gSamuls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjhnksuks {ks= dh vf/kdka'k ekrkvksa us f'k'kq dks iwjdvkgkj esa ikSf"Vd rRoksa ls ;qDr Hkkstu fn;kA ikSf"VdrRoksa ls ;qDr Hkkstu nsus esa 'kgjh ekrkvksa dk izfr'krxzkeh.k ekrkvksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd FkkA

iwjd iq"Vkgkj ;k Bksl vkgkj dh 'kq:vkrfdl le; dh tk; ;g iz'u cky jksx fo'ks"kK dhfDyfud esa vDlj iwNk tkrk gSA bldk dksbZ fuf'pr

le; ugh gSA ysfdu 4 ekg ls igys ugh djuhpkfg;sA pkj ekg ls iwoZ cPps dh vk¡rksa esa ,ekbyst*uke ds ikpd jl o vU; dk lzkou izkjEHk ugha gksrkAvr% vUu vkSj vUu ls cus mRiknksa dks cPpk ipk ughaldrkA tUe ds le; ,d LoLFk f'k'kq ds 'kjhj esa 17ls 20 fe0xzk0@100 ,e0,y0 jDr ds vuqikr esagheksXyksfcu gksrk gSA ijUrq mez c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk'kjhj ds otu ,oa vkdkj esa of) gksrh gS lkFk gh jDrdh ek=k 'kjhj esa c<+us yxrh gS vkSj ;fn 6 ekg dsckn Hkh ykSg yo.k dh iwfrZ ugha gksrh rks f'k'kq ds 'kjhjesa yksgs dh deh gks tkrh gS vkSj og jDrkYirk jksxls xzLr gks tkrk gSA vr% iwjd vkgkj }kjk ykSg yo.kdh iwfrZ vo'; dh tkuh pkfg,A vKkurk ds dkj.kekrk,a f'k'kq dkss Åijh vkgkj le; ls ugha f[kykrh gSamUgsa ,slk yxrk gS fd ckydksa dks Åijh vkgkjf[kykus ls mudk isV fudy tk,xk vkSj bl dkj.kf'k'kq detksj] fucZy ,oa dbZ iks"k.k ghurk tfurjksxksa dk f'kdkj gks tkrk gSA nksuks {ks=ksa dh T;knkrjekrkvksa us f'k'kq dks iwjd vkgkj N% ekg dh vof/k lsnsuk vkjEHk fd;k tks fd vkSfpR;iw.kZ o tkx:drkdk izrhd gSA izkjEHk esa f'k'kq dk iwjd vkgkj larqfyrek=k esa rFkk rjy gksuk pkfg;s rkfd mldk Lo:inw/k ls fHkUu u yxsA 'kgjh {ks= dh ekrkvksa esa blfo"k; esa tkx:drk ns[kh x;hA xzkeh.k {ks= dh vf/kdka'k ekrkvksa us fefJr iwjd vkgkj dks izkFkfedrknhA nksuksa {ks=ksa dh vf/kdka'k ekrkvksa us fcuk fepZelkys okys iwjd vkgkj dks f'k'kq ds fy;s mi;qDrekuk ,oa bldk iz;ksx fd;k rFkk ?kj ds cus iwjdvkgkj dks cktkj esa miyC/k ^csch QwM* dh vis{kkLokfn"V] lqfo/kktud o LokLF;o/kZd ekukA fdUrq?kj ls ckgj dk;Zjr ekrkvksa us cktkj esa miyC/k cschQwM* dk iz;ksx T;knk ek=k esa fd;kA

f'k'kq dks fn;k x;k iwjd vkgkj uedhu ,oaehBk nksuks gksuk pkfg;s rkfd f'k'kq lHkh izdkj dsvkgkj dk vH;Lr gks ldsA bl laca/k esa xzkeh.k ,oa

9

'kgjh nksuks {ks= dh ekrk,a fHkX; ns[kh x;hA Qyksa dsjl ,oa lfCt;ksa ds lwi dks nks vkgkjksa ds e/;lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fdUrq bl fo"k; esa nksuks{ks= dh ekrkvksa esa tkx:drk dk izk;% vkHkko ns[kkx;kA nksuksa {ks= dh vf/kdka'k ekrkvksa us iwjd vkgkjds ek/;e ls ikSf"Vd rRoksa ls ;qDr Hkkstu dks izkFkfedrknhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ikSf"Vd rRoksa dh deh gksusij cPps dk fodkl] Hkkj rFkk fØ;k'khyrk izHkkforgksrh gSA

mijksDr v/;;u esa vf/kdka'kr% /kukRedvfHkofÙk ¼nf"Vdks.k½ ns[kh x;hA xzkeh.k {ks= ds cPpksadh rqyuk esa 'kgjh {ks= ds cPpksa dk f'k'kq vkgkj ,oaLokLF; vf/kdka'kr% mÙke ns[kk x;kA f'k'kq vkgkjiwjd vkgkj ds :i esa N% ekg dh vk;q ds i'pkrvo'; 'kq: dj nsuk pkfg;s D;ksafd N% ekg dh vk;qds i'pkr cPps ds 'kjhj esa lafpr dSfY'k;e] dSjksVhu]foVkfeu Mh bR;kfn lekIr gksus yxrs gSa ,rnFkZ&iwjd vkgkj ds :i esa ckgj ls rjy vkgkj tSls&nkydk ikuh] lsjsysd] dsyk nw/k] Qy ds twl] dkWMyhojvkW;y ¼eNyh dk rsy½ bR;kfn f'k'kq vkgkj esa vo';lfEefyr gksuk pkfg;s A

mDr fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij lekt esa xzkeh.k ,oa'kgjh {ks= dh ekrkvksa] cky laLFkk] lapkydksa]lq/kkjfFkZ;ksa dks fuEukafdr lq>ko nsuk eSa viuk iquhrdrZO; le>rh gw¡ ftlls bl 'kks/k dk lgh ifj.kkelekt dks fey ldsA

1½ cPpksa dks Lruiku dh gh fLFkfr esa Åijh nw/kfiyk;k tkuk pkfg;sA ^;fn f'k'kqvksa dks vi;kZIriks"k.k ;qDr vkgkj rc fn;k tkrk gS tc osekrk dk nw/k NksM+ jgs gksa rks bldk ifj.kke ;ggksrk gS fd os dqiks"k.k rFkk fcekfj;ksa dh pisVesa vk tkrs gSaA vr% mUgs ,slk iwjd vkgkj nsukpkfg;s tks i;kZIr gks] mfpr iks"k.k ;qDr gks]lQkbZ ls rS;kj gks rFkk lkaLdfrd] lkekftd

vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls Lohdk;Z gksA**2½ f'k'kq dks fn;s x;s Åijh nw/k esa nw/k vkSj ikuh

dk vuqikr cjkcj ¼1%1½ dk gksukpkfg;sA ;fn f'k'kq bls ipk ysrk gS rks ikuh dkvuqikr de dj nsuk pkfg;sA ;g f'k'kq dhikpu {kerk] 'kkjhfjd otu ,oa voLFkk ijfuHkZj djrk gSA 10 vkSal nw/kesa 5 vkSal ls vf/kd ikuh ugh feykuk pkfg;svU;Fkk nw/k dkQh iryk gks tk,xk vkSj f'k'kqdk iw.kZ iks"k.k ugha gks ldsxkA 9 ekg dk f'k'kq'kq) xk; dk nw/k ipk ysrk gSA

3½ cksry ds LFkku ij dVksjh pEep dk iz;ksxdjuk pkfg;sA cksry ls nw/k ihus okyscPps vDlj nLr ls ihfM+r gks tkrs gSaA f'k'kqnw/k ihus ds fy;s fuIiy dks ckj& ckj elwM+ksa,oa nk¡rksa ls nckrk gS vr% Vs<+s & es<+s nk¡rfudyus dh laHkkouk gks tkrh gSA vr% f'k'kqdks dVksjh pEep ls nw/k fiykuk pkfg;sA

4½ 6 ekg dh voLFkk ls f'k'kq dks rjy iwjdvkgkj nsuk izkjEHk dj nsuk pkfg;sA izkjEHk esadksbZ Hkh vkgkj f'k'kq dks vf/kd xk<+s :i esa unsa ftlls fd mldk Lo:i nw/k ls fHkUu yxsAvkgkj esa rjy inkFkksZa o ty dk i;kZIr ek=kesa lekos'k fd;k tkuk pkfg;s ftlls Hkkstudk ikpu vklkuh ls gks rFkk f'k'kq dks dCt ugksA

5½ cPpksa dks ^csch QwM* dh vis{kk ?kj dk cukiwjd vkgkj nsuk pkfg;sA ;fn jkr ;k nksigjds [kkus ls igys ckyd dks feBkbZ] czsM] uedhu]eBjh] fcLdqV] vkblØhe vkfn f[kyk fn;ktkrk gS rks mldh Hkw[k feV tkrh gS ifj.kker%ckyd Bhd ls Hkkstu ugha dj ikrk vkSj mlds'kjhj esa ikSf"Vd rRoksa dh deh gks tkrh gSAvr% cPpksa dks [kkus ls iwoZ ;s phtsa ugha nsuhpkfg;sA



6½ Hkkstu esa lHkh ikSf"Vd rRoksa ls ;qDr vkgkj dkslfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sAHkkjrh; ckydkss a ds vkgkj esa dkcksZt dhvf/kdrk jgrh gS rFkk izksVhu dh ek=k dejgrh gS blfy;s ikSf"Vd rRoksa dh deh gkstkrh gS vkSj ckyd dqiks"k.k dk f'kdkjgks tkrs gSaA

7½ ckyd dks ekSleh Qy o lfCt;ka vo'; nsukpkfg;sA dbZ /kuk<+; ifjokj dh ekrk,a ckyddks dsoy egaxs Qy] ?kh] eD[ku vkfn f[kykrhgSa rFkk mUgsa ekSleh Qy o lfCt;ksa ls oafprj[krh gSaA ifj.kker% muds 'kjhj esa Hkh lHkhiks"kd rRougha igq¡p ikrs gSaA

8½ 1 ls 14 o"kZ ds ckyd izk;% pkWd] feV~Vh vkfnphtsa [kk ysrs gSaA ,slk muds 'kjhj esa dSfY'k;edh deh ds dkj.k gksrk gSA blds lsou lsmuds isV esa dhM+s gks tkrs gS a vkSj mudhHkw[k ej tkrh gSA vr% ckydksa dks ,slh phtsa[kkus ls jksduk pkfg;sA

xzUFk lwph1- ,l0 Hkkj}kt ] ,l0 ch glu ] ,e0 tkfgj &

czsLV QhfMax ,.M ohfuax izSDVhlst & , :jy

LVMh bu mÙkj izns"k & n tuZy vkWQ QSfeyhosyQs;j & 1991

2- vkj0 flag ] vks0 ,0 dqekj ] vkj0 ,l0 jkus& czsLV QhfMax ,.M ohfuax izSDVhlstv ; a xvjcu eqfLyel vkWQ fMfLVªDV y[kuÅ bf.M;uihfM;kfVªDl & 1992

3- MkW0 oUnk flag ekrdyk ,oa f”k”kq dY;k.k4- MkW0 th0 ih0 “kSjh ekrdyk ,oa f”k”kq dY;k.k5- MkW0 uhrk vxzoky] MkW fcukfuxe ekrdyk ,oa

cky fodkl6- MkW laxzke flag f”k”kq ifjp;kZ7 MkW0 vpZuk JhokLro ] MkW0 foHkk flag LokLF;

,oa jksxksa esa iks'k.kh; O;oLFkk8 ch0 ds0 c[“kh vkgkj ,oa iks'k.k ds ewy vk/kkj9 MkW lqjs"k xxZ f”k”kq fodkl ,oa ykyu ikyu10 MkW ¼Jherh½ vYdk vxzoky vkgkj ,oa

mipkjkRed iks'k.k11 MkW0 uhrk vxzoky ] MkW fcukfuxe ekrdyk ,oa

cky fodkl12 MkW laxzke flag f”k”kq ifjp;kZ13 MkW0 vkjk/kuk JhokLrovkgkj ,oa iks'k.k14 MkW0 Mh0 ,u0 JhokLro] vuqlU/kku fof/k;k¡

*****

11

izkphu Hkkjr esa d’kd dh lkekftd egRrk

*MkW0 jktho nqc s

_XoSfnd dky ls gh d‘f’k ,oa d’kd lektds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh izkIr gksus yxrh gSA ;|fi_XoSfnd dky esa df’k lEcU/kh Kku cgqr O;ofLFkrrks ugh Fkk rFkkfi rRdkyhu tu dks d“f’k dk Kkuvo”; FkkA1 vk;ksZa ds rRdkyhu thou esa i”kqpkj.k dhvis{kk df’k dk;Z dk egRo ux.; FkkA bl ckr dkvUnktk bl rF; ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd _Xosnds 10] 462 “yksdksa esa ls dsoy 24 esa gh df’k dkmYys[k gqvk gSA lafgrk ds ewy Hkkx esa d‘f’k egRo dsdsoy rhu “kCn izkIr gksrs gSa&mnZj] /kkU; ,oa oifUrA2

df’k vFkkZr [ksrh djuk “kCn bu ewy [k.Mksa esa vR;UrnqyZHk gSA _Xosn ds nlosa e.My esa taxy dkVus] Hkwfetksrus vkSj cht cksus] gWfl;k ls Qly dkVus] [kfygkuesa vukt vyx djus lEcU/kh d‘f’k dk;ksZ dk mYys[kizkIr gksrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij ;g dFkuh; gS fd_XoSfnd dky ds vfUre pj.k esa d‘f’k dk vkxeugks x;k Fkk vkSj ;g lEHko gqvk vuk;ksZ ds lEidZ dsdkj.kA lEHko% rHkh vk;Z bls foftr yksxksa dk /ka/kkdgdj iqdkjrs FksA

_XoSfnd vFkZO;oLFkk ds mijksDr lk{;ksa lsgesa fuokZg&vFkZO;oLFkk dh >yd feyrh gS ftldsvk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd mudk lkekftdlaxBu dck;yh FkkA lekt esa gesa mRiknd oxZ rFkkmRiknu fu;a=d oxZ dk vfLrRo ugh fn[krk gSA gesa_Xosn ds nlosa e.My ds iq:’k lqDr3 esa czkºe.k]{kf=;] oS”; ,oa “kwnz ds :i esa pkj o.khZ; lekt dk

n”kZu gksrk gSA bl pkjks o.kksZ dks vkfn iq:’k lsmRiUu crkrs gq;s bls nSoh vk/kkj iznku fd;k x;k gSAfdUrq ;fn ge o.kZ O;oLFkk dk vfHkizk; vFkZ&mRiknu}kjk fufeZr ,slh lkekftd lajpuk ls yxk;s] ftlesaiqjksfgr rFkk ;ks)k ds :i esa mPp Js.kh ds yksxmRiknu fu;a=d rFkk vf/k”ks’k mRiknu ds laxzgd FksrFkk fuEu Js.kh ds vUrxZr vkus okys fdlku] dkjhxj]df’k Jfed bR;kfn mRiknd Fks rks gesa fujk”kk ghfeysxhA rRdkyhu lekt esa mRiknd ,oa laxzgdrkZgh HkksDrk gksrs FksA dksbZ Hkh oxZ fo”ks’kkf/kdkj ;qDrugh FkkA fuEu oxZ ij dksbZ vik=rk ugh FkhA Loa;jktk Hkh lEiw.kZ dchys esa vU; ds lekt FkkA

,d vU; egRoiw.kZ rF; ds vuqlkj tSlk fd_Xosn eas mfYyf[kr gS vk;ksZ ,oa vuk;ksZ ds e/;la?k’kZ gksrk FkkA ;q) esa gkjs gq;s vuk;ksZ dks nkl cukfy;k tkrk FkkA _XoSfnd dky ds vUr esa nklksa dhla[;k esa i;kZIr of) gq;hA tks O;fDr vius _.kksa dkspqdrk ugh dj ikrs Fks mUgsa Hkh nklrk Lohdkj djuhiM+rh FkhA ;s nkl izk;% leLr f”kYiksa esa vk;ksZ dkslgk;rk iznku fd;k djrs FksA vk;Z Lokfe;ksa }kjknklks dks nku esa fn;s tkus dk izpYku Hkh FkkA ysfdu;gk¡ ;g rF; Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd _Xosn esa ,slk o.kZuugh feyrk gS] ftlls fd ;g nkok fd;k tk lds fdrRdkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk esa nklksa us fdlh cM+h Hkwfedkdk fuoZgu fd;k gksA bl ckr dk Hkh dksbZ izek.kizkIr ugh gksrk gS fd ;s cM+h la[;k esa df’k mRiknu

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*jktdh; ikfyVsfDud Ldwy ds lkeus eÅ jksM]vU/kÅ iksLV&vU/kÅ ¼taxhiqj½ ftyk&xkthiqj 233305


esa ;k m|ksxks esa iz;qDr fd;s tkrs FksA

vc ,d utj mRrj oSfnd dkyhu lkekftdfLFkfr ijA bl dky dh eq[; fo”ks’krkvksa ds :i esadf’k iz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk] dck;yh lajpuk eas njkj dkiM+uk] o.kZ O;oLFkk dk mn; rFkk {ks=h; lkezkT;ksa dsmn; dks fxuk;k tkrk gSA rRdkyhu fodkl dh nf’Vls ykSg ;qx dk izkjEHk Hkh blh le; ekuk tkrk gSAykSg rduhd dk iz;ksx “kq: esa rks vL=ksa ds fy;s gksrkFkk fdUrq “kuS% “kuS% bldk iz;ksx df’k ,oa vU;vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa gksus yxkA5 ;|fi mRiknu dhek=k dk Bhd&Bhd vuqeku yxkuk laHko ugh ysfdubruk rks fuf”pr gS fd d’kd viuh vko”;drk lsvf/kd mRiknu djus yx x;s jgs gksaxs D;ksafd rRdkyhulekt esa vuqRiknh oxZ ds :i esa czkºe.k] {kf=; dkmn; gks pqdk FkkA lekt o.kZ O;oLFkk ij voyfEcrFkkA czkºe.k ,oa {kf=; oxZ vuqRiknd gksrs gq;s HkhmRiknu ds fu;a=d FksA fuEu o.khZ oS”; ,oa “kqnzmRiknu dk;Z ds fy;s mRrjnk;h FksA

osnksa esa df’k dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr fuEufyf[krJethfo;ksa dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gS& 1& fduk”k]df’k cy ¼[ksr tksrus okyk½] 2& xksi vkSj xksiky¼pjokgk½ 3& vfoiky vkSj vtkiky] 4& vtqi¼pjokgk½ 5& /kkU;dr ¼/kkU; lkQ djus okyk Jfed½]6& miy iz{k.kh ¼vUu dh Hkwlh lkQ djus okykJfed½ 7& oia] ¼cht cksus okyk½ bR;kfnA

mRrj oSfnd dkyhu vk;Z d‘f’k ds izfr :fpj[krs esa vkSj ewyr% d’kd FksA /khjs&/khjs lekt esacM+s&cM+s Hkwfe [k.Mksa okys d‘’kd vfLrRo esa vk x;srFkk bUgksaus d‘f’k dk;Z djus ds fy;s Jfed j[kukizkjEHk dj fn;kA bl dky esa ,d vU; ifjorZunf’Vxkspj gksus yxrk gS] ftlds vuqlkj ,sls yksxksadh la[;k c<+ x;h] tks nwljks dh Hkwfe ij df’k djdsthou ;kiu djus yxs FksA pwafd bu Jfedksa ds iklviuh Hkwfe ugha Fkh bl fLFkfr us nkl izFkk dks

izksRlkfgr fd;k rFkk nklksa dk iz;ksx df’k dk;ksZ rFkkxg dk;ksZ esa fd;k tkus yxkA Je djus okyksa esa L=h,oa iq:’k nksuks gh lfEefyr FksA vFkoZ osn esa ,slhJethoh nklh dk mYys[k gS tks vks[kyh esa ewly ls/kku lkQ djus dk dk;Z djrh FkhA

oSfnd o.kZ&O;oLFkk ds iks’kd egkdkO;ksa esa Hkhdf’k dks egRoiw.kZ fLFkfr iznku dh x;h gSA egkHkkjresa vk;s ,d fooj.k ds vuqlkj d’kd ,oa of.kd ghjk’Vª gh lEifRr”kkyh cukrs gSaA vr% os gh jktk ,oaiztk dh j{kk djrs gSaA dsoy bruk gh ugha vfirqnsork] firj] euq’;] jk{kl] ljhli] i”kq&i{kh vkfnlHkh d’kd ,oa of.kd ds Je ij fuHkZj djrs gSaAblfy;s jktk dks egkHkkjr esa lekt ds bl egRoiw.kZoxZ dh rjQ fo”ks’k nf’V j[kus dh lykg nh x;h gSA7

egkHkkjr esa gh m|ksx ioZ esa vk;s ,d fooj.k] ftlesanq;ksZ/ku us viuh jkT; dh Js’B vFkZO;oLFkk ij xoZdjrs gq, fn[kk;h iM+rs gSa vkSj os dgrs gSa fd mudsjkT; esa df’k dks {kfr igq¡pkus okys dksbZ rRo ugha jgx;s gSaA jkek;.k esa Hkh jke dk Hkjr ls] tc os fp=dwVvk;s Fks df’k ,oa d’kdksa dh fLFkfr rFkk dq”ky {ksevkfn iwNuk bl O;oLFkk ds egRo ds Li’V djrk gSA8vkfFkZd n‘f’V ls df’k dh bl fo”ks’k fLFkfr ds dkj.kgh lekt ds ,d cgqla[;d oxZ us bls viuh thfodkds izeq[k lk/ku ds :i esa viuk;kA

egkdkO;ksa esa rks df’k ,d fLFkj] mUur ,oaO;kid m|ksx ds :i esa fu:fir dh x;h gSA jkek;.kds mRrjdk.M eas vk;s ,d o.kZu ds vuqlkj dR;qx esadf’k tSlh vkthfodk ds lk/kku dks gs; nf’V ls ns[kktkrk Fkk rFkk bls vur uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k tkrkFkkA ysfdu jkek;.k dky ¼=srk ;qx½ esa ;gh vuryksxks dh vkthfodk dk izeq[k lk/ku cu x;kAegkHkkjr esa Hkh df’k dk lkekU; tu dh tu dhthfodk ds :i esa fu:i.k gqvk gS rFkk bldh lqO;oLFkkds izfr d’kdksa dks fo”ks’k psrkouh nh x;h gSA egkHkkjr

13

ds m|ksx ioZ esa gh of.kZr gS fd ukSdj df’k dhns[k&Hkky lko/kkuh iwoZd ugh djrs Fks vkSj mudhFkksM+h lh vlko/kkuh ls vR;f/kd {kfr gks ldrh FkhA“kk;n ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;g dgk x;k gS fd ;ksX;xgLFk dks d‘f’k dk;Z dks nwljs ds Hkjksls u NksM+djLoa; lEiUu djuk pkfg;sA

Hkkjrh; o.kZ O;oLFkk esa df’k dks oS”;ksa dkO;olk; cryk;k x;k gSA jktk n”kjFk dh eR;q dsmijkUr v;ks/;k esa ,d= gksus okys oS”;ksa dks df’kxksj{; thfou dgk dj lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSAblls ;g lgt gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fdoS”; viuh thfodk d‘f’k ,oa xksikyu }kjk pykrsFksA jke us fp=dwV esa Hkjr ls oS”;ksa dk tks] df’k ,oaxksj{kk ls thfodk pykrs Fks dk dq”ky {kse iwNdj;gh bafxr fd;k gSA izFke n’V;k budk loZiz/kkudrZO; df’k] okf.kT; ,oa i”kqikyu gh izrhr gksrk gSAlw=ksa ds vuqklj d‘f’k dk;Z oS”;ksa dk fo’k; Fkk10 tksLora= fdlku Fks vkSj mit dk ,d fgLlk jkT; dksdj ds :i esa pqdkrs FksA Lefrdkjksa }kjk Hkh df’k dksoS”;ksa dk deZ cryk;k x;k gSA euq us fy[kk gS fddf’k i”kqikyu ,oa C;kt ysuk oS”;ksa dk deZ gS blfy;sbls [ksr dk xq.k&nks’k] cht cksus dh fo|k] izLFk rFkko:.k&vkfn ;ksxksa dk Kkrk rFkk rksyk] ek”kk rksyifjek.k la[;kvksa dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg;sA dkykUrjesa “kwnzksa dks Hkh df’k dk;Z esa layXu ns[kk gSaA dkSfVY;tks fd o.kZO;oLFkk dk iks’kd Fkk mlus Hkh “kqnz dksf”kYidyk] lsokofRr ds vfrfjDr df’k] i”kqikyu ,oaokf.kT; }kjk vkthfodk pykus dh vuqefr iznkudjrk gSA bl O;oLFkk ls “kqnzks dh vkfFkZd lq/kkj dkizHkko fuf”pr :i ls mudh lkekftd fLFkfr ijiM+k gksxkA blds lkFk gh dkSfVY; us ,sls la?kks dkmYys[k fd;k gS] tks df’k] i”kqikyu vkSj O;kikj ds}kjk /kuksiktZu djds thou fuokZg djrs Fks vkSj bula?kks esa fuf”pr gh oS”; ,oa “kqnz dk;Z djrs FksA izlax

o”k ;gk¡ phuh ;k=h gq;sulkax dk og mYys[k HkhegRoiw.kZ gS] ftlesa mlus d‘f’k dks “kqnzks dk O;olk;cryk;k gS rFkk O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; oS”;ksa dkA blvk/kkj ij ge lgt gh vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd ekS;Zdkyhu jktfu;af=r vFkZO;oLFkk ds nkSj esa] buxfrfof/k;ks a es a vHk wriwoZ foLrkj gqvk ftldsifj.kkeLo:i “kqnzks dh ,d foLrr vkcknh dks dsoynklrk rd lhfer j[kuk izklafxd ugha yxk ifj.kkeLo:i dkSfVY; us mUgsa fofHkUu mRiknu dk;ksZ esayxk;kA izks0 “kekZ ;g crkrs gS fd ekS;kZ dky esa cM+siSekus ij jkT; “kwnzks dks xqykeksa] etnwjksa ,oa f”kfYi;ksads rkSj ij fu;ksftr djrk FkkA nklksa dks Hkh cM+siSekus ij df’k mRiknu dk;Z esa layXu fd;s tkus dkizek.k gSA ;|fi mUgs etnwjh nh tkrh Fkh] fdUrq ;gbruh de gksrh Fkh fd thou fuokZg&U;wure Lrj ijgh laHko jgk gksxkA vkxs pydj ge ;g Hkh ns[krs gSafd dkSfVY; }kjk iznRr O;oLFkk rFkk mlds i”pkr~“kwnz yksx Hkh jktdh; izksRlkgu ls ijrh ,oa catjHkwfe dks df’k ;ksX; cukdj Lora= d’kd ds :i esavfLrRo esa vk x;s FksA

bl izdkj ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd o.kkZJe /keZ dsvuqlkj df’k ;|fi oS”;ksa dk deZ Fkk rFkkfi iqjksfgrksarFkk ;q)dekZ jkT;ksa ds vfrfjDr yxHkx lHkh yksxdf’k deZ esa ;ksx nsrs FksA /khjs&/khjs O;olkf;d cU/kuksads <hys iM+us ds lkFk gh mPp o.khZ yksx Hkh df’k deZesa layXu gksus yxsA vkiLrEc ,oa xkSre tSlsfof/kosRrkvksa us cnyrh gq;h lkekftd okLrfodrkvksa,oa vkfFkZd vko”;drkvksa ds rgr bu mPp of.kZyksxksa dks fofHkUu o.ksZRrj deksZ }kjk thfodksiktZu dhO;oLFkk iznku dh x;hA okLro esa vk/;kfRed fodklesa ck/kd gksus ds dkj.k gh “kkL=dkjksa us mPpo.kksZa dksbl ofRr ls iFkd jgus dk izkfo/kku fd;k FkkA

df’k dh bl egRoiw.kZ fLFkfr ds dkj.k lektesa d’kdksa dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr FkkA jkT; Hkh bl

izkphu Hkkjr esa d’kd dh lkekftd egRrk


O;olk; dh egRoiw.kZ fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq;s rFkk yksdfLFkfr dh fuHkZjrk dks nf’Vxr j[krs gq;s df’k dhrjQ fo”ks’k /;ku nsrk FkkA jkT; dh rjQ ls df’k dhj{kk ds lHkh lEHkkfor iz;Ru fd;s tkrs FksA bllEcU/k esa dkSfVY; dh og O;oLFkk egRoiw.kZ gS]ftlesa mlus okuizLFkh ds vfrfjDr vU; fdlh HkhHkze.kdkjh dks xzke dh lhek ds vUnj izos”k dks oftZrfd;k FkkA blds vfrfjDr mlus lkewfgd LFkkuksa esaukp&xku rFkk ok| bR;kfn dk izn”kZu Hkh blfy;sizfrcfU/kr fd;k gS fd d’kdksa ds dk;Z esa blls dksbZck/kk mRiUu u gksA dkSfVY; us jktdeZpkfj;ksa dksxk¡o dh lhek ls ckgj gh jgus dk vkns”k fn;k Fkkftlls fd os xzkeh.kksa ij vR;kpkj u dj ldsaA13

dkSfVY; ds bl dFku dh iqf’V ;wukuh jktnwresaxLFkuht ds o.kZu ls gksrh gSA mlds vuqlkj ;q)dkyesa “k=qlsuk;sa Hkh df’k dks fdlh izdkj dh {kfr ughaigqpkrh FkhA jkT; }kjk df’k dh rjQ fo”ks’k /;kunsus dh ihNs ,d egRoiw.kZ dkj.k ;g Fkk fd jkT; dhvkenuh dk ,d cgqr cM+k ek/;e df’k Hkh FkhAlekt esa ;fn NksVs d’kdksa dk lewg Fkk rks nwljh rjQ,sls cM+s d’kd Fks] ftuds ikl dbZ gyksa dh [ksrh FkhAtSu xzUFk fu”khFkpw.khZ esa vusd ,sls le) d’kdksa dk

mYys[k gS] ftuds ;gk¡ vkikrdky esa tSu fHk{kq “kj.kxrgqvk djrs FksA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd mu fnuks d’kdksads ikl viuk ,d iFkd la?k vFkok laxBu gqvkdjrk Fkk] ftlds ek/;e ls os viuh fLFkfr dks lqn<+djus esa lQy gksrs jgs gksaxsA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- _Xosn& 10] 94] 132- _Xosn& 4] 50] 113- iq:’k lqDr& 10] 90] 124- _Xosn& 10] 34] 125- “kekZ] jke”kj.k] bf.M;u fgLVkWfjdy fjO;w]

[k.M&2] vad&1] tqykbZ 19756- vFkZosn 12] 3] 137- egkHkkjr “kkafr ioZ& 90] 2 rFkk 90] 258- jkek;.k& 2] 100] 489- dkBd lafgrk& 37] 110- xkSre /keZ lw=& 10] 4711- Fkkel okVlZ% vku ºoku Pokax VªsoYl bu

bf.M;k] i0&16812- “kekZ] vkj0,l0] “kwnzks dk izkphu bfrgklA13- vFkZ”kkL=& 2] 1] 3] 4& 35

*****

15

LoPNUnrkokn dk mn~~Hko vkSj fodkl

*M‚- fouhrk feJk

Çgnh dk LoPNUnrkokn 'kCn vaxzsth dsjksekfUVflUe dk Çgnh vuqokn gS jksekfUVflUe 'kCn dhO;qRifÙk jksekfUVd fo'ks"k.k ls tksM+h tkrh gS çkphuÝkalhlh Hkk"kk esa blds jkekR'p jkseka'k jksekUt vkfn:i ik;s tkrs gS vius çkphu :i esa jksekal vFkokjksekUt 'kCn eè; ;wjksi ds eè; ;qxhu LoPNUnofÙkdk ifjp; gS blh vkèkkj ij LoPNUnrkoknh èkkjk dksvaxzsth esa eè; ;qxhu LoPNUnrkokn dk iqu#RFkkudgk x;k gS LoPNUnrkokn dk mnHko vkSj fodkl esavusd lkekftd jktfufrd nk'kZfud rFkk lkfgfR;ddkj.kksa dk gkFk jgk gS lkekftd –"Vh ls LoPNUnrkoknmn; lkeUrh lekt O;oLFkk ds var gksus rFkkvkSèkksxhdj.k ds dkj.k iwthoknh O;oLFkk ds mnHkods lkFk ekuk tk ldrk gSA foÜo lfgR; esaLoPNUnrkokn vFkok jksekfUVflTe lkekU;r% ,d çofÙkfo'ks"k dk è;ksrdVd 'kCn gSA LoPNUnrkokn vB~Bkjgoh'knh ds vUr esa çHkko'kkyh cuk vkSj mlus rRdkyhuçpfyr fopkjksa dk fojksèk fd;k bl vkUnksyu lslewps 'kkL=h;rkokn dh uho fgy x;h ;g foæksgjktuhfr vkSj dkO; 'kkL=h; cUèku nksuksa ds fc#)Fkk bl çdkj LoPNUnrkokn esa eqfä dh psruk fufgrgS LoPNUnrkoknh jpukdkj vadq'kghu Hkko txr esafopj.k djuk pkgrk gS mles dYiuk] Hkko] çse]lkSUn;Z] ekuoh; laosnuk] ç—fr çse vkfn dh çèkkurkjgrh gSA

;wjksih; LoPNUnrkokn ,d oSpkfjd vkUnksyuds :i esa tUek blfy; bldk çHkko O;kid gS vkSjmldh çfØ;k dh 'kq#vkr bfrgkl vkSj jktuhfr lsekuuh pkfg, LoPNUnrkokn dks ;wjksi esa nks eq[;Lrjksa ij la?k"kZ djuk iM+k] ppZ vFkok èkeZ vkSj jktrU=vFkok rkuk'kkgh ppZ dk 'kklu ;wjksi esa ,d le;rd bruk dBksj Fkk dh dSFkksfyd jktkvksa dks viusjkT;fHk"ksd rd dh Loh—fr iksi ls çkIr djuh iM+rhFkh bl çdkj dh dêjrk dks LoPNUnrkoknh Çpru usyydkjk vkSj bldk vkjEHk ,d mnkj èkkÆed iaFk dhryk'k ls gqvkA bÜoZj dh lÙkk esa ,d çdkj dk la'k;LoPNUnrkoknh –"Vh esa gesa igyh ckj vfHkC;fä ikrkfn[kkÃ nsrk gSA bl fojkV lÙkk dks ysdj ç'u [kM+sfd;s x;s vkSj jpukdkjksa us muds chp ls viuk jkLrkcukus dh dksf'k'k dh èkeZ ds caèku <hys gq, fcuk C;fädks ftl ladjh uSfrdrk dk fuokZg djuk iM+rk Fkkmles mldh vfHkyk"kkvks dh rfIr laHko ugÈ FkhA;wjksih; LoPNUnrkokn us ftl uÃ uSfrdrk dks ikukpkgk mlds fy, çkphu #f<;ks ls foæksg djuk vfuok;ZFkkA ppZ vkSj èkeZ ds gh Øe esa LoPNUnrkokn usjktuhfrd Lrj ij ;g vuqHko fd;k dh jktkvks dhfujadq'krk çfrcafèkr djuk vfuok;Z gS vU;Fkk vfHkC;fädh Lora=rk çkIr ugÈ gks ldrh èkeZ vkSj jktuhfrnksuksa esa gh mnkjrkokn dh ekax dh xÃ rkfd ekuoO;fäo viuh bPNkvksa dh iwÆr dj lds vkSj mldklEiw.kZ fodkl gks lds if'pe esa jksekafVflTe ds tUe

*vflLVsaV çksQslj ¼ Çgnh½ohj cgknqj Çlg eseksfj;y efgyk egkfo|ky; xksj[kiqj

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630


dh i"VHkwfe esa O;kid vkUnksyu fo|eku gS ftlusleLr thou –f"V dks çHkkfor fd;k | foKku vkSjmèkksx ds {ks= esa dÃ Økafr;ka gqÃ ftUgksaus thou –f"Vdks fuÆookn :i ls çHkkorh fd;k vkSj ,d u;sekuookn dk mn; gqvk lkfgR; ds {ks= brkoyh dfonkars us çkphu jkseu Hkk"kk ds LFkku ij uÃ brkoyhHkk"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k | ;wjksi esa LoPNUnrkokn ,ddkO; vkUnksyu ek= u gksdj lEiw.kZ oSpkfjd thouvkUnksyu gS blfy;s mlus vius dks ,d mnkj ekuoh;thou n'kZu ds :i esa çfrf"Br djuk pkgk | blhçdkj ;wjksi ds fofHkUu ns'kks teZuh ¶+jkal vkSj baXySaMds LoPNUnrkoknh vkUnksyuksa dh viuh vyx vyxtkfrxr fo'ks"krk, –f"Vxr gksrh gSA

teZuh esa LoPNUnrkokn dk fodkl ¶+jkalvkSj baXyS.M ls igys vkjEHk gqvk teZu LoPNUnrkokndk mn; xsVs ds QkmLV ds çFke [k.M ¼1808½ dsçdk'ku ds nks pkj o"kZ ckn Dykfldh ;qx ds var dslkFk gksrk gS| 'ysfxy caèkqvks ÝsMfjd ¼1759&1805Ãå½ rFkk vkaxLV foYgse ¼1767&1845½ dks teZuLoPNUnrkokn dk vkjEHk djrk ekuk tkrk gS| ftUgksaus'ksDlfi;j ds teZu vuqokn Hkh fd;s gS vkSj mUgksauslaL—r dk Hkh vè;;u fd;k Fkk| jksekafVflTe¼LoPNUnrkokn½ 'kCn dk loZ çFke ç;ksx lu 1798Ãå esa teZu vkykspd ÝsMfjd 'ysxy us fd;kAjksekafVd 'kCn dks ,d dkO; çofÙk ;k okn ds :i esaloZçFke Lohdkj djus okys ÝsMfjd 'ysxy gh FksA;ksa rks LoPNUnrkokn dk iqu#RFkku çfrfØ;k Lo:ivius vki gh gks jgk Fkk] ijUrq mlds xfreku fodkldh fn'kk esa nks ckrs cM+h çsjd jgh ,d teZuLoPNUnrkoknh lkfgR; vkSj n'kZu rFkk nwljk ¶+jkaldh jkT;Økafr bu nksuksa ds çHkko ls vaxzsth dsLoPNUnrkoknh dkO; us ,d O;kid ,oa fof'k"Vçsj.kknk;h :i xzg.k fd;k | jk;y lkslk;Vh vkQ,fMucjk dh laxks"Bh;ksa esa vaxz sth vkSj teZuLoPNUnrkokn ij fopkj gqvk vkSj bl çdkj ik'pkR;

lkfgR; ij O;kid :i ls mldk çHkko Q+Syus yxk];g dgk tk ldrk gS dh teZu LoPNUnrkoknvkykspukRed vkSj nk'kZfud rRoksa ls ;qä gS vkSjmldh jpukvks esa ,d lajpukRed ,oa oLrq ijdlaxfr gSA ;|fi teZu LoPNUnrkokn 1813 Ãå dsvkl ikl ç'kk vkSj vkfLVª;k dh fot; ds dkj.kyM+[kM+kus yxk ij mldk LFkku fof'k"V rks gS gh;wjksi esa LoPNUnrkokn ds çsj.kk lzksr ds :i esa ÝsapØkafr rFkk teZu fopkjèkkjk ,oa vkS|ksfxd Økafr dkçeq[k gkFk jgk gS ¶+jkal esa LoPNUnrkokn dks eq[;r%nks ;qxksa esa foHkä fd;k x;k gS igyk 1760 Ãå&1820Ãå rd] iwoZ LoPNUnrkokn ;qx vkSj 1820&1850 Ãård eq[; LoPNUnrkokn ;qx çFke dk vkjEHk :lks lsLohdkj fd;k x;k gS] ;g mfpr Hkh gS D;ksfd oghlEiw.kZ LoPNUnrkokn dh i"B Hkwfe esa fo)eku gS:lks ds Social contract vkSj Emile 'kh"kZd iqLrdds }kjk ,d >u>kor dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks x;h FkhA;gh lks'ky d‚UVªSDV gS ftlds }kjk Ýsap Økafr dksLora=rk lerk vkSj caèkqRo Liberty Equility andEraternity dk Loj feyk blh Loj ds }kjk ;wjksi dkjksekafVd vkUnksyu rhozrk ds lkFk Q+Sy tkrk gS dkyZekDlZ vkSj ÝsMfjd ,axsYl& 1789 Ã dh ¶+jkafllhØkafr ftls çtkra= dh tuuh dgdj Hkh lEcksfèkrfd;k tkrk gS viuh i"VHkwfe esa oSpkfjd Økafr dhijEijk fy, gq, gS vkSj blh fy, mldk çHkko dsoyjktuhfrd u gksdj lEiw.kZ bfrgkl] thou] laL—fr]lkfgR; vkSj dyk vkfn ij gSA

baXyS.M esa LoPNUnrkokn dh 'kq#vkr 1798esa fyfjdy cSysM~l ls ekuk tkrk gS bl laxzg dhdfork,¡ mUeqä :i ls oS;fäd vuqHkwfr;ks ds vkèkkjij fy[kh x;h gSA bldh Hkwfedk vaxzsth LoPNUnrkokndk ?kks"k.kk i= ekuk tkrk gS| bl laxzg es fofy;eoMZloFkZ ds fe= dfyzt us Hkh lg;ksx fn;k FkkA ;snksuks dkO; ds çpfyr :i vkSj 'kSyh dks cnyukpkgrs Fks nksuksa us ,d ;kstuk cuk;È blds vuqlkj

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,d us nSfud thou dks vykSfdd :i çnku djus dkozr fy;k nqljs us visf{kr ?kVukvks rFkk ik=ksa dksokLrfod :i nsus dk y{; fuèkkZfjr fd;kA bldkO; ltZuk esa tkus igpkus rFkk lkèkkj.k ik=ks dkp;u fd;k x;k rFkk dfo;ksa dh #>ku fuEu rFkkxzkeh.k thou ij dsfUær gq;h rFkk euq"; dh LoHkkfodHkk"kk dks vfHkO;fä dk ekè;e cuk;k x;k dchoMZloFkZ us dyk txr ls —f=erk dks u"V djus dsfy, ;g ç;kl fd;k Fkk| jksekafVd dfo;ksa us xzkeksdh vksj çLFkku fd;k] ç—fr ds :iksa dks fugkjk]ioZr >hy ljksoj ds lkSUn;Z dk vkLoknu fd;kAç—fr çse LoPNUnrkokn dk i;kZ; cu x;k vkSjLoPNUnrkoknh dfo ç—fr ds vuU; iqtkjh iqutkZxj.kus u, Kku foKku ds lgkjs çkphure ijEijk dks u,<ax ls le>us dh –f"V nh vkSj lekt esa ØfUrdkjhfopkjks dk mn; gqvk ;gk¡ LoPNUnrkoknh çofÙk;ksa dsfodkl dk vfèkd volj blfy, Hkh Fkk ] D;kasfd¶+jkal dh rqyuk esa ;gk¡ okrkoj.k de vkanksfyr FkkAQyLo:i baXyS.M esa LoPNUnrkoknh çofÙk;ksa dklEiw.kZ fodkl gqvk vkSj mlus ,d çcy vkUnksyu dk:i xzg.k fd;k | Hkkjr esa LoPNUnrkoknh çHkkovaxzsth ds ekè;e ls caxyk ij iM+k | fgUnh esa ;gçofÙk 20oh lnh ds nwljs n'kd ls fn[kkÃ nsrh gSAÇgnh ds LoPNUnrkokn ij vaxzsth vkSj caxyk dkfeyk tqyk çHkko gS vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us JhèkjikBd dks vkèkqfud dkO; èkkjk esa lPps LoPNUnrkoknds çorZd ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA gfj'paæ dslg;ksfx;ksa esa dkO; èkkjk dks u;s u;s fo"k;ksa dh vksjeksM+us dh çofÙk rks fn[kkÃ iM+h ij Hkk"kk czt gh jgusnh x;h vkSj i| ds <kpks ] vfHkO;atuk ds <ax rFkkç—fr ds Lo:i fujh{k.k vkfn esa LoPNUnrkokn dsn'kZu u gq, bl çdkj dh LoPNUnrk dk vkHkkligys igy ia Jhèkj ikBd us gh fn;kA bUgksus ç—frds :f<+c) :iksa rd gh u jg dj viuh vk¡[kksa ls Hkhmlds :iksa dks ns[kk ÞLoxÊ; oh.kkß esa mUgksaus ml

ijks{k laxhr d fnO; laxhr dh vksj jgL; iw.kZ ladsrfd;k ftlds rky lqj ij ;g lkjk foÜo ukp jgkgSA bu lc ckrks ij fopkj djus ij ia Jhèkj ikBddh lPps LoPNUnrkokn ¼jksekafVflTe½ ds çorZdBgjrs gSA Çgnh LoPNUnrkoknh dkO; viuh eq[;;k=k 20oh lrh ds nwljs n'kd ds yxHkx var es 'kq:djrk gS vkSj pkSFks n'kd rd viuk loksZÙke ltunsrk gSA bl çdkj le; dh eki esa 20 o"kks± ds Hkhrjvkèkqfud dkO; dh :ekuh çofr;ka Çgnh dkO; esa u,dhÆreku LFkkfir djrh gSaA Çgnh LoPNanrkokn vkèkqfud;qx dh mRifÙk gS vkSj mlesa ns'k dh jktuhfr lkekftdifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ;ksx gS] laHko gS mUuhloÈ lnh dsvar vkSj 20oÈ lnh ds vkjaHk esa mfnr gksus okys blÇgnh LoNanrkokn us vius vkjafHkd {k.kksa esa ik'pkR;jksekafVd esa ls çsj.kk yh gks ij vkt mldk tks Lo:igekjs lkeus gS og çekf.kr djrk gS fd mlus viusLora= O;fäRo dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

LoPNanrkokn ds lanHkZ esa ik'pkR; ,oa Hkkjrh;fo}kuksa ds vfHker LoPNanrkokn dk vkjaHk 18oÈ lnhesa gks x;k Fkk ysfdu bldk iw.kZ fodkl mUuhloÈlnh ds iwokZèkZ esa gqvk gS LoPNanrkoknh psruk ijaijkoknhfl)kar ds fojksèk esa foæksg ds :i esa vkÃ ;g foæksgbaXySaM esa bruk rst ugÈ Fkk ftruk fd teZuh vkSjÝkal esa oM~lZoFkZ rFkk dkyfjt bl uÃ fopkjèkkjk dsçFke mUuk;d FksA bu nksuksa dfo vkykspdksa dsla;qä ç;kl ls gh LoPNanrkokn esa ,d uohu vkanksyudk :i èkkj.k fd;kA oMZLoFkZ ds fyfjdy cSysMlvkSj d‚yfjt ds fyVjsfj;k ck;ksxzkQh;k ds }kjkvaxzsth lkfgR; esa jksekafVflTe ¼ LoPNanrkokn ½ viusO;kid :i esa gekjs lkeus vk;kA cSfy'dh ds vuqlkjLoPNanrkokn ds {ks= euq"; dk laiw.kZ vkarfjd vkSjvkfRed thou gS tks fd vkRek vkSj ân; dh ogifo= Hkwfe gS tgka ls mUufr ds fufeÙk fd, gq, lkjsç;kl mn~Hkwr gksrs gSa ij dYiuk ds }kjk lf"V vkn'kks±esa larks"k ikrs gSaA vkxs budk dguk gS fd ogka thou



gS tgka euq"; gSa vkSj tgka euq"; gSa ogh vkidksLoPNanrkokn feysxkA okYVj isVj 'kCnksa esa ds lkSan;ZlkFk vuwBsiu dk ;ksx gh dyk esa lkSan;Z ykylk ,dfuf'pr gksus ds dkj.k lkSan;Z ykylk ds lkFk ftKklkdk ;ksx LoPNanrkoknh LoHkko dk fuekZ.k djrk gSALoPNanrkokn dks vfHkfØ;k vkSj fØ;kred nks Hkkxksaesa xksdÊ us foHkkftr fd;k gS] M‚DVj vtc Çlg ds'kCnksa es vfØ;kRed LoPNanrkokn oLrqr%euq"; dsthou dks jax pqudj mls vartZxr ds fu"Qy vkRen'kZuthou dh u gy gksus okyh igsfy;ksa tSls çse] eR;qrFkk vfuok;Z leL;kvksa ds Çpru esa my>krk gSfØ;kRed LoPNanrkokn ekuo ds thou ladYi dks–<+ djrk gSA vklikl ds thou vkSj mlds lHkhçdkj ds mRihM+u ds fo#) foæksg djrk gSaA fØ;kRed;k lfØ; LoPNanrkokn dks ge uo LoPNanrkokn Hkhdg ldrs gSaA

Vhå Ãå áqe us viuh çfl) iqLrd fnLisdqys'kal es LoPNanrkokn ij uohu –f"V ls fopkjfd;k gS ;Fkk rqe ÃÜoj esa foÜokl ugÈ djrs gksAblfy, rqe euq"; esa gh ÃÜoj dk foÜokl djus yxrsgks rqe LoxZ esa foÜokl ugÈ djrs gks blfy, èkjrh ijgh LoxZ gS ,slk foÜokl djrs gks nwljs 'kCnksa esa rqeLoPNanrkokn dks çkIr djrs gks LoPNanrkokn dsç—fr ,oa Lo:i ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkkjrh; fo}kuksaus fofHkUu eu çLrqr fd, gSa | LoPNanrkokn 'kCnvaxzsth ds jksekafVflTe 'kCn dk Çgnh vuqokn gSHkkjrh; fopkjdksa ds bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx lcls igysvkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy th us fd;k Fkk | mldsvuqlkj ç—fr çkax.k esa pj &vpj çkf.k;ksa dk jkxiw.kZifjp; mudh xfrfofèk ij vkReh;rk – O;atd] –f"Vikr] lq[k& nq[k es muds lkgp;Z dh Hkkouk] ;slc ckrsa LokHkkfod LoPNanrk okn ds infpUg gS|vkpk;Z uannqykjs oktisÃ ds 'kCnksa esa Lora=; dhykylk vkSj caèkuksa dk R;kx jkseSfVd èkkjk ds ewy esaO;kIr gS |çse'kadj ds vuqlkj euq"; dh futh vktknh

O;fäRo dh NwV] lkSan;Z dh ,d viuh nqfu;k vkfnfd tks èofu vkrh gS vkSj mlesa jksekuh çofr;ksa dhtks f'kjdr gSa blds fy, LoPNanrkoknh dkO; ghvfèkd ekSt uke ekywe gksrk gS M‚ f=Hkqou Çlg ds'kCnksa esa jksekafVd lkfgR; m# ekuo lekt ds fy,ml ekuo lekt }kjk fuÆer gS tks viw.kZ gS vkSj ftudks iw.kZ djus dh og bPNk j[krk gS vFkkZr ;g ,dthoar rFkk xfreku vkSj fØ;k'khy ,oa deZB lektdk lkfgR; gSA vkpk;Z gtkjh çlkn f}osnhLoPNanrkoknh Lo:i dks Li"V djus esa vkRekuqHkwfr]vkosx èkkjk] O;fä dk çkèkkU; rFkk dYiuk dhmifLFkfr dks Lohdkj djrs gSa mUgksaus LoPNanrkokndks bl :i esa vfHkO;ä fd;k gS jksekafVd lkfgR;dh okLrfod mRlo Hkwfe og ekufld xBu gSftlesa dYiuk ds vfojy çokg ls èku laf'yLVfufoM+ vkos'k dh gh çèkkurk gksrh gSA ekufld ofr;kagh bl O;fäRo çèkku lkfgfR;d :i dh çèkkutuuh gSA Çgnh ds vkykspd M‚DVj ukeoj Çlg dsvuqlkj LoPNanrkokn çkphu :f<+;ksa ls eqfä dhvkdka{kk gS] M‚DVj f=Hkqou Çlg ds vuqlkj 19oÈ'krkCnh ds vkjaHk esa vaxzsth dfo;ksa esa ,d vn~HkqrvuqHko èkkjk çcy gks dj çdV gqÃ ftls jksekafVflTeds uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k blh Hkko èkkjk dksÇgnh esa LoPNanokn vFkok LoPNanrkokn ckn dgkx;k gSA vkpk;Z foÜoukFk feJ ds vuqlkj lkekftdcaèkuksa dks rksM+dj thou ds LoPNan fopj.k djus dhykylk gh LoPNanrkokn gSA Çgnh lkfgR; dks"k esaLoPNanrkokn dh ifjHkk"kk bl çdkj nh xÃ gSlkfgfR;d mnkjokn gh jksekafVflTe gS vFkkZr çkphuf'kLV rFkk Dykfld ifjikVh ds fojksèk esa mB [kM+hgksus okyh fopkjèkkjk dks jksekafVflTe dgrs gSaANk;koknh dfo=h egknsoh oekZ ds vuqlkj LFkwy lkSan;Zfd futÊo vkfnR; ls Fkds vkSj dfork dh ijaijkxrfu;e Ja[kyk ls tqM+s gq, O;fä;ksa dks fQj mUgÈjs[kkvksa esa caèks LFkwy dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k gh #fpdj gqvk

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vkSj u mldk #.khxr Hkk"kk vkn'kZ mUgsa uohu :ijs[kkvksa dh vko';drk Fkh | vkSj ;gh LoPNanrkokndk vfHkçsr gSA M‚DVj vtc Çlg dk er LoPNanrkoknds lanHkZ esa bl çdkj gS LoPNanrkokn uohu vuqHkwfrdh Hkwfe ij iqjkuh ijaijkvksa vkSj :f<+;ksa ls foæksg djpsru ç—fr rFkk yksd thou dh vuqHkwfr dks ok.khnsrk gS u, dkC; :iksa dks ub 'kSfy;ksa dks iYyfor,o iqf"ir djrk gSA psru vkSj vpsru fo"k;h vkSjfo"k; vUr% vkSj oká ekuo vkSj ç—fr nks fojksèkhrRoksa dk leUo; Hkh djrk gS rFkk bldh nqfu;k iwjhrjg ls ugÈ gksrh gSA LoPNanrkokn ds lanHkZ es M‚DVjukxsUæ dk vfHker bl çdkj gS jk"Vªh; vrhr rFkkeè;;wx ls lEc) –';ksa] ?kVukvksa ,oa ik=ksa dk fp=.kvewrZ dh vis{kk ewrZ dh Loh—fr] çk—frd –';ksa okyhrFkk rtfur taxy çcy jkxkRed vn~Hkqr rFkkfoLe;ksRind O;kikj] vkRek vkSj ijekRek] LoIu rFkkvopsru ;s lHkh LoPNanrkoknh lkfgR; ds fç; fo"k;jgs gSaA xhrkRedrk fnokLoIu cgqyrk dYiuk rFkkmRçsj.kk bl lkfgR; ds çeq[k y{k.k gSa M‚DVj jkesÜojyky [kaMsyoky r#.k }kjk nh xÃ ifjHkk"kk bl çdkjgS Çgnh LoPNanrkokn ;k jksekalokn ds ewy rRo çkIrFks tks vaxzsth dfork ds jksekalokn es çkIr gksrs gSa|vFkkZr #f<;ks ls eqfä O;fäxr thokukHkqrh LoPNanvkSj je.kh; dYiuk] ç—fr ds çfr xaHkhj çse rFkkmlesa psru lÙkk dk vkjksi vrhr vkSj Hkfo"; ds çfrykylk] yyd] ckSf)drk ds LFkku ij dksey Hkkoukdk çèkku; eqä Nan foèkku vkfn | bl ifjHkk"kk esaLoPNanrkokn dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,a ns[kus dks feyrh gSaik'pkR; ,oa Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksadk vè;;u djus ds ckn ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprsgSa fd LoPNanrkokn okLro esa ,d uO; dYiuk'khy–"Vhdks.k ls thou vkSj ç—fr dks ns[kus dh çofr gS

ftles çk;% lHkh dyk :iksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gS rFkkbfrgkl vkSj n'kZu ij Hkh çHkko MkykA LoPNanrkoknuÃ vuqHkwfr dh Hkwfe ij çkphu ijEijkvks vkSj #f<;ksls foæksg dj psru ç—fr vkSj yksdthou dh vuqHkwfrdks Loj nsrk gSA LoPNanrkokn Hkko vkSj Hkk"kk ds {ks=esa ,d Økafr ysdj vk;k gS mlus ijaijkxr jhfrc)rkvkSj 'kkL=h;fl)karksa dks rksM+k lkFk gh vfHkofä dksuÃ fn'kk çnku dj viuh ,d uÃ nqfu;k cukÃ blesaiqjkuh #f<;ks vkSj ijaijkvksa dk dksÃ vfLrRo ugÈ gSA

xzUFk lwph&

1& M‚å ckyeqdqan ikBdHkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=

2& M‚å çse 'kadj Çgnh LoPNanrkoknh dkO;3& M‚å vtc Çlg

vkèkqfud dkO; dh LoPNanrkoknh çofÙk;ka4& dkyZ ekDlZ vkÆFkd ,axYl ladfyr jpuk,a5& vtc Çlg uo LoPNanrkokn6& ';ke fd'kksj feJ vaxzsth jksekafVd dkO; ds

lanHkZ esa Çgnh Nk;koknh dkO; dk vè;;u7& vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy Çgnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl8& M‚DVj f=Hkqou Çlg vkèkqfud Çgnh dfork ds

Loj èkkjk9& M‚DVj nsojkt mikè;k; jksekafVd lkfgR;'kkL=10& M‚DVj ukeoj Çlg Nk;kokn11& vkpk;Z uannqykjs cktisÃ vkèkqfud lkfgR;12& èkhjsaæ oekZ Çgnh lkfgR; dksÞk13& vkpk;Z foÜoukFk çlkn feJ Çgnh

lelkef;d lkfgR;14& Jh —".k yky vkèkqfud Çgnh lkfgR; dk

fodkl15& lR;nso feJ ik'pkR; leh{kk l)kar vkSj okn

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csjkstxkjh mUewyu esa okf.kfT;d cSadkas dk ifjn”;

*vthr flag

Hkkjro’kZ esa O;kolkf;d cSafdax iz.kkyh dh“kq:vkr fczfV”k “kkludky esa gqbZA ;g iz.kkyh fczfV”kcSafdax iz.kkyh dk gh vuqdj.k FkhA Hkkjrh; O;kolkf;dcSfdax ra= dh vius foLrkj] fofo/khdj.k fons”khfofu;e rFkk O;kolkf;d foLrkj ds lUnHkZ esa izxfr,d ;qxkUrdkjh ?kVuk FkhA fQj Hkh fczfV”k dky esavkSj buds jk’Vªh;dj.k ls igys Hkkjro’kZ esa O;kolkf;dcSadksa dk ns”k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fo”ks’k fu.kkZ;d ;ksxnkuugha FkkA budk O;kolkf;d ;ksxnku dsoy laxfBr{ks=ksa esa Fkk] ysfdu xzkeh.k {ks=] y?kq m|ksx] df’k {ks=vkfn buds ;ksxnku ls vNwrs gh FksA Hkkjrh vFkZO;oLFkkdh lcls cM+h deh jgh gS fd vlaxfBr {ks= ftlesafo”ks’k :i ls df’k {ks= tks gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqyjk’Vªh; vk; dk yxHkx 26 izfr”kr Hkkx iwjk djrk gS]Hkh “kkfey gS] foÙkh; lgk;rk ds vHkko esa vk/kqfudrduhd ds uD”ksdne ij izzxfr ugha dj ldk gSAifj.kkeLo:i gekjh dh leL;k dk lek/kku u djldh vkSj vUrr% dqy vkcknh dk ,d cM+k fgLlkxjhcksa dk gks x;kA LorU=rk ds ckn gekjh ljdkjksaus u;h vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k “kq: dhA LokHkkfodrkSj ij xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fodkl ij fo”ks’k /;ku dsfUnzrfd;k x;k ftlds vUrxZr fofHkUu izdkj ds fodkldk;ZØe tSls& lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe] jk’Vªh;lsok ;ksstuk] vkbZ0 vkj0Mh0 ih0] fo”ks’k i”kq/ku mRiknudk;ZØe] lw[kkxzLr {ks= dk;ZØe] e:LFkyh fodkldk;ZØe] jk’Vªh; xzke jkstxkj ;kstuk vkfn “kq: dhxbZ vkSj bu ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr vkt Hkh dk;Z gks

jgk gSA ;|fi] ;g xgu vkfFkZd ;kstukvksa dk ghifj.kke gS fd Hkkjro’kZ us vk”kkuqdwy m|ksx] O;kikjvkSj okf.kT; ds {ks=ksa ds izHkkoh izxfr ntZ dh gSAfdUrq csjkstxkjh dh leL;k ds gy esa d‘f’k {ks= ;kvU; {ks= vlQy gh jgs gSaA

vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkoZtfud {ks= vkSj futh {ks=¼nksuksa½ csjkstxkjh dh leL;k ls futkr nsus dh dksf”k”kdh ijUrq ;s ns”k dh c<+rh gqbZ csjkstxkjh dks jksdus esalQyrk ugha ntZ djk ldsA fu%lUnsg c<+rh tula[;kvkSj f”k{kk us jkstxkj [kkstus okyksa dh la[;k esa of)dh gSA blfy, ;g ekuk x;k fd volj dhmiyC/krk ij fo”ks’k /;ku nsus dh t:jr gS vkSjyksxksa dks blds fy, tkx‘r djus dh vko”;drk gSfd os Lojkstxkj ds volj ryk”ksaA

Hkkjr ljdkj us vuqdwy okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.k esafo”ks’k /;ku fn;k gS rkfd lajpukRed lgk;rk eqgS;kdjkdj jkstxkj [kkstus okyksa dks Lojkstxkj ;kstukds rgr ykHk igq¡pk;k tk ldsA blds vUrxZrLojkstxkj volj dsUnzksa dk l‘tu vfr egRoiw.kZlqfo/kk gSA tks vuqdwy iSekus esa foÙkh; lgk;rkfnykrh gS vkSj blds lkFk gh rduhdh tkudkjh ovU; nwljh lqfo/kk,¡] tSls& ifjogu] ÅtkZ bR;kfn dhmiyC/krk yksxkas dks Lojkstxkj dk;ZØe esa tqM+us dsfy, izksRlkfgr djrh gSA

;gh dkj.k gS fd O;kolkf;d cSad] tks ns”k dsfoÙkh; lzksr dk izeq[k dsUnz gS] dks jk’Vªh; vkfFkZd

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*”kks/k Nk=] ohj cgknqj flag iwokZpy fo”ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj

21

uhfr vkSj fu;kstu dh izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ijmudh vko”;drkuqlkj dk;Z djuk iM+kA Hkkjro’kZ esaorZeku esa 90 izfr”kr ls Hkh vf/kd O;kolkf;d cSadljdkjh {ks= esaa gS] rFkk vussd detksfj;ksa ds ckotwnHkh os izdk”k esa vk;s gSa ;g dguk vfr”;ksfDr u gksxkfd gekjs O;kolkf;d cSad jk’Vªh;dj.k ds ckn ns”kHkj esa QSyh cgqr lh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa izR;{k ;kviz;R{k :i ls vius dks “kkfey djrs gq, u dsoyvk/kqfudre m|ksxksa ;k O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa vfirqdf’kxr vkSj y?kq m|ksx ;k vU; rjg dh xzkeh.kvkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok fn;sA

gekjs ns”k esa csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dk lek/kkulkoZtfud {ks=] futh {ks= ;k nksuksa ds }kjk dj ikukeqf”dy fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vr% Lojkstxkj dks fo”ks’kegRo iznku fd;k x;k] fo”ks’k :i ls xjhch gVkvks*ds lUnHkZ esa] tks gekjh lHkh egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd ;kstukvksadk eq[; mÌs”; FkkA xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh gkFk esagkFk Mkys lkFk&lkFk pyrh gS vkSj bUgsa jkstxkjksUeq[kvoljksa dh miyfC/k ds ek/;e ls gh /oLr fd;k tkldrk gSA ;|fi gekjs vkfFkZd {ks= esa izkFkfed]f}rh;d ,oa r‘rh;d {ks=ksa esa O;kid jkstxkj dsvoljksa dk ltu fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu bls csjkstxkjhds cSdykWx ls fu;fU=r ugha fd;k tk ldk Qyr%bldk o’kZ izfro’kZ c<+us dk Øe tkjh jgkA

ek= tula[;k of) gh O;kid csjkstxkjh dkewy dkj.k ugha gS] ;|fi ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSavusd ckj csjkstxkj yksx ukSdjh ikus esa vlQyrjgrs gSa D;ksafd os mldh oakNuh; ;ksX;rkvksa dks iwjkugha dj ikrsA laxfBr {ks=ksa esa pkgs os jkT; ljdkj dsv/khu gksa ;k futh fu;U=.kk/khu] tc u;s jkstxkj dsvoljksa dk ltu gksrk gS rks ogk¡ dsoy ,sls yksxksa dklek;kstu gks ikrk gS ftuds ikl tkWc ds vuqdwyokaNuh; ;ksX;rk ,oa dq”kyrk izkIr djus rFkk laxfBr{ks= esa ukSdjh ikus ds fy, okaNuh; fof”k’Vrk ;k

;ksX;rk izkIr djus dk iz;kl Hkh ugha dj ldrs gSaA

vkfFkZd txr ds laxfBr {ks=kas }kjk jkstxkjvoljksa dk ltu dkQh gn rd uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;kdks le) djrk gS] Qyr% tula[;k dk dsUnzh;dj.kgksrk gS ftlls vusd leL;kvksa] tSls& LokLF; vkSji;kZoj.k] iznw’k.k vkfn dk tUe gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh,slk Hkh gksrk gS fd yksx viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dsdkj.k fdlh nwljs ds }kjk iznÙk dksbZ ukSdjh idM+ysrs gSaA ,slk Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd vkfFkZd :i ls ghghu O;fDr dh vizR;kf”kr ifj.kke ns nsrk gS] ;fnmls vPNs funsZ”k vkSj vkfFkZd lzksr dk lg;ksx mldsdk;Z dks vatke nsus ds fy, mlds dkS”ky vkSj n{krkds vuqdwy fey tkrk gSA

gekjs ns”k ds fy, ,d lgh ,oa lUrqfyr uhfrgksus pkfg, u fd laxfBr {ks=ksa ds ek= ifj{ks= dsfoLrkj }kjk jkstxkj voljksa ds l‘tu vkSj foLrkjdk mÌs”; gksuk pkfg,A lkFk gh lkFk vuqdwy okrkoj.kvkSj varlajpukRed l‘tu ds fy, lathnk gksuk gksxkvkSj “kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxkssadh izxfr ds izfr i;kZIr /;ku nsuk gksxkA fiNM+s vkSjxjhch yksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, “kq: dh xbZ cgqr lh;kstuk,¡@dk;ZØe ds vykok lgdkjh {ks=ksa ds fodklij Hkh i;kZIr /;ku nsuk gksxkA

Lojkstxkj ekud ij lgh :i ls tq>k: izdfrprqFkZ iapo’khZ; ;kstuk esa ifjyf{kr gqbZ vkSj gekjhgekjh O;kolkf;d cSfdax iz.kkyh us bl vfHk;ku dh“kq:vkr xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds t:jean vkSj fiNM+ksa ds ykHkds fy, fd;kA 14 izeq[k O;kolkf;d cSadksa dkjk’Vªh;dj.k bl fn”kk esa mBk;s x;s egRoiw.kZ dne ds:i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl dne ls O;kolkf;dcSad iz.kkyh vkSj leqnk; ds chp lh/kk lEidZ LFkkfirdjus esa egRoiw.kZ lQyrk feyhA

^Lojkstxkj* dk “kkfCnd vFkZ csjkstxkj }kjkthoar vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk ltu djuk gS] vFkkZr~

csjk stxkjh mUewyu esa okf.kfT;d cSadkas dk ifjn”;


ifjizs{;kuqdwy ukSdjh dh ryk”k djus okyk] ftls oLo;a pyk;s vkSj O;oLFkk djsa vkSj og mlds fu;fervkenuh dk vk/kkj lzksr gksA nwljs “kCnksa esa] csjkstxkj;k jkstxkj ryk”kus okys }kjk fdlh nwljs fu;ksDrkdh vksj vius jkstxkj ds fy, ugha ns[kuk] cfYdvius [kqn ds m|e esa Lo;a dks O;Lr j[kuk ghLojkstxkj gSA

Lojkstxkj dk eq[; vk”k; gS fd og ,d NksVsfuos”k }kjk izkjEHk gksuk pkfg, vkSj ckn esa vftZr dhxbZ n{krk ds vuqdwy blesa of) gksuh pkfg,A bldklapkyu ,oa O;oLFkkiu lEcfU/kr O;fDr }kjk NksVslewg ds lg;ksx ls gksuk pkfg,A tks ,d Lrjh; gksA

cSfdax vk;ksx }kjk funsZf”kr lkekU; Lojkstxkjds mik; fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- jksM] ty] ifjogu }kjk LdwVj] VSDlh] Vªd]vkVks fjD”kk] lkbfdy&fjD”kk vkfn dk mi;ksxA

2- MkWDVj] odhy] vkfdZVsDV vkfn dk O;olk;A3- QqVdj O;kikj ;k NksVk fuekZrkA4- c<+bZ] yksgkj vkfn tSls xzkeh.k dkjhxj] iq’i

[ksrh] Qy] ][ksrh vkfnA5- vfHk;ksx dk v/;;u] f”k{kk ;k rduhdh n{krk

dk vtZuA;s dqN mik; gS tks nksuksa txg xzkeh.k vkSj

“kgjh {ks=ksa esa izpfyr gSA ysfdu os vyx&vyx

LFkkuksa ;k {ks=ksa esa O;kIr tyokf;d fHkUurk vkSjHkkSxksfyd ;k izkdfrd ifjLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrhgSA ljdkj dh orZeku jkstxkj uhfr ls Lojkstxkj dkfo”ks’k egRo gS tks eq[;r% cSadks ds lLrs ,oa ljyfoÙkh; lg;ksx ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tSlk fd igysdgk tk pqdk gS fd bldk izeq[k dkj.k gekjs ns”k esaO;kolkf;d cSadkas ds izR;{k nkf;Ro ds rgr jkT; dsfu;U=.kk/khu gksuk FkkA

lUnHkZ xzUFk&lwph &

1- vxzoky oh0ih0Mh0] 1981 % dkef”kZ;y cSafdaxbu bf.M;k vkVj us”kuykbts”ku DykfldyifCyf”kx] U;w nsyghA

2- vxzoky] ,p0,u0] 1980 % ,0 ikVsZV vkWQus”kuykbTM cSaDl b.Vj bf.M;k ifCyds”kUl]U;w nsyghA

3- clq ,l0ds0] 1979 % dkef”kZ;y cSaDl ,.M,xzhdYpjy ØsfMr ,ykbM ifCy”klZ izkbosVfyfeVsM] U;w nsyghA

4- flag ch0ds0] 2002 % Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] dq”kyifCyds”ku] okjk.klhA

5- nslkbZ ch0] 2001 % bf.M;u cSfdax& uspj ,.MizkWCyEl fgeky; ifCyf”kax gkml] ckEcsA

6- fNik ,e0,y0] 1987 % dkef”kZ;y cSfdaxMsoyiesUV bu bf.M;k] fizUVosy ifCy”klZ]t;iqjA

*****

23ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

Lkkekftd ifjorZu ds nkSj esa ewY;ksa dk ladV

lUrks’k dqekj*

Hkkjrh; lekt] lH;rk ,oa laL—fr dk bfrgklml le; izkjEHk gqvk tc fo”o ds vf/kdka”k yksxtaxyh ,oa ccZj voLFkk esa FksA ;gk¡ ds Jf’k&eqfu;ksa]fopkjdksa ,oa lkekftd fpradks us viuh lk/kuk]v/;;u] fprau ,oa euu rFkk vuqHko ds vk/kkj Ikj,slh laL—fr ,oa thou ewY;ksa dks fodflr fd;kAftlus Hkkjrh; lekt ds yksxksa ds thou dk ekxZn”kZufd;k lkFk gh Hkkjrh; lekt dks laxfBr cuk;s j[kusesa ;ksx fn;kA R;kx] n;k] mnkjrk] izse] lg;ksx]lfg’.kqrk] lgkuqHkwfr] bZekunkjh] uSfrdrk vkfnlkekftd ewY; Hkkjrh; lekt ds yksxksa ds thou dkizkjEHk ls gh ekxZn”kZu djrs jgs gSA fdUrq orZekuvk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa oS”ohdj.k ds nkSj esa Hkkjrh; lektesa lkekftd ifjorZu dh xfr bruh rhoz gks xbZ gS fdbu lkekftd ewY;ksa] thouewY;ksa] uSfrd ewY;ksa dsle{k xaHkhj ladV eglwl fd;k tk jgk gSA lwpukØkfUr dk vkt pgqvksj ncnck gS fo”ks’kdj Hkkjr esaA lwpuk ØkfUr us vkt fo”o ds leLr ns”kksa dkstksM+dj vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa oS”ohdj.k dks tUe fn;kgS ftlesa fo”o ds fofHkUu ns”k ,oa lekt ,d nwljs lstqM+ x;s gSa vkSj buds chp i¡wth dk vknku&iznku gksusds lkFk&lkFk laL—fr dk Hkh vknku&iznku gks jgkgSA laL—fr;ksa ds bl vknku&iznku dh izfØ;k dkHkkjrh; lekt ds ewY;ksa ,oa laL—fr;ksa ij Hkh xgjkizHkko iM+k gS vkSj ;fn ge orZeku Hkkjrh;rk dk

v/;;u djsa rks gesa Li’Vr% fn[kkbZ iM+sxk fd vktdk Hkkjr ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; lekt ls fdl izdkjfHkUu gSA orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt ds lkekftd ewY;uSfrd ewY; ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; lekt ds ewY;ksa lsfdl izdkj fHkUu gSA O;fDrokfnrk] LokFkZokfnrk]Hkksxokn] HkkSfrdrkokn] vuSfrdrk] yksHk] Hkz’Vkpkj vkfnds le{k gekjs lkekftd thou ewY;] uSfrd ewY; nerksM+rs izrhr gks jgs gSA orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt lwpukØkfUr] vk/kqfufddj.k] oS”ohdj.k] i”pehdj.k tSlhizfØ;kvksa ds pisV esa gS vkSj fuLlansg bl Ckkr lsbUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd bu izfØ;kvksa usHkkjrh; lekt dh tM+rk dks lekIr fd;k gSA lfn;ksals pyh vk jgh :f<+xr ekU;rkvksa] izFkkvksa ,oa O;ogkjksadks lekIr fd;k gS ,oa vk/kqfud lH;rk ,oa laL—frls Hkkjrh; leku dks ifjfpr djk;k gSA fpfdRlkKku] foKku] LokLF;] m|ksx] O;kikj] “kklu] iz”kklu]dEI;wVj vkfn fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa bu izfØ;kvksa ds fØ;k”khygksus ds dkj.k rjDdh vkbZ gSA fdUrq ;g rjDdhdsoy ckº; :i ls vkbZ gSA HkkSfrd :i ls vkbZ gSAvanj ls ;k ;wa dgs fd vkrafjd :i ls Hkkjr vcmruk Bksl fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rk ftruk igys FkkA ;g[kks[kykiu blfy, vk;k gS D;ksafd ge vius thouewY;ksa Hkkjrh; lkekftd lakL—frd ewY;ksa uSfrd ewY;ksatks gekjh igpku Fkh] ftl ij ge [kM+s Fks mlls nwjgksrs pys x;sA

* vfl0 izks0 lekt”kkL= jktdh; efgyk egkfo|ky; vfgjkSyk vktex<+


fodkl dh va/kh nkSM+ ,oa vkxs c<+us dh rhozykylk esa gekjk og p”ek tks lgh xyr] mfprvuqfpr] uSfrd&vuSfrd ds chp Hksn crkrk Fkk] ogbl fodkl dh va/kh&vka/kh esa u tkus dgk mM+ x;svkSj tc dksbZ lekt vius ewY;ksa ls ,oa lH;rklaL—fr ls gVrk gS rks fn”kkghurk iSnk gksrh gSAorZeku Hkkjrh; lekt Hkh dgha u dgha fn”kkghu ,oafnXHkzfer fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fdyksxksa esa dksey Hkkouk,¡ txkus laosnu”khy cukus]laosnukvksa ,oa laLdkjksa dks txkus okys lkekftduSfrd ewY; ,oa otZuk, fnu izfrfnu VwV jgs gS] nerksM+ jgs gSA blh dk ifj.kke gS fd orZeku Hkkjrh;lekt esa lkekftd izfrekuksa ds foijhr ve;kZfnrvlekftd vuSfrd vkpkj.kksa ,oa O;ogkjksa esa o‘f)gqbZ gSA vlaosnu”khyrk c<+h gSA ;g vlaosnu”khyrkizR;sd {ks= esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA

vk;s fnu lekt esa ,slh ?kVuk,a ?kfVr gks jghgS tks lekt esa c<+rh vlaosnu”khyrk dks mtkxjdjrh gS tSls ifr }kjk iRuh dh gR;k dh tk jgh gSrks iRuh }kjk ifr dh gR;k dh tk jgh gSA tehutk;nkr ds fy, iq= }kjk ekrk&firk dh gR;k dj nhtk jgh gSA lEifŸk ds fy, O;fDr dh gR;k dj nhtk jgh gSA cPpksa dh [kjhn Qjks[r gks jgh gSA ;gkard fd Loa; ek¡ }kjk iSls ds fy, cPps dks csp fn;ktk jgk gSA eklwe cPpksa ds lkFk nq’deZ ,oa vU;vizk—frd tSlh ?kVuk,a gks jgh gSA o) efgyk dslkFk nq’deZ ;s lc D;k gSA okLro esa ;s lc bl ckrdk lwpd gS fd dgha u dgha gekjk lekt uSfrdewY;ksa ls nwj gksrk tk jgk gS uSfrd :i ls ifrr gksrktk jgk gSA uSfrdrk esa gkl dbZ vU; {ks=ksa esa Hkhfn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA U;kf;d vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa iqfylvf/kdkfj;ksa dh ihfM+rksa ds izfr laosnu”khyrk ?kVh gSAU;k; ds izfr mruk laosnu”khy fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rsA,d fpfdRld ftls /kjrh ij nwljk Hkxoku ekuk

tkrk gSA og Hkh ekuorkoknh ewY;ksa ,oa /keksZa ls nwjfn[kkbZ iM+rk gS vius O;olk; esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dkifjR;kx dj jgk gSA O;kikjh oxZ }kjk ykHk ds fy,O;fDr ds thou ls f[kykokM+ fd;k tkrk gSA fcukfdlh uSfrd lkekftd ewY;ksa dks /;ku fn, feykoVh,oa tgjhyh [kk| inkFkksZ] oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ,oaudyh nokvksa dk dkjksckj fd;k tk jgk gSA jktuhfrdnyksa }kjk lRrk ,oa “kfDr izkIrh ds fy, jktuhfrdewY;ksa ,oa uSfrd ewY;ksa dh frykaTtyh nh tk jgh gSaAlkekftd thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa lkekftd] vkfFkZd]/kkfeZd] jktuSfrd ,oa dk;Z&dykiksa ls laEcf/kr fofHkUuizdkj ds ewY; uSfrd ewY; gksrs gS fdUrq vkt bu lHkh{ks=ksa esa ;s ewY; rsth ls cny jgs gS uSfrd ewY;ksa esarsth ls fxjkoV vk jgh gSA

orZeku ;qx foKku dk ;qx gSA Hkkjrh; lektesa Hkh vkt oSKkfud ewY;ksa dk izpkj izlkj c<+k gSAbu oSKkfud ewY;ksa us euq’; dh thou”kSyh mudsvkpkj fopkj ,oa fØ;kdykiksa dks xgjkbZ ls izHkkforfd;k gS rFkk Hkkjrh; lekt dks vkSj vf/kd ckSf)drkfdZd ,oa oSKkfud cuk;k gSA rkfdZd ,oa oSKkfudewY;ksa dks viukus okys dks vkt lekt esa lgh Bgjk;ktkrk gS Hkys gh mlds vkpj.k ,oa O;ogkj esa uSfrdrkdk lekos”k gks ;k u gksA HkkSfrd :i ls vkfFkZd :ils izxfr ,oa mUufr ds fy, tks lgh yxrk gS mlsO;fDr vkt viukuk pkgrk gSA okLro esa dgha u dghavkt O;fDr dk rkfdZd utfj;k HkkSfrd oknh gks x;kgSA nwljs “kCnksa esa dgs rks vkt rkfdZdrk dk HkkSfrdoknhewY;ksa ls xBc/kau fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA HkkSfrdrkoknhewY;ksa dks T;knk egRo feyus ds dkj.k lkekftdewY;ksa ,oa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk nk;jk vkt fleVrk tkjgk gSA pkgs ifjokj gks ;k fookg /keZ gks ;k f”k{kk]vkfFkZd gks ;k jktuhfrd lHkh {ks=ksa esa vkt ewY;rsth ls cny jgs gSA ewY;ksa esa cnyko ,oa fxjkoV dklEcU/k dgha u dgha gekjh lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds

25

detksj gksus ls Hkh gSA tks bu uSfrd ewY;ksa lkekftdewY;ksa dks lhprs FksA iYyohr ,oa iq’ihr djrs FksA bulkekftd laLFkkvksa ij Hkh HkkSfrdrk ij O;fDrokfnrkdk izHkko iM+k gSA bl lUnHkZ esa ge ifjokj ,oa f”k{kktSlh lkekftd laLFkkvksa dh orZeku Hkwfedk dkewY;kadu dj ns[k ldrs gSA

gekjs ;gk¡ izkjEHk ls gh ifjokj dk Lo:ila;qDr ifjokj jgk gS] tgk¡ rhu ls pkj ihf<+;ksa dslnL; ,d lkFk thou thrs gSA lkekftd ewY;ksa]vkn”kksZa uSfrd ewY;ksa ij ;g ifjokj T;knk cy nsrkgS rFkk ,sls ifjokj esa jgus okys O;fDr ij bu ewY;ksadk bruk T;knk izHkko jgrk gSA og vkthou buewY;ksa ls tqM+k jgrk gSA ;g mlus O;fDrRo dk ,dvax cu tkrk gSA ijUrq vkt la;qDr ifjokj dh ;gHkwfedk detksj gqbZ gS D;ksafd la;qDr ifjokj vkt[kqn vkfLrRo ladV ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gSA NksVkifjokj bldk LFkku ysrk tk jgk gSA fdUrq ;g NksVkifjokj lkekftd vkn”kksaZ] ewY;ksa] uSfrd ewY;ksa dh ogf”k{kk ,oa O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa viuh og Hkwfedkugha fuHkk ik jgk gS tSls fd la;qDr ifjokj fuHkkrkjgk gSA la;qDr ifjokj tSlk LFkkf;Ro izfreku oLo:i u gksus ds dkj.k rFkk O;fDrokfnrk] Hkksxok”kdk ,sls ifjokj ij T;knk izHkko gksus ds dkj.k ;gifjokj la;qDr ifjokj tSlk izdk;Z o Hkwfedk ughafuHkk ik jgk gSA blh izdkj orZeku f”k{kk vk/kqfudf”k{kk Hkh mruk vkt izdk;fRed ugha ftruk igysdh ijEijkxr f”k{kk FkhA orZeku f”k{kk folaxfr;ksa dkstUe ns jgs gSA f”k{kk gesa fouez] mnkj] lfg’.kq vkSjln~pkj.k dh rjQ izsfjr djrh gSA ij vkt dh f”k{kkesa ;s rRo nwj&nwj rd ugha fn[krsA gekjs ijEijkxrfo|k ds L=ksr tks osn ,oa “kkL= gksrs FksA u;h ovk/kqfud f”k{kk us fo|k ds bu izkphu L=ksrksa o Kkudh vuns[kh dh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd f”k{kk ds izpkjizlkj ds ckotwn lekt es folaxfr;k] folerk,¡]

fonzqirk,¡ foMEcuk, c<+h gSA mUekn] vkrdokn]lkekftd vlekurk] vijk/k] cky vijk/k] ;kSu fgalk]vlfg’.kqrk o lEiznkf;drk c<+h gS rks blds ihNsdkj.k ewY;ksa ls ghu f”k{kk gSA igys gekjs ;gk¡ uSfrdf”k{kk izpfyr FkhA uSfrd f”k{kk }kjk ukxfjdksa esauSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk FkkA uSfrdrk dkikB i<+k;k tkrk FkkA fdUrq orZeku f”k{kk ls ;g rRonwj gks x;s gSA vkt O;olkf;d Kku o oSKkfud Kkudks c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gS ftlls O;fDr vkSj lektdk lkekftd vkfFkZd rkfdZd Lrj Å¡pk mBk;k tkldsA fdUrq uSfrd :i ls O;fDr dk Lrj fdruk mBkmlls orZeku f”k{kk vk/kqfud f”k{kk dk dksbZ ysuk nsukughaA lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj rks Å¡pk mBk gSA ysfduuSfrd Lrj esa fxjkoV Hkh vkbZ gSA bl izdkj ns[kktk; rks gekjh lkekftd laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk orZekuifjorZu dh izfØ;kvksa tSls vk/kqfudhdj.k i”pehdj.k]oS”ohdj.k ds nkSj esa detksj gqbZ gS ftldk ifj.kkedgha u dgha uSfrd ewY;ksa esa àkl lkekftd ewY;ksa esafxjkoV ds :i esa lkeus vk jgk gSA

ewY; fdlh Hkh lekt dh /kjksgj gksrs gSftl ij fdlh Hkh lekt dh mUufr ,oa fodkl Vhdkgksrk gSA ;g lekt ds yksxksa dks lkekftd ekudksa]y{;ksa] vknZ”kksa ls O;fDr dks ifjfpr djkrk gS ftlds}kjk O;fDr lekftd thou ,oa lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa vius O;ogkj dk ewY;kadu djrk gSA fdUrq orZekuHkkjrh; lekt esa ftl rjg ls ewY;ksa esa fxjkoV vkjgh gS mls ns[kus ds i”pkr~ ,slk yxrk gSA fd gedgha u dgha tM+ ls foghu o{k dh n”kk esa igq¡p jgsgSA miHkksDrkokn] cktkjokn] if”pe dh gok ds lkFklkFk lwpuk ,oa lapkj ds ek;ktky esa HkVd tkuk fdge vius ewY;ksa] uSfrdrk vkSj vkn”kksaZ dks bl gn rdfoLrr dj ns fd gekjh igpku gh [krjs esa iM+ tk,mfpr ugha gSA vxj ,slk gqvk rks ns”k o lekt vPNsukxfjdksa ds fy, rjl tk;saxsA

Lkkekftd ifjorZu ds nkSj esa ewY;ksa dk ladV


lUnHkZ xzUFk %

1. Mukerjee, Radhkamal “The Social Struc-ture of Values (1950) Macmillan Publisher.

2- gluSu, unhe] ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt %,d lekt”k k L=h; ifjn `“; ¼2009½Hkkjr cqd lsUVj y[kuÅA

3- flag] ts0ih0] lekt”kkL= ¼2005½ ih0,p0bZ0ifCyds”ku fnYyhA

4. Pandey, S.S, Sociology (2009) TataMcgrawhill Publication

5. Singh, Yogendra, Social Change in India:Crisis and resilienc (1993) HaranandPublicalion

*****

27

Lo/keZ% O;kogkfjd fu"d"kZ

Mk0 {kek frokjh*

uSfrd n'kZu txr~ esa rhu çdkj ds deZLohdr gS&çkjC/k deZ] lafpr deZ ,oa fØ;ek.k deZAçkjC/k ,oa lafpr deZ dk laca/k iwoZ thou ls gS]ftlesa euq"; fdlh çdkj dk ifjorZu ugha dj ldrkgSA fØ;ek.k deZ og deZ gS tks euq"; orZeku thouesa djrk gSA blds fy, xhrk fu"dke deZ dk mins'knsrh gS rFkk Lo/keZ ikyu }kjk fu"dke deZ dks lqxecukrh gSA fØ;kek.k deZ ;fn Lo/keZ ds nk;js esa gksaxsrks yksdlaxzg dk ekxZ ç'kLr gksxk ,oa eks{kkuqHkqfr]fuR;çkIr dh çkfIr gks tk;sxhA

Hkxon~xhrk dk Lo/keZ fl)kUr ewyr%o.kZO;oLFkk dk gh oSKkfud uke gS ;g O;oLFkkekuoh; fodkl ds fy, cukbZ x;h gSA ;g dksbZ ijeoLrq ugha gSA bfrgkl dh çfØ;k esa bldk Lo#icnyrk jgrk gSA vkt bls bldh vis{kk dqN ughale>k tk ldrk fd ;g bl ckr ds fy, vkxzg gSfd lkekftd mís'; dks iwjk djus ds fy, veqd dk;Zveqd çdkj ls fd, tkus pkfg,A o.kZ O;oLFkk dkmn~xe _XoSfnd dkyhu gSA ijUrq rRdkyhu O;oLFkkesa o.kZ 'kCn dsoy nkl ,oa vk;Z ls gh lEcfU/kr FkkAloZçFke iq#"k lwä esa czkã.k] {kf=;] oS'; ,oa 'kwæ dkmYys[k gqvkA iq#"k lwä esa czkã.k] {kf=;] oS';] 'kwæØe ls ije iq#"k ds eq[k] ckgqvksa] tk¡?kks ,oa iSjksa lsmRiUu gq, gSa 10@90@12@ bl dFku ds vkxs ghlw;Z ,oa pUæ ije iq#"k dh vk¡[k ,oa eu ls mRiUudgs x;s gSa ftlls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd iq#"k lwä

dh nf’V esa lekt dk pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkktu vfrçkP; dkyhu gS vkSj ;g mruk gh LoHkkfod gS ftrukfd lw;Z] pUæ dh mRifÙkA ;fn iq#"k lwä dks _Xosnesa dkykUrj esa tksM+k gqvk Hkh eku fy;k tk; rc Hkh_Xosndky esa nks o.kksaZ dk czkã.k] {kf=; dk mYys[kçkIr gksrk gSA ;|fi buds fy, o.kZ 'kCn dk ç;ksxdgha Hkh çkIr ugha gksrk gSA tUeuk czkã.k gksuk HkhLi"V gks x;k Fkk ijUrq {kf=; tUe ls gh {kf=; Fks fdugha bldk Li"V mÙkj ugha feyrkA iq#"k lwä dsi'pkr~ vFkoZosn o rSfÙkjh; lafgrk esa czkã.k] czkã.k]{kf=;] oS'; ,oa 'kwæ pkjksa o.kksaZ dk mYys[k çkIr gksrkgSA

Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkxoku d".k us o.kksaZ dh mRifÙk dsfo"k; esa dgk gS%&

pkrqoZ.;Z e;k l`"Va xq.kdeZ foHkkx'k%A¼1½

vFkkZr~ eSaus xq.k vkSj deZ ds vk/kkj ij pkjo.kksaZ dh lf"V dh FkhA xq.k ds vUrxZr lRo] jt vkSjre rhu xq.k vkrs gSaA lRo xq.k fueZyrk] vkyksd vkSjfufyZIrk ls ;qä gS ftlls lq[k ,oa Kku dh çkfIrgksrh gSA jtks xq.k vuqjkx vkSj r".kk dks mRiUu djdeZ dh vksj mRdafBr djrk gSA reksxq.k vKku lsmRiUu gksdj lcdks eksgik'k esa ck¡/k ysrk gSA çeknvkyL; vkSj fuæk bldh ç/kku fo'ks"krk,a gSaA vr%lRo xq.k Kku] jtksxq.k yksHk vkSj reksxq.k eksg vkSjvKku dk çrhd gSA fu'p; gh euq"; viuh çdfreu%fLFkfr vkSj ofÙk ds vuqlkj fdlh u fdlh xq.k

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630


fo'ks"k ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa xq.k o.kZO;oLFkk dh ewykfHkO;fä ç/kku /kjkry gSA

iqu'p O;fä dk deZ mldh xq.kkRedrk lslapfyr gksrk gS rFkk mldh leLr fØ;k;sa mldsxq.kksa ls çHkkfor gksrh gSaA lRo] jtl ,oa rel bUghxq.kksa ls pkj o.kksaZ dk mn; gqvk gSA czkã.k dk ç/kkuxq.k lRo gS] {kf=; dk jtksxq.k] oS'; jtks&reksa xq.k;qä rFkk 'kwæ dk ç/kku y{; reksxq.k ;qä gksrk gSA

xq.k dks o.kZ dk fu;ked Lohdkj dj ysukrRdkyhu o.kZO;oLFkk esa ykspdrk@yphykiu gksusds çek.k gSA ;gk¡ o.kZ /keZ dk vFkZ gS Lo/keZ rFkkLo/keZ dk vFkZ gS viuk&viuk drZO;A ;g og deZgS tks viuh vkRek ds fo/kku ds vuqdwy gksA txr~ esaO;fä dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj mldk /keZ fufnZ"V gSAmlds drZO; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj rRlacU/kh vkpj.k mldhfLFkfr ds vuq#i gh fu/kkZfjr gSA oS;fäd thou dsdk;Z ,oa O;ogkj /keZ ij gh vk/kkfjr gS] tks ekuoh;drZO; vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA vius bUghadrZO;ksa dk fu"BkiwoZd ikyu djuk rFkk ifjokj dslnL;ksa ds çfr lEeku vkSj ;Fkksfpr yxko j[kuk ghLo/keZ gSA ;s uSfrdrk] drZO; thou dh fofo/krkvksavkSj laosnukvksa ls iw.kZ:is.k çHkkfor jgrs gSaA o.kZ vkSjvkJe thou ds vUrxZr euq"; vius&vius uSfrddrZO;ksa dk ikyu djrk gS tks Lo/keZ dk gh foHkkxekuk tk ldrk gSA

Hkxon~xhrk ds 18@40osa 'yksd esa dgk x;kgS fd euq"; ds LoHkko vkSj Lo/keZ }kjk gh mldsfofHkUu drZO; fu;r fd, x, gSa D;ksafd u rks bliFoh ij u LoxZ esa nsorkvksa esa gh dksbZ ,slk çk.kh gStks ç-fr ls mRiUu gq, bu rhu xq.kksa ls eqä gks&

u rnfLr ifFkO;ka ok fnfo nsos'kq ok iqu%A

lÙoa izdfrtSeqZDra ;nsfHk% L;kr~; f=fHkxqZ.kS%AA¼2½

geesa ls çR;sd dks gekjs vius Lrj ij viuh

vuqHkwfr;ksa vkSj euksosxksa ds çfr fu"Bkoku gksuk pkfg,Avius LoHkko ds Lrj ls Åij dk deZ djus dh ps"Bk[krjukd gSA nwljs dk /keZ pkgsa fdruk gh vPNk D;ksau gks mldh vis{kk Lo/keZ gh Js;"dj vkSj Js"B gSAog foxq.k] lnks"k gh D;ksa u gks&

Js;Lo/keksZ foxq.k% ij/kekZRLouqf"Brkr~A

Lo/kesZ fu/kua Js;% ij/keksZ Hk;kog%AA¼3½

vr% Lo/keZ dk ikyu fu"BkiwoZd djuk pkfg,rFkk ij/keZ ds çfr vuko"B jguk pkfg,A Lo/keZ esayxk gqvk çR;sd O;fä flf) dks çkIr dj ysrk gSA

Los Los deZ.;fHkjr% laflf) yHkrs uj%A¼4½

ftlls lc çk.kh mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj ftlusbu lcdks O;kIr fd;k gqvk gS ml ijekRek dh iwtk]vius drZO; ds ikyu }kjk djrk gqvk euq"; flf)dks çkIr dj ysrk gSA dk;Z Hkxoku dh iwtk gSijekRek ds çfr euq"; dh lPph J)katfy xq.k vkSj{kerk dR;kRed foHkkxksa dk vk/kkj gSA

Lo/keZ ;fn viw.kZ <+ax ls Hkh ikyu fd;k tkjgk gks rks Hkh og nwljs ds /keZ ls ftldk fd ikyuiw.kZrk ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gS vf/kd vPNk gSAvius LoHkko ds }kjk fu;r fd;s x;s drZO; dk ikyudjus okys O;fä dks iki ugha yxrkA Mk0 jk/kkd".ku~us bldh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk fd ^geesa ls çR;sdds vUnj vfLrRoeku gksus dk ,d ewy rRo fo|ekugS fnO; vkRek vfHkO;fä dk ,d fopkjA ogh gekjkokLrfod LoHkko gS tks gekjh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esava'kr% vfHkO;ä gksrk gSA vius fopkjksa egRokdka{kkvksavkSj ç;Ruksa esa mlds }kjk fn[kk, x, iFk ij pydjge ijekRek }kjk gekjs fy, fu;r y{; dksvf/kdkf/kd #i esa çkIr djrs tkrs gSa**A

o.kZ O;oLFkk esa nks ç/kku rRo fufgr gSa ,drks Hksn ijd Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk vkSj f}rh; lHkho.kksaZ ds vius&vius deZ oSKkfud vkSj lqfopkfjr

29

fd;s x;s gSa] tks lekt ds O;ofLFkr foHkktu dksO;Dr djrs gSA vr% ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjrh; o.kZO;oLFkk lkekftd oxksaZ dh egÙkk vkSj muds deksaZ dhçfr"Bk ls lac) gSA bldk mís'; gS O;fä dk cgqeq[khvH;qRFkku] tks mlds xq.kkuq#i deZ ls ekuk x;k gSAvius o.kZ ds deZ dk ikyu djus rFkk çkjC/k dsvk/kkj ij euq"; dh vfHkof) gksrh gSA lHkh o.kksaZ dseuq"; esa lekurk gS vUrj dsoy muds xq.k vkSj deZdk gSA o.kksaZ esa foHkktu ds ckotwn lHkh o.kksaZ dkvU;ksU;kfJrk lacU/k Hkh gSA

o.kZ /keZ dk fu"BkiwoZd ikyu djus ls O;fä ,oalef"V nksuksa dk mRd"kZ gksrk gSA O;fä Lo/keZ dsikyu ls yksdlaxzg esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dj ldrkgSA lHkh o.kksaZ ds yksx vius&vius vuqdwy deksaZ dksLohdkj djds ,d nwljs ds çfr gksus okyh Li/kkZ lsvius dks eqä dj ysrs gSaA

blls lekt esa 'kkfUr vkSj Li/kkZghu okrkoj.k dkfuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk çR;sd o.kZ lkekftd vfHkof)

ds ekxZ ij fu}ZUn gksdj fufoZjks/k vxzlj gksrk gSA ogLo/keZ ds vk/kkj ij ifjokj] leqnk;] lekt ns'k]fo'o ,oa czãk.M ds çfr vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dk l'käfuokZg djrk gS] ftlesa lR;] vfgalk] vLrs;] vifjxzg]'kkSp nku vkfn fofHkUu xq.kksa dk lekos'k jgrk gS ogviuh dY;k.kdkjh vkSj eaxydkjh Hkkouk ls O;fäxrvkSj lektxr O;ogkjksa dk fu"iknu djrk gS rkfdifjokj vkSj lekt dh O;oLFkk lqpk# vkSj lqUnj <+axls py ldsA bUgh uSfrd vkSj O;ofLFkr fu;eksa dkvuqikyu djds mls vHkh"V vFkok ijein dh çkfIrdk ekxZ feyrk gS] ftl ij vxzlj gksdj og ijekuUnvFkok loksZRd"V vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr eks{k dks çkIrdjrk gSA

lUnHkZ lwph

¼1½ Hkxon~xhrk 4@13A




*****

Lo/keZ% O;kogkfjd fu"d"k Z


xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa lkekftd cnyko esa iapk;rh jkt dh Hkwfedk

eukst dqekj oekZ*

Hkkjr esa lkekftd :ikUrj.k ds fy, igyhizkFkfedrk xzkeh.k fodkl gSA D;ksafd Hkkjr vc Hkheq[;r% xzkeh.k ns”k gS ftldh 70 izfr”kr tula[;kxkaoksa esa jgrh gSA 2011 ds vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj] 1-2fcfy;u dh dqy vkcknh esa ls 377 fefy;u vkcknhgks xbZ gS ysfdu vkcknh dk cgqer] 883 fefy;uyksx vc Hkh NksVs&cM+s xkaoksa esa jgrs gSaA “kgjksa esalkekftd cnyko dh tks xfr gS xkaoksa esa dgha ean uiM+ tk, blfy, ;g t:jh gS fd iapk;rh jktO;oLFkk dks vkSj l”kDr fd;k tk;A Hkkjr esa lkekftd:ikUrj.k dh bl t:jr dks /;ku esa j[kdj gh 24April 1993 dks 73oka laoS/kkfud la”kks/ku vf/kfu;eykxw dj iapk;rksa dks laoS/kkfud ntkZ iznku fd;kx;kA iapk;rh jkt “kklu dh ,slh iz.kkyh gS ftlesaxzke iz”kklu dh ewy bdkbZ gksrh gSA

iapk;rh jkt us lkekftd :ikUrj.k esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA iapk;rh jkt ds ek/;e ls lektds oafpr oxZ esa jktuhfrd psruk dk fodkl gqvkftlds QyLo:i os vc dsoy vuqlj.kdrkZ ds LFkkuij fu.kZ;drkZ dh Hkwfedk esa vkus yxs gSaA fu.kZ;drkZdh Hkwfedk esa vkus ls muds vkRefo”okl esa vHkwriwoZof) gqbZ gSA vc xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa Hkh “kks’k.k vkSjvR;kpkj ds f[kykQ oafpr oxksZa }kjk tksjnkj vkoktmBkus dk lkgl ifjyf{kr gksus yxk gSA oafproxksZa&nfyrksa] fiNM+ksa] vkfnokfl;ksa ,oa efgykvksa ds

l”kDrhdj.k esa iapk;rh jkt dh Hkwfedk ljkguh;dgh tk ldrh gSA iapk;rksa ds ek/;e ls nfyrksa vkSjfiNM+ksa esa usrRodkjh {kerk dk fodkl gqvk gSA 73osalafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e ds varxZr vuqlwfpr tkfro tutkfr ds yksxksa dks iapk;rksa esa vkj{k.k dkizko/kku fd;k x;k gS] lkFk gh jkT; fo/kkue.Myksadks ;g “kfDr iznku dh xbZ gS fd og pkgs rks fiNM+soxZ dks Hkh iapk;rksa esa vkj{k.k dk izko/kku dkuwu dsek/;e ls dj ldrh gSA iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e esavkj{k.k laca/kh bl izko/kku us vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfrrFkk fiNM+s oxZ dh fLFkfr dks etcwr cuk;k gSA

xkaoksa esa eujsxk] jk’Vªh; xzkeh.k vkthfodk fe”ku]bfUnjk vkokl ;kstuk tSlh ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;uiapk;rksa ds Lrj ij gksrk gSA bu ;kstukvksa ds ek/;els Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftdfLFkfr esa tcnZLr cnyko vk;k gSA yksxksa dh vkfFkZdfLFkfr etcwr gqbZ gS ftlls xjhc rcdksa dh dk;Z{kerkc<+h gS vkSj yksxksa ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd “kks’k.k esadeh vkbZ gS rFkk yksxksa ds thou Lrj esa lq/kkj gqvkgSA vkfFkZd vlekurk esa Hkh deh fn[krh gSA lqn<+vkfFkZd fLFkfr lkekftd :ikUrj.k dks xfr iznkudjrh gSA

iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dk ncnck c<+rkgh tk jgk gSA vkt ns”k esa 2-5 yk[k iapk;rksa esa

*vfl0 izks0 jktuhfr foKku

larxf.kukFk jktdh; LukrdksŸkj egkfo|ky; eqgEenkckn xksguk&eÅ

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

31

yxHkx 32 yk[k izfrfuf/k pqu dj vk jgs gSaA buesa ls13 ls 14 yk[k efgyk,a pqu dj vkbZ gSaA ;g vkadM+k;g crkus ds fy, i;kZIr gS fd fdl rjg ls efgyk,ajktuhfrd dk;ksZa esa :fp ys jgh gSaA efgykvksa dh xkaods dkeksa esa c<+rh Hkkxhnkjh u dsoy efgykvksa ds [kqnds LokfHkeku ds fy, ldkjkRed ladsr gS cfYdblls fgUnqLrku ds xkaoksa esa QSyh ySafxd vlekurk Hkhnwj gksxhA fyax ds vk/kkj ij fd, tkus okyh xSj&cjkcjhvc laHko ugha jg xbZ gSA efgykvksa dk c<+rk dnmUgsa ?kj o ckgj dh nqfu;k esa Lora= gksdj thus esalg;ksx iznku dj jgk gSA ngst ds uke ij efgykvksadk gks jgk mRihM+u gks vFkok ?kjsyw fgalk&bu rekelkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ls vkt dh efgyk yM+us esal”kDr gks pqdh gSA

lu~ 1959 esa cyoUr jk; esgrk lfefr dhflQkfj”kksa ds vk/kkj ij f=Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkkykxw dh xbZA rc Hkh ;g ekuk x;k fd ns”k dk lexzfodkl efgykvksa dks vuns[kk djds ugha fd;k tkldrkA blfy, iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dks lqn<+ djusrFkk iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa dh ,d frgkbZ Hkkxhnkjhlqfuf”pr djus ds mn~ns”; ls 1992 esa 73osa laoS/kkfudla”kks/ku vf/kfu;e ds }kjk xzke lHkk dk xBu gksukvfuok;Z gks x;k vkSj xzke iapk;r ds v/;{kksa vkSjlnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k dh de ls de ,d frgkbZla[;k efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr dj nh xbZA orZekuesa e/; izns”k] fcgkj lfgr dbZ jkT;ksa us rks efgykvksadk izfrfuf/kRo 50 Qhlnh rd vkjf{kr dj fn;k gSAdsUnz ljdkj lHkh jkT;ksa dh iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa dkvkj{kj.k 50 izfr”kr djus ij fopkj dj jgh gSA

lafo/kku ds 73osa la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e esa xzkeh.k{ks=ksa esa iapk;rh laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk blfy, dh xbZFkh rkfd lHkh jkT;ksa esa leku :i ls fodkl dh xfrdks c<+k;k tk ldsA ogk¡ dh lkekftd lajpuk dkslqn<+ fd;k tk ldsA ysfdu bl vf/kfu;e ls :ikUrj.k

dh n”kk esa fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh jgh gSA ns”k ds iwoksZŸkjjkT;ksa esa dsUnz ljdkj us fo”ks’k /;ku fn;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ;gk¡ ds xzkeh.k yksxksa dk ns”k ds vU; Hkkxksa lslEidZ LFkkfir gqvk gSA mudh thou “kSyh esa cnykovk;k gS vkSj ns”k dh eq[;/kkjk ls os tqM+ ik, gSaA

iapk;rh jkt ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu ;kstukvksadh izxfr ls xkaoksa ds vkfFkZd lkekftd thou esadkQh cnyko gqvk gSA xkao] u, Hkkjr ds u, cktkjds :i esa mHkj jgs gSaA iapk;rksa ds tfj, fofHkUulkekftd ;kstuk,a lh/ks&lh/ks xkao vkSj xzkeh.k rdtqM+ ik jgh gSaA vkt ns”k Hkj esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkuksals tqM+s yksx cM+s iSekus ij lks”ky ehfM;k dk bLrsekydj jgs gSA eqf[k;k] okMZ lnL;] ftyk iapk;r lfefrlnL;ksa dk cM+k oxZ gS] tks u dsoy futh mi;ksx esacfYd iapk;rh jkt ds dkedkt esa Qslcqd] fV~oVjtSlh lqfo/kkvksa dk bLrseky dj jgs gSa ;kuh vc gekjseqf[k;k ;k nwljs iapk;r tuizfrfu/k Hkh VsDuksykWthds bLrseky esa vkxs vk jgs gSaA

lkekftd :ikUrj.k esa iapk;rh jkt dh mijksDrHkwfedk ds lkFk gh ,d nwljk igyw Hkh gSA njvlytc iapk;rh jkt dkuwu cuk Fkk] rks bldh ewyvkRek bl mEehn ij dsfUnzr Fkh fd bl ,sDV ls ,drks lRrk dk foLrkj detksj vkSj fucZy yksxksa rdgksxk vkSj nwljk blds tfj;s yksdrU= esa fucZy yksxksadh lgHkkfxrk c<sxhA ysfdu vHkh tks fn[kkbZ ns jgkgS mlls yxrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks= ds “kfDroku vkSjvfHktkR; yksxksa us lRrk&foLrkj dh bl izfØ;k dksHkh vius dCts esa dj fy;k gSA eaf=;ksa] ljdkjhvf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj “kfDrokuksa dk tks rcdk lRrk&laLFkkuksaesa mPp Lrj ij cSBk gS] ogh vk/kkj ry ij lRrk dsizlkj dh izfØ;k o mlds lalk/kuksa dks Hkh vius dCtsesa ysus dh dksf”k”k esa tqV x;k gSA ;g izofŸk lkekftd:ikUrj.k dh xfr dks dqUn dj jgh gSA

xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa lkekftd cnyko esa iapk;rh jkt dh Hkwfedk


vusd iapo’khZ; ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u dsckn Hkh vkfFkZd&lkekftd fo’kerk dh [kkbZ dksikVuk laHko ugha gks ldkA tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk]lesfdr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe] xzkeh.k vkokl Ldhe]Lo.kZ t;Urh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk] bafnjk xka/khxjhch mUewyu dk;ZØe] egkRek xka/kh jk’Vªh; jkstxkjxkjaVh ;kstuk tSlh vusd ;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dsckotwn Hkkjr ds nks psgjs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA ,d psgjk rks^fjp bafM;k* dk gS] tcfd nwljk psgjk oafpr Hkkjr*dk gSA Hkkjr esa ,d oxZ us rks vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k]rduhdh fodkl vkSj uhfrxr ifjorZuksa dk HkjiwjykHk mBk;k] fdUrq ,d cM+k oxZ bu voljksa dks ,dn”kZd dh Hkk¡fr ns[krk gh jgkA oafpr Hkkjr vkSj fjpbafM;k dk lesdu ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSA orZeku dsUnzljdkj us lekos”kh fodkl dh izfØ;k viukbZ gS]blesa iapk;rksa dh Hkwfedk vge gksxhA ftlds fy,iapk;rksa dks ubZ rduhdh ls ySl dj mUgsa vkfFkZd:i ls lqn‘<+ djus dh vko”;drk gSA

fu’d’kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS iapk;rhjkt us “kgjh Hkkjr esa tkjh lkekftd :ikUrj.k dhdM+h esa gh xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa lkekftd :ikUrj.k dh

Hkwfedk rS;kj dh gSA iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ds vk/kkjLrEHk xzkelHkk dks l”kDr] lfØ; ,oa lkewfgdmŸkjnkf;Roksa dh dkjxj laLFkk ds :i esa rCnhydjuk csgn t:jh gS rkfd og lkekftd :ikUrj.kdk vf/kd l”kDr ek/;e lkfor gks ldsa vkSj blh lsreke vUrfoZjks/kksa ds ckotwn ^xzkl:V MseksØslh* dhlkFkZdrk fl) gksxhA lgh ek;us esa xzkeh.k Hkkjr esalM+d] LoPNrk] is;ty ,oa vkokl tSlh vk/kkjHkwrlqfo/kkvksa dks c<+kdj lekos”kh fodkl dh vo/kkj.kkdks viukrs gq, ^fjp bafM;k* vkSj ^oafpr Hkkjr* dsvarj dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj lkekftd:ikUrj.k dks lgh fn”kk esa xfr iznku dh tk ldrhgSA

lanHkZ& ;kstuk] fgUnh ekfld] vxLr 2015A dq:{ks=] fgUnh ekfld] uoEcj 2015A dq:{ks=] fgUnh ekfld] fnlEcj 2015A cnzhukjk;.k] fgUnqLrku] fgUnh nSfud] 24 fnlEcj

2015A ,-ih-ts vCnqy dyke o oh- iksujkt% ifjorZu

dh :ijs[kk] jktiky ,.M lUl] fnYyh] 2015

*****

33

LoPNrk vkSj fodkl esa lEcU/k dk fo’ys”k.kkRed v/;;u

iwtk iYyoh*

Hkkjrh; iz/kkueU=h us 2 vDVwcj 2014 dksjk’Vªh; Lrj ij LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh “kq:vkrdhA mUgksaus Lo;a vLlh ?kkV ij >k³w yxk dj yksxksadks LoPNrk ds izfr tkx:d jgus dk lans”k fn;kALoPN okrkoj.k o jgu&lgu O;fDr ds LokLF; ijvuqdwy izHkko Mkyrk gSA LoPN okrkoj.k ls O;fDrdks ekufld izlUurk dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS vkSj LoPNrkls O;fDr reke laØked chekfj;ksa ls eqDr jgrk gSA“kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld :i ls LoLFk O;fDr gh viuh;ksX;rk ,oa {kerk ds vuq:i jk’Vª ds fy, mRiknu esaviuk Hkjiwj ;ksxnku ns ikrk gS ftlls ns”k izxfr dsiFk ij vkxs c<+rk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd iz/kkueU=hds usrRo esa dsUnz ljdkj LoPNrk ds fy, jk’Vªh;vfHk;ku pyk jgh gSA LoPNrk fdlh Hkh ns”k ds LoLFkekuo lalk/ku ds fy, vR;Ur t:jh phtksa esa ls ,dgS vkSj LoLFk ekuo lalk/ku gh jk’Vª ds fodkl dhxfr r; djrk gSA blfy, egkRek xk¡/kh us Hkh viusfodflr Hkkjr ds lius ds fy, LoPNrk dks vko”;dekuk Fkk vkSj mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ns”k esa lHkh dksLoPNrk dh f”k{kk nsuk lcls t:jh gSA

LoPNrk vkSj iks’k.k LokLF; ds nks lokZf/kdegRoiw.kZ fu/kkZjd rRo gSaA larqfyr [kku&iku dslkFk LoPNrk LokLF; ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA LoPNrk

vizR;{k :i ls LokLF; ls tqM+k gqvk ekeyk gSA blij rRdky /;ku nsus dh vko”;d gS D;ksafd xanxh lsdbZ chekfj;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA LoPNrk fodkl dkvdsyk lcls ykHkdkjh ifj.kke gSA fo”o cSad ds ty,oa LoPNrk dk;ZØe dk vuqeku gS fd LoPNrk ij,d MkWyj [kpZ djus ls LokLF;] f”k{kk vkSj vkfFkZdfodkl esa 9 MkWyj dh cpr gksrh gSA cPPkksa ds fodklesa ck/kd leL;kvksa isfp”k] dqiks’k.k] “kkjhfjd fodkllaca/kh detksfj;ksa dh tM+ esa lkQ lQkbZ dh deh gSA

egkRek xk¡/kh us ges”kk LoPNrk ij cgqr tksjfn;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd ^LoPNrk Lora=rk lsT;knk t:jh gSA* xk¡/kh dh iwjh fnup;kZ LoPNrk ijvk/kkfjr Fkh muds vkJe esa jgus okys lHkh L=h&iq:’kLoPNrk ds thou dks viukrs FksA [kqn vius gkFkksa lslkQ&lQkbZ djuk xk¡/kh vkSj muds vuq;kf;;ksa dsfy, thou “kSyh Hkj ugha Fkh cfYd ;gh thou FkkAjktdksV esa tc Iysx dh egkekjh QSyh rks xk¡/kh dksyxk fd ;g pqi cSBus dk le; ugha gS vkSj lQkbZvfHk;ku pykdj gh bl egkekjh ls yM+k tk ldrkgSA egkRek xk¡/kh us ,sls vfHk;ku esa “kkfey gksus dsfy, LFkkuh; ljdkj dks ckdk;nk fpV~Bh fy[khAjktdksV esa gh ugha nf{k.k vÝhdk ds Mjcu izokl dsle; Hkh tc Iysx QSyk rks og bl urhts ij igq¡ps

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*vfl0 izk s0] x`gfoKku

x;k izlkn Lekjd jktdh; efgyk LukrdksŸkj egkfo|ky; vEckjh] vktex<+


fd Hkkjrh; yksxksa dh lQkbZ dk /;ku u j[kus dhvknr mudh cfLr;ksa esa blds QSyus dk ,d dkj.kgSA ogk¡ og lQkbZ vfHk;ku esa “kkfey Hkh gq,A

,d rjQ tgk fodflr ns”kksa ds yksxksa dkscsgrj LoPNrk lqfo/kk,a izkIr gSA rks ogha fodkl”khyns”kksa esa csgrj LoPNrk lqfo/kkvksa dk ?kksj vHkko gSAbl ekeys esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr “keZukd gSA oSf”odvkSlr 62 izfr”kr dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa dsoy 34izfr”kr tula[;k dks gh csgrj LoPNrk lqfo/kk,amiyC/k gSA Hkkjr esa rks 30 izfr”kr ls vf/kd xzkeh.kvkcknh dh lkQ is;ty rd dksbZ igq¡p ugha gS vFkokvkaf”kd igq¡p gSA LoPNrk ds vHkko dh Hkh ,slh ghxaHkhj fLFkfr gSA la;qDr jk’Vª ds ,d v/;;u dsvuqlkj Hkkjr esa “kkSpky;ksa dh rqyuk esa eksckby rdT;knk yksxksa dh igq¡p gSA ,slk vuqeku gS fd Hkkjr esa597 fefy;u yksx [kqys esa “kkSp djrs gSa tks nqfu;kHkjesa [kqys esa “kkSp dk vk/ks ls vf/kd gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjresa [kqys esa “kkSp lcls cM+h leL;k gS] ,slk vuqeku gSfd Hkkjr ds xk¡oksa esa izR;sd nl esa ls ,d ekSr dklaca/k [kjkc lkQ&lQkbZ vkSj LoPNrk ls gS vkSj buekSrksa ds dkQh fgLls ds fy, gStk ftEesnkj gksrk gSAxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lkQ&lQkbZ ds vHkko ds dkj.k ghePNjtfur chekfj;ksa eysfj;k vkSj Qkbysfj;k lsyksx vDlj ihfM+r gksrs gSaA xzkeh.k bykdksa esa LoPNrklaca/kh vKkurk ,d cM+h leL;k gSA

;wfulsQ ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa vktknhds rdjhcu 70 lky ckn] vkt Hkh 60 djksM+ yksx;kuh yxHkx vk/kh vkcknh [kqys esa “kkSp ds fy, tkrhgS] gkykafd jkgr dh ckr ;g gS fd bl ckjs esa mBk,x, dneksa dh otg ls Hkkjr esa fiNys o’kksZa esa 30izfr”kr dh deh vkbZ gS] ysfdu fu”p; gh efgykvksa,oa cfPp;ksa }kjk [kqys esa “kkSp djus dh etcwjh gekjsfy, csgn “kfeZnxh dh ckr gSA vkye ;g gS fdvusd xHkZorh efgyk,a] fd”kksfj;ka isV Hkj [kkuk egt

blfy, ugha [kkrh gSa D;ksafd oDr&csoDr “kkSp tkustSlh cqfu;knh lqfo/kk mUgsa gkfly ugha gSA urhtruxHkZorh ekrkvksa ds xHkZ esa iy jgk cPpk rd dqiks’k.kdk f”kdkj gks tkrk gSA bl leL;k ds dkj.k fd”kksfj;kaHkh dqiks’k.k o vU; chekfj;ksa dh f”kdkj gks tkrh gSvkSj fQj efgyk,a vxj lkQ lqFkjs ekgkSy esa cPps dkstUe nsaxh] mldk ikyu djsaxh rks vius lkFk ns”k dhHkkoh ih<+h dks Hkh mTToy Hkfo’; nsaxh vkSj jk’Vª dksetcwrh nsaxhA fodflr jk’Vª ds lius ds iwjk gksus dsfy, ,slk gksuk vko”;d gS D;ksafd csgrj LoPNrklqfo/kkvksa ls efgyk l”kfDrdj.k dks cy feysxk tksfdlh Hkh jk’Vª ds fodkl ds fy, vfuok;Z “krZ gSA

[kqys esa “kkSp dh leL;k vkSj blls gksus okyhchekfj;ksa ls dekscs”k lHkh fodkl”khy ns”k tq> jgs gSa]ysfdu ;g ,d nq[kn rF; gS fd iwjh nqfu;k esalokZf/kd yksx Hkkjr ;kuh vius ns”k esa gh “kkSpky; ugksus ds dkj.k [kqys esa “kkSp djrs gSaA 2011 dh tux.kukds eqrkfcd ns”k Hkj esa 53 izfr”kr ?kjksa esa vkt Hkh“kkSpky; ugha gSA xzkeh.k bykdksa ds 69-3 izfr”kr ?kjksaesa “kkSpky; ugha gSA [kqys esa “kkSp ds pyrs <sj lkjhchekfj;ka gekjs ns”kokfl;ksa dks viuh fxj¶r esa ysrhtk jgh gSaA vklkuh ls Vkyh tk ldus okyh Mk;fj;ktSlh chekjh dk lcls vge dkj.k [kqys esa “kkSp gSvkSj flQZ blds dkj.k 5 lky ls de mez ds rdjhcu563 cPps gj fnu dky ds xky esa lek tkrs gSaAxzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ,d cM+k rcdk xanxh vkSj lkQis;ty miyC/k u gksus dh otg ls chekfj;ksa dhfxj¶r esa vk tkrk gSA ,sls esa LokLF; ds fy, lQkbZvkSj LoPN is;ty ds egRo dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj uslHkh dks LoPN is;ty miyC/k djkus dk ladYify;k gS vksj 2030 rd gj ?kj ty dk y{; r;fd;k gS rFkk LoPN Hkkjr fe”ku ds rgr ns”k dks 2vDVwcj 2019 rd [kqys esa “kkSp ls eqDr djus dkladYi ljdkj us fy;k gSA fnlEcj 2016 esa ljdkj

35

us ^LoPN LoLFk loZ=* dk;ZØe “kq: fd;k gS rkfdcsgrj LoPNrk ,oa T;knk tkx:drk vkSj LoLFkthou “kSyh ds tfj;s csgrj LokLF; dk y{; gkflyfd;k tk ldsA

LoPNrk ,oa lQkbZ dk O;fDrRo ds fodklij O;kid vlj iM+rk gS] [kklrkSj ij fd”kkjkoLFkkesaA fd”kksjkoLFkk esa cPpksa ds O;fDrRo fodkl ,oamuds thou esa gks jgs cnykoksa ds chp LoLFk thouds fy, LoPNrk ,oa lQkbZ dk O;kid egRo gSALoPNrk o fodkl dk ?kfu’B varlZEcU/k blls HkhLi’V gksrk gS fd ;fn fdlh lewg esa ;k [kklrkSj lsfdlh d{kk esa fd”kksj&fd”kksfj;ksa ;k cPpksa ls bl ckrdh ppkZ dh tk, fd fduds ?kjksa esa “kkSpky; gS ,oafduds ifjokj ds yksx “kkSp ds fy, ckgj tkrs gS] rkscPpksa ;k fd”kksj&fd”kksfj;ksa ds O;fDrRo esa lkQ varjfn[kkbZ iM+sxkA

fdlh Hkh ns”k ds fodkl ds fy, ;g t:jhgS fd ogk¡ ds yksx LoLFk gksaA ;g bl ckr ij HkhfuHkj djrk gS fd ljdkjsa LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dh vksjfdruk /;ku ns jgh gSaA fodflr ns”k viuh th0Mh0ih0dk ,d cM+k fgLlk LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ij [kpZ djrsgS tcfd fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa bl ij vis{kkdr cgqrde O;; fd;k tkrk gSA ge LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ijvius O;; dh vU; ns”kksa }kjk fd, tkus okys O;; lsrqyuk djds Hkh ,d Li’V rLohj izkIr dj ldrs gSaAHkkjr vius th0Mh0ih0 dk 1-4 izfr”kr LokLF; ij[kpZ djrk gS tcfd Ýkal 10-4 izfr”kr vkSj tkiku8 izfr”kr O;; djrk gSA fo”o LokLF; lwpdkad esa“kkfey dqy 188 ns”kksa ds chp Hkkjr 143osa ik;nku ijgSA Hkkjr esa LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ij izfr O;fDr O;; 40MkWyj gS tcfd vesfjdk esa ;g 7265 MkWyj] bXyS.Mesa 3567 MkWyj] phu esa 108 MkWyj] czkthy esa 608MkWyj vkSj oSf”od 802 MkWyj gSA vius ns”k esa LokLF;

lqfo/kkvksa dh n”kk dk vkdyu bl rF; ls Hkh fd;ktk ldrk gS fd gekjs yxHkx 70 izfr”kr fpfdRld“kgjksa esa jgrs gSa tcfd 70 izfr”kr vkcknh xzkeh.k{ks=ksa esa jgrh gSA Hkkjr esa LokLF; ij futh O;; 86izfr”kr gS] tcfd fo”o vkSlr 69-1 izfr”kr gSALokLF; lqfo/kkvksa lEcU/kh ;s vkdM+s gekjs rst fodklds lius ij vk/kkr igqpkus okys gSaA

fu’d’kZ &

LoPNrk] LokLF; vkSj fodkl esa vizR;{k fdUrqvR;Ur ?kfu’B varlZEcU/k gSA LoPNrk vPNs LokLF;ds fy, vifjgk;Z dkjd gS vkSj vPNk LokLF; [kqn dsfodkl rFkk jk’Vª o lekt ds fodkl ds fy,vifjgk;Zdkjh dkjd gSA fodflr ns”k o lekt esaLoPNrk esa ds izfr tkx:drk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS rksfodkl”khy ns”k o lekt esa blds izfr ykijokgjoS;k fn[krk gS tks muds tuLokLF; ,oa fodkl esacM+sa varj ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fdfo”o ds “kh’kZ lkQ “kgjksa esa vf/kdrj fodflr ns”kksads “kgj gh LFkku cuk ikrs gSaA vr% fodkl dh xfrrst j[kuh gS rks LoPNrk lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFkLokLF; ns[kHkky lqfo/kkvksa ij gksus okys O;; dks vkSjc<+kuk gksxk blds vfrfjDr tulkekU; ds fy,LoPNrk dh f”k{kk ds lkFk LokLF; f”k{kk ij vkSjvf/kd cy nsus dh egrh vko”;drk gSA Hkkjr esa Hkysgh LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku tksj&”kksj ls pyk;k tk jgkgS ysfdu xanxh dh rLohjsa ngyk nsus okyh gh gSaA dwM+sds <+sj ij “kgjksa dh uhao j[kh tk jgh gS] tks ckfj”kvkSj rst gok ds >ksadks esas dsoy chekjh gh iSnk djsaxh],sls esa LekVZ flVh vkSj fodflr Hkkjr dh dYiukdjuk csbZekuh gh gksxhA ns”k Hkj esa [kkldj “kgjksa esadpjk izcU/ku vkSj fuLrkj.k dh Bksl ;kstuk cukbZtkuh pkfg,A gkFk esa >kMw ysdj lQkbZ ds uke ij

LoPNrk vkSj fodkl esa lEcU/k dk fo’ys”k.kkRed v/;;u


dsoy QksVks f[kpokus ls dqN ugha gksus okykA

lUnHk Z&1- ,0ih0ts0 vCnqy dyke o oh0 iksujkt%

^ifjorZu dh :ijs[kk*] jktiky ,.M lUl]fnYyh] 2014

2- ;kstuk] fgUnh ekfld] Qjojh 2014

3- dq:{ks= fgUnh ekfld] tuojh 20164- dq:{ks=] fgUnh ekfld] tqykbZ 20175- enqyk flUgk% ^ns”k dks LoPN cukus dk ;g

v/kwjk ladYi] fgUnqLrku] fgUnh nSfud] okjk.klh]2 vDVwcj 2015

6- fgUnqLrku] fgUnh nSfud] okjk.klh] 11 fnlEcj2017

7- izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] fgUnh ekfld] ekpZ 2016

*****

37

iapk;r pquko ds izfr xzkeh.k lekt nf’Vdks.k

MkW- vfer dqekj flag*

iapk;r dh LFkkiuk xkWoksa ds ykwsx esa fey&tqydj dk;Z djus xkWWao ds fofHkUu dk;ksZa esa mRrjnkf;RovuqHko djus] lkoZtfud fgr dks izFkfedrk nsus vkfnmn~ns”;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dh xbZA fdUrq vkt dhifjfLFkfr esa iapk;r dk pquko O;fDroknh] LokFkhZ ,oavoljnoknh gks x;k gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i pqukolkewfgd fgrksa dh dh ctk; oS;fDrd fgrksa dh iwfrZds fy, yM+k tkus yxk gSA fuEu lkj.kh esa xzkeh.kusrkvksa ls iapk;r dh ekStwnk fLFkfr] mlds pquko dsizfr nf’Vdks.k tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS\

lkj.k h&1-1

iapk;r ds pquko ds lEcU/k esa xzkeh.k usrkvksa ds nf’Vdks.k

i apk;r n`f’Vdk s.k

1 2 3 4

lger 220 ¼61-11½ 91 ¼25-27½ 167¼46-38½ 210¼58-33½

vlger 64¼17-77½ 166¼46-11½ 102¼28-35½ 70¼19-44½

dg ugÈ ldrs 76¼21-12½ 103¼28-62½ 91¼25-27½ 80¼22-23½

;¨x 360¼100-00½ 360¼100-00½ 360¼100-00½ 360¼100-00½

1- iapk;r ds pquk esa vktdYk /ku ,oa “kkjhfjd“kfä dh fot; feYk jgh gSA

2- bZekunkj ,oa Áfrf’Br O;fä bu pquko¨a esaLo;a pquko YkM+us ls drjkrs gSaA

3- fgalk ,oa oSeuL; ds Ò; ls fu’i{k O;fä bu

pquko esa lfØ; lgÒkfxrk ugÈ Y¨rs gSaA

4- “kkkjhfjd “kfdr”kkYkh ox¨± rFk /kfud oxZds ikjEifjd vU; lEcU/k ,sls gSa fd lekU; O;fämuesa ÁfrLi/kkZ Y¨us esa fVd ugÈ ikrsA

lkj.kh 1-1 ds fo”Y¨’k.k ls Kkr g¨rk gS fdiapk;r ds pquko esa vktdYk /ku ,oa “kkjhfjd “kfäd¨ fot; feYk jgh gSA bl nf’Vdks.k ls lokZf/kd61-11 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk lger] 21-12 izfr”krmRrjnkrkvksa us vikuk er izdV ugha fd;s] tcfd

17-77 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk bl nf’Vdks.k ls vlgergSA

bZekunkj ,oa izfrf’Br O;fDr bu pqukoksa esaLo;a pquko yM+us ls drjkrs gSa] bl nf’Vdks.k ls 46-11 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk vlger gS] 28-62 izfr”kr

*iwoZ “kk s/k Nk= lekt “kkL= foHkkx] ohj cgknqj iw- fo-fo- tkSuiqj

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630


mRrjnkrkvksa us viuk er izdV ugha fd;s] tcfd 25-27 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk bl nf’Vdks.k ls lger gSA

fgalk oSeuL; esa Hk; ls fu’iknu O;fDRk bupqukoksa esa lfØ;k lgHkkfxrk ugha ysrs bl nf’Vdks.kls 58-33 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk lger gS] 22-23 izfr”krmRrjnkrk us viuk er izxV ugha fd;s] 19-44 izfr”krmRrjnkrk bl nf’Vdks.k ls lger gSA

“kkjhfjd “kfDr”kkyh oxksZa rFkk /kfud oxZ dsikjLifjd vU; lEcU/k ,sls gSa fd lkekU; O;fDrmuls izfrLi/kkZ ysus esa fVd ugha ikrs bl nf’Vdks.k ls

lokZf/kd 58-33 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk lger gS] 22-23izfr”kr mRrjnkrkvksa us viuk er izxV ugha fd;s]tcfd 19-44 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk bl nf’Vdks.k lsvlger gSaA

lkj.kh la[;k 1-2

lkj.kh la[;k 4-22 dk voyksdu ls Li’V gSfd 30-55 izfr”kr mRrjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj CykWd Lrjds vfHktkr oxZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSa] 29-72 izfr”kr mRrjnkrkxkWao Lrj ds] 28-05 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk ftyk Lrj ds]tcfd 11-66 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk ds vuqlkj jkT; Lrj

39

ds vfHktkr oxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA

tkfr ds vk/kkj ij ;g ns[kus ls Kkr gksrk gSczkã.k tkfr ds lokZf/kd 35-82 Áfr”kr CYk‚d Lrjds] 16-41 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds] tcfd 13-42 Áfr”krx‚ao Lrj ds vfÒtkr oxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnkunsrs gSaA

{kf«k; tkfr esa lokZf/kd 33-33 Áfr”kr ftYkkLrj ds] lcls de 17-28 jkT; Lrj~ ds vfÒtkr oxZxzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] 27-16 Áfr”kr CYk‚d Lrjds] rFkk 22-22 Áfr”kr x‚ao Lrj ds vfÒtkr oxZxzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

;kno tkfr esa lokZf/kd 39-58 Áfr”kr x‚aoLrj ds lcls de 3-61 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkroxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] 36-14 Áfr”kr CYk‚dLrj ds rFkk 20-48 Áfr”kr ftYkk Lrj ds vfÒtkroxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

jktÒj tkfr esa lokZf/kd 40-0 Áfr”kr x‚oLrj ds] lcls de 12-0 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkr

oxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] 28-0 Áfr”kr CYk‚dLrj ds rFkk 20-0 Áfr”kr ftYkk Lrj ds vfÒtkr oxZxzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

c<+bZ tkfr esa lokZf/kd 53-33 Áfr”kr x‚ao Lrjds] lcls de 13-33 Áfr”kr jkt; Lrj ds vfÒtkroxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] rFkk 20 Áfr”krCYk‚ad Lrj ds vfÒtkr oxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnkunsrs gSaA

d¨bjh tkfr esa lokZf/kd 33-33 Áfr”kr x‚aoLrj ds ,oa 33-33 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkr oxZrFkk lcls de 13-33 Áfr”kr ftYkk Lrj ds] rFkk 13-33 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkr oxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.kesa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

[kkVhd tkfr esa lokZf/kd 55-0 Áfr”kr x‚oLrj ds] lcls de 10-0 Áfr”kr CYk‚d Lrj ds vfÒtkroxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] 20-0 Áfr”kr ftYkkLrj ds] rFkk 15-0 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkr oxZxzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

iapk;r pquko ds izfr xkzeh.k lekt nf’Vdks.k

¼ ½

dh


eqfLYke tkfr esa lokZf/kd 44-44 Áfr”kr x‚aoLrj ds] lcls de 22-22 Áfr”kr ftYkk Lrj dsvfÒtkr oxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] 33-33 Áfr”krCYk‚d Lrj ds] rFkk d¨bZ ugÈ jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkroxZ xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

lkj.kh la[;k 1-3

lkj.kh la[;k 1-3 ds voYk¨dYku ls Li’Vg¨rk gS fd 30-55 Áfr”kr mÙkjnkrk ds vuqlkj CYk‚dLrj ds vfÒtkr ;¨xnku nsrs gSa] 29-72 Áfr”kr mÙkjnkrkx‚ao Lrj ds] 28-05 Áfr”kr nÙkjnkrk ftYkk Lrj ds]tcfd 11-66 Áfr”kr mÙkjnkrk ds vuqlkj jkT; Lrj

ds vfÒtkr xzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

f”k{kk ds vk/kkj ij rF;¨a ls Li’V g¨rk gS fdÁkbejh ds lokZf/kd 56-66 Áfr”kr x‚ao Lrj ds] lclsde 3-33 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkr xzkeh.kdY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] rFkk 20-0 Áfr”kr Lrj ds] 20-0Áfr”kr ftYkk Lrj ds vfÒtkr dY;k.k esa ;¨xnkunsrs gSaA

fefMYk esa lokZf/kd 38-57 Áfr”kr ftYkk Lrjds] lcls de 4-28 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkrxzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] 30-0 Áfr”kr x‚ao Lrj ds]rFkk 27-14 Áfr”kr CYk‚d Lrj ds vfÒtkr xzkeh.k

Tkkfr ds vk/kkj ij ltkrh; yksxksa }kjk pquko ds volj ij “kkjhfjd cy dk leFkZu

xzkeh.k usrRo ds pquko dks “kkjhfjd cy dk leFkZu

mRrjnkrkvksa vf/kdka”k dqN yksx vius futh dksbZ ugha ;ksx

dh tkfr yksx yksx

41

dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

gkbZ LdwYk esa lokZf/kd 37-03 Áfr”kr ftYkkLrj ds] lcls de 9-87 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkrxzkeh.k dY;k.k esa ;¨xnku] 27-16 Áfr”kr x‚ao Lrjds rFkk 25-92 Áfr”kr CYk‚ad Lrj ds vfÒtkr xzkeh.kdY;k.k esa ;¨xnku nsrs gSaA

b.Vj esa lokZf/kd 30-76 Áfr”kr CYk‚d Lrj ds]lcls de 20-87 Áfr”kr jkT; Lrj ds vfÒtkrxzkeh.k dY;k.k es a;¨xnku] 26-37 Áfr”kr x‚ao Lrjds] rFkk 21-97 Áfr”kr ftYkk Lrj ds vfÒtkr dY;k.kesa ;kxnku nsrs gSaA

lkj.kh la[;k 1-4

lkj.kh la[;k 1-4 dk voyksdu ls LIk’V gS fdlokZf/kd 51-38 izfr”kr xzkeh.k usrkvksa dks ltkrh;futh yksxksa }kjk pquko esa “kkjhfjd leFkZu izkIr gS]28-28 izfr”kr usrkvksa dks vf/kdka”k ltkrh; yksxksa}kjk “kkjhfjd leFkZu izkIr gS] 13-33 izfr”kr usrkvksa

dks dqN yksxksa }kjk] tcfd 6-39 izfr”kr usrkvksa dksfdlh Hkh ltkrh; ds }kjk “kkjhfjd leFkZu izkIr ughagSA

lUnHk Z

1. A Harold gould (1988), “Towards a JatiModel for indian politiecs” In his poor casteadapation in modrnizing INida society,changby a publication, New Delhi

2. A. r. Desai (1961) Rural Socielogy in IndiaBombay INdias Society of AgriculturalEconomics.

3. U.K. Tiwari, (1994) Rira; Transformationin India Reliance puble New Delhi

4. J.N. Singh (1983) Legislative Elitt of U.P.Mdological book house, Varanasi

5. Krishnaray Maithreyi (Ed.) Women’s stud-ies in India : some Persbediaves, popularprakash Bombay.

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iapk;r pquko ds izfr xkzeh.k lekt nf’Vdks.k

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