international labour conference of the ilo

8/3/2019 International Labour Conference of the ILO

1/17

International

Labour

Conference of the

ILO

The ILO is the international organization responsible for drawing up and overseeing international labour standards. It

is the only 'tripartite' United Nations agency that brings together representatives of governments, employers and

workers to jointly shape policies and programmes promoting Decent Work for all. This unique arrangement gives the

ILO an edge in incorporating 'real world' knowledge about employment and work.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of theUnited Nationsthat deals with labourissues pertaining to international labour standards. Its headquarters are inGeneva, Switzerland. Its secretariat the people who are employed by it throughout the world is known as the International Labour Office. The organization received theNobel Peace Prizein 1969.[1]

Contents 1 Membership and organization

2 Governing Body

3 International Labour Conference

4 International Labour Code

5 Conventions

5.1 Adoption

5.2 Ratification

5.3 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at

Work

5.4 Recommendations

6 History

6.1 Establishment

6.2 Trade unions

6.3 US membership

7 Training and teaching units
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_labor_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_labor_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations


2/17

8 Child labour

8.1 ILOs response to child labour

9 Forced labour

10 Minimum wage law

11 HIV/AIDS

12 Indigenous peoples

13 Migrant workers

14 Domestic workers

15 Labour statistics

16 Connections within the UN

17 Most Recent ILO Committee Reports and Recommendations

18 See also

19 Notes 20 References

21 External links

[edit] Membership and organizationMembers include states that were members on 1 November1945, when the organization's newconstitution came into effect after World War II. In addition, any original member of the UnitedNations and any state admitted to the U.N. thereafter may join. Other states can be admitted by atwo-thirds vote of all delegates, including a two-thirds vote of government delegates, at any ILOGeneral Conference.[2]

Unlike other United Nations specialized agencies, the International Labour Organization has atripartite governing structure representing governments, employers and workers.[3]

[edit] Governing BodyThe Governing Body decides the agenda of the International Labour Conference, adopts the draftprogramme and budget of the organization for submission to the conference, elects the director-general, requests information from member states concerning labour matters, appointscommissions of inquiry and supervises the work of the International Labour Office.

This guiding body is composed of 28 government representatives, 14 workers' representatives,and 14 employers' representatives. Ten of the government seats are held by member states thatare nations of "chief industrial importance," as first considered by an "impartial committee." Theterms of office are three years.[4]

[edit] International Labour ConferenceThe ILO organizes the International Labour Conference in Geneva every year in June, whereconventions and recommendations are crafted and adopted. The conference also makes decisionson the ILO's general policy, work programme and budget.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Conference


3/17

Each member state is represented at the conference by four people: two government delegates,an employer delegate and a worker delegate. All of them have individual voting rights, and allvotes are equal, regardless of the population of the delegate's member state. The employer andworker delegates are normally chosen in agreement with the "most representative" nationalorganizations of employers and workers. Usually, the workers' delegates coordinate their voting,as do the employers' delegates.[citation needed]

[edit] International Labour CodeOne of the principal functions of the ILO is settinginternational labour standards through theadoption of conventions and recommendations covering a broad spectrum of labour-relatedsubjects and which, together, are sometimes referred to as the International Labour Code. Thetopics covered include a wide range of issues, from freedom of association to health and safety atwork, decent work, working conditions in the maritime sector,night work, discrimination,childlabour, forced labourand maternityprotection.

[edit] ConventionsFor a list, see Category :International Labour Organization conventions

Through July 2011, the ILO has adopted 189 conventions .

[edit] Adoption

Adoption of a convention by the International Labour Conference allows governments to ratifyit, and the convention then becomes a treaty in international law when a specified number ofgovernments have done so. But all adopted ILO conventions are considered international labourstandards regardless of how many governments have ratified them.

[edit] Ratification

The coming into force of a convention results in a legal obligation to apply its provisions by thenations that have ratified it. Ratification of a convention is voluntary. Conventions that have not

been ratified by member states have the same legal force as do recommendations. Governmentsare required to submit reports detailing their compliance with the obligations of the conventionsthey have ratified. Every year the International Labour Conference's Committee on theApplication of Standards examines a number of alleged breaches of international labourstandards.

[edit] 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

In 1998, the 86th International Labour Conference adopted theDeclaration on FundamentalPrinciples and Rights at Work. This declaration identified four "principles" as "core" or"fundamental", asserting that all ILO member States on the basis of existing obligations asmembers in the Organization have an obligation to work towards fully respecting the principlesembodied in the relevant (ratifiable) ILO Conventions. The fundamental rights concern freedom

of association and collective bargaining, discrimination, forced labour, and child labour. The ILOConventions which embody the fundamental principles have now been ratified by most memberstates.[5]

[edit] Recommendations

Recommendations do not have the binding force of conventions and are not subject toratification. Recommendations may be adopted at the same time as conventions to supplementthe latter with additional or more detailed provisions. In other cases recommendations may be
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_labour_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_labour_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Labour_Organization_conventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_labour_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Labour_Organization_conventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=9


4/17

adopted separately and may address issues not covered by, or be unrelated to, any particularconvention.[citation needed]

[edit] History

E. H. Greenwood, U.S. Delegate and Harold B. Butler, Secretary-General, with secretarial staffof the first International Labour Conference in Washington, D.C., OctoberNovember 1919, infront of the Pan American Building.

[edit] EstablishmentThe ILO was established as an agency of theLeague of Nationsfollowing theTreaty ofVersailles, which ended World War I.

VanDaele, (2005) argues that in 1919 a pioneering generation of scholars, social policy experts,and politicians designed an unprecedented international organizational framework for labourpolitics. The founding fathers of the ILO had made great strides in social thought and actionbefore 1919. The core members all knew one another from earlier private professional andideological networks, in which they exchanged knowledge, experiences, and ideas on socialpolicy. Prewar'epistemic communities,' such as the International Association for LabourLegislation (IALL), founded in 1900, and political networks, such as the SocialistSecondInternational, were a decisive factor in the institutionalization of international labour politics. In

the postWorld War I euphoria, the idea of a 'makeable society' was an important catalyst behindthe social engineering of the ILO architects. As a new discipline, international labour lawbecame a useful instrument for putting social reforms into practice. The utopian ideals of thefounding fathers social justice and the right to decent work were changed by diplomatic andpolitical compromises made at theParis Peace Conference of 1919, showing the ILO's balancebetween idealism and pragmatism.[6]

[edit] Trade unions

Over the course of World War I, the international labour movement proposed a comprehensiveprogramme of protection for the working classes, conceived as compensation for labour's supportof the war. This programme was supposed to become an international agreement after the war. In1919, politicians took it up in order to give social stability to the postwar order. However, theway in which the programme was instituted disappointed the high expectations of trade unions.Politicians offered labour an institution that could attempt to achieve trade-union demands.Despite open disappointment and sharp critique, the revivedInternational Federation of TradeUnions (IFTU), founded in 1913, quickly adapted itself to this mechanism. The IFTUincreasingly oriented its international activities around the lobby work of the ILO.[7]

Post-war reconstruction and the protection of labour unions occupied the attention of manynations during and immediately after World War I. In Great Britain, the Whitley Commission, a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_community_(international_relations)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_community_(international_relations)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1919-ILC-secretariatstaff.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1919-ILC-secretariatstaff.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_community_(international_relations)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unions


5/17

subcommittee of the Reconstruction Commission, recommended in its July 1918 Final Reportthat "industrial councils" be established throughout the world.[8]The British Labour Party hadissued its own reconstruction programme in the document titledLabour and the New SocialOrder.[9] In February 1918, the third Inter-Allied Labour and Socialist Conference (representingdelegates from Great Britain, France, Belgium and Italy) issued its report, advocating aninternational labour rights body, an end to secret diplomacy, and other goals .[10]And inDecember 1918, the American Federation of Labor(AFL) issued its own distinctively apoliticalreport, which called for the achievement of numerous incremental improvements via thecollective bargaining process.[11]

As the war drew to a close, two competing visions for the post-war world emerged. The first wasoffered by the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU), which called for a meeting inBern in July 1919. The Bern meeting would consider both the future of the IFTU and the variousproposals which had been made in the previous few years. The IFTU also proposed includingdelegates from the Central Powersas equals. Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL, boycottedthe meeting, wanting the Central Powers delegates in a subservient role as an admission of guiltfor their countries' role in the bringing about war. Instead, Gompers favoured a meeting in Pariswhich would only consider President Woodrow Wilson'sFourteen Points as a platform. Despitethe American boycott, the Bern meeting went ahead as scheduled. In its final report, the BernConference demanded an end to wage labour and the establishment ofsocialism. If these endscould not be immediately achieved, then an international body attached to the League of Nationsshould enact and enforce legislation to protect workers and trade unions. [11]

Meanwhile, the Paris Peace Conference sought to dampen public support forcommunism.Subsequently, the Allied Powers agreed that clauses should be inserted into the emerging peacetreaty protecting labour unions and workers' rights, and that an international labour body beestablished to help guide international labour relations in the future. The advisory Commissionon International Labour Legislation was established by the Peace Conference to draft theseproposals. The Commission met for the first time on 1 February 1919, and Gompers was electedchairman.[11]

Two competing proposals for an international body emerged during the Commission's meetings.The British proposed establishing an international parliament to enact labour laws which eachmember of the League would be required to implement. Each nation would have two delegates tothe parliament, one each from labour and management.[citation needed] An international labour officewould collect statistics on labour issues and enforce the new international laws. Philosophicallyopposed to the concept of an international parliament and convinced that international standardswould lower the few protections achieved in the United States, Gompers proposed that theinternational labour body be authorized only to make recommendations, and that enforcement beleft up to the League of Nations. Despite vigorous opposition from the British, the Americanproposal was adopted.[11]

Gompers also set the agenda for the draft charter protecting workers' rights. The Americansmade 10 proposals. Three were adopted without change: That labour should not be treated as acommodity; that all workers had the right to a wage sufficient to live on; and that women shouldreceive equal pay for equal work. A proposal protecting the freedom of speech, press, assembly,and association was amended to include only freedom of association. A proposed ban on theinternational shipment of goods made by children under the age of 16 was amended to ban goodsmade by children under the age of 14. A proposal to require an eight-hour work day wasamended to require the eight-hour work day orthe 40-hour work week (an exception was madefor countries where productivity was low). Four other American proposals were rejected.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter-Allied_Labour_and_Socialist_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter-Allied_Labour_and_Socialist_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


6/17

Meanwhile, international delegates proposed three additional clauses, which were adopted: Oneor more days for weekly rest; equality of laws for foreign workers; and regular and frequentinspection of factory conditions.[11]

The Commission issued its final report on 4 March 1919, and the Peace Conference adopted itwithout amendment on 11 April. The report became Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles. [11]

The first annual conference (referred to as theInternational Labour Conference, or ILC) beganon 29 October 1919 at the Pan American Union (building)inWashington, D.C.[12] and adoptedthe first six International Labour Conventions, which dealt with hours of work in industry,unemployment, maternity protection, night work for women, minimum age and night work foryoung persons in industry.[13] The prominent French socialistAlbert Thomas became its firstDirector General. The ILO became the first specialized agency of the United Nations systemafter the demise of the League in 1946.[14] Its constitution, as amended, includes the Declarationof Philadelphia (1944) on the aims and purposes of the organization. As of April 2009[update], thecurrent director-general isJuan Somavia (since 1999).

[edit] US membership

At the time of establishment, the US government was not a member of ILO, as the US Senaterejected the Covenant of the League of Nations, and the US could not join any of its agencies.Following the election ofFranklin Delano Rooseveltto the US presidency, the newadministration made renewed efforts to join the ILO even without League membership. On 19June 1934, the US Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing the President to join ILOwithout joining the League of Nations as a whole. On 22 June 1934, the ILO adopted aresolution inviting the US government to join the organization. On 20 August 1934, the USgovernment responded positively and took its seat at the ILO.

[edit] Training and teaching unitsThe International Training Centre of the International Labour Organization (ITCILO) is based inTurin, Italy.[15]Together with theUniversity of Turin, Faculty of Law, the ITC offers training forILO officers and secretariat members, as well as offering educational programmes. For instance,the ITCILO offers a Master of Laws (LL.M.) programme in Management of Development,which aims specialize professionals in the field of cooperation and development.[16]

[edit] Child labourThe term "child labour" is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, theirpotential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.

It refers to work that:

is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; and

interferes with their schooling by:

depriving them of the opportunity to attend school;

obliging them to leave school prematurely; or

requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavywork.

In its most extreme forms, child labour involves children being enslaved, separated from theirfamilies, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to fend for themselves on the streets
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Union_(building)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Union_(building)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Thomas_(minister)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Thomas_(minister)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Somaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Somaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin,_Faculty_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin,_Faculty_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin,_Faculty_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL.M.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Union_(building)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Thomas_(minister)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Somaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin,_Faculty_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL.M.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=15


7/17

of large cities often at a very early age. Whether or not particular forms of "work" can be called"child labour" depends on the child's age, the type and hours of work performed, the conditionsunder which it is performed and the objectives pursued by individual countries. The answervaries from country to country, as well as among sectors within countries.

Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour that is to be targeted for

elimination. Childrens or adolescents participation in work that does not affect their health andpersonal development or interfere with their schooling, is generally regarded as being somethingpositive. This includes activities such as helping their parents around the home, assisting in afamily business or earning pocket money outside school hours and during school holidays. Thesekinds of activities contribute to childrens development and to the welfare of their families; theyprovide them with skills and experience, and help to prepare them to be productive members ofsociety during their adult life.

[edit] ILOs response to child labour

The ILOs International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour(IPEC) was created in1992 with the overall goal of the progressive elimination of child labour, which was to beachieved through strengthening the capacity of countries to deal with the problem and promoting

a worldwide movement to combat child labour. IPEC currently has operations in 88 countries,with an annual expenditure on technical cooperation projects that reached over US$74 million,50 million in 2006. It is the largest programme of its kind globally and the biggest singleoperational programme of the ILO.

The number and range of IPECs partners have expanded over the years and now includeemployers and workers organizations, other international and government agencies, privatebusinesses, community-based organizations, NGOs, the media, parliamentarians, the judiciary,universities, religious groups and, of course, children and their families.

IPEC's work to eliminate child labour is an important facet of the ILO's Decent Work Agenda.[17]

Child labour not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for abetter future,[18] it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses incompetitiveness, productivity and potential income. Withdrawing children from child labour,providing them with education and assisting their families with training and employmentopportunities contribute directly to creating decent work for adults.

INDUS Child Labour Project

The INDUS (India-US) Child Labour Project is a US$40 million, 25 million initiative betweenthe ILO-IPEC, Government of India, and the US Department of Labour.[19] Started in 2004, theproject covered an estimated 80,000 children across 21 districts in 5 major states. The projectcame to a conclusion in March 2009.

The INDUS Project target districts include

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Delhi

INDUS aims to eliminate child labour in these 5 states among 10 hazardous sectors.[20]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Programme_on_the_Elimination_of_Child_Labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Programme_on_the_Elimination_of_Child_Labour


8/17

Hand-rolled beedi cigarettes

Brassware

Leather, rubber, and plastic footwear

Hand-blown glass bangles

Hand-made locks Hand-broken quarried stones

Hand-spun/hand-loomed silk thread, yarn and fabric

Fireworks

Hand-dipped matches

Handmade bricks

INDUS Project Strategies

Strengthening public education

To ensure that children withdrawn from the hazardous sectors do not relapse, TransitionalEducation Centres (TEC) were established to ease the mainstreaming of children back intoschools within 24 months. Education up to Class VI and VII were provided by the TECs.Primary health care including health check-ups, school meals and stationaries were all funded bythe project. Each child was paid a stipend of Rs. 100 per month, as long as they attained aminimum attendance rate of 80%.[20]

Providing vocational training

Vocational centres were established to help equip children with necessary life skills which makedecent incomes in the future viable. In addition to focusing on knowledge, skills and computerliteracy, the centres also carried out life enrichment education, which includes basic workersrights and the dangers of HIV/AIDS. Travelling allowances of up to a maximum of Rs.300 per

month and tools kits were sponsored.[20]

Providing income-generating opportunities to the families of child labour

In an effort to compensate families loss in income due to their children enrolling into theeducation system, training agencies that specialize in micro-enterprise development and skilltraining were established. These agencies assisted families in selecting an appropriate micro-enterprise or to improve an existing skill.[20]

Results of INDUS Project

The proportion of children aged 1014 who are economically active fell from 8.7% in 2001to 6.6% in 2006, as shown in Table 1.

Distribution ofchildren

2001

PopulationCensus

2006 Population

Projection andestimates

% of children topopulation in 2001 % of children topopulation in 2006

Population

Male 132367710 125485000

Female 120795938 116274000

Total 253163648 241759000


9/17

Child Labour(10-14)

Male 6804336 4276744 8.8 6.7

Female 5862041 3894131 8.5 6.3

Total 12666377 8082954 8.7 6.6

Table 1: Magnitude of child labour in India[21]

Primary school net enrolment rate between years 2005-2009 was 83%, a more than threefoldincrease from the 1950s level of 26%.[22]

Criticisms of Project

Delays in the Transitional Education Centres (TEC) resulted in mainstreamed children beingreleased to public schools at a sluggish rate. Having completed the education provided byTEC, children were not transferred to public schools promptly.[23]

Progress in the income generation segment has been relatively slow. Financial benefits onlyreached pockets of a few targeted mothers in Tamil Nadu by mid 2007.[23]

[edit] Forced labourThe ILO has considered the fight against forced labourto be one of its main priorities. Duringthe interwar years, the issue was mainly considered a colonial phenomenon, and the ILO'sconcern was to establish minimum standards protecting the inhabitants of colonies from theworst abuses committed by economic interests. After 1945, the goal became to set a uniform anduniversal standard, determined by the higher awareness gained during World War II ofpolitically and economically motivated systems of forced labour, but debates were hampered bythe Cold Warand by exemptions claimed by colonial powers. Since the 1960s, declarations oflabour standards as a component of human rights have been weakened by government ofpostcolonial countries claiming a need to exercise extraordinary powers over labour in their roleas emergency regimes promoting rapid economic development. [24]

In June 1998 the International Labour Conference adopted a Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples and Rights at Work and its Follow-up that obligates member States to respect,promote and realize freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, the eliminationof all forms of forced or compulsory labour, the effective abolition of child labour, and theelimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.

With the adoption of the Declaration, the International Labour Organization (ILO) created theInFocus Programme on Promoting the Declaration which is responsible for the reportingprocesses and technical cooperation activities associated with the Declaration; and it carries outawareness raising, advocacy and knowledge functions.

In November 2001, following the publication of the In Focus Programme's first Global Report on

forced labour, the ILO Governing Body created a Special Action Programme to Combat ForcedLabour (SAP-FL), as part of broader efforts to promote the 1998 Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples and Rights at Work and its Follow-up.

Since its inception, SAP-FL has focused on raising global awareness of forced labour in itsdifferent forms, and mobilising action against its manifestation. Several thematic and country-specific studies and surveys have since been undertaken, on such diverse aspects of forced labourasbonded labour, human trafficking, forced domestic work, rural servitude, and forced prisonlabour.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lang--en/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_traffickinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_traffickinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lang--en/index.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lang--en/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking


10/17

The Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL) has spearheaded the ILOswork in this field since early 2002. The programme is designed to:

Raise global awareness and understanding of modern forced labour

Assist governments in developing and implementing new laws, policies and action plans

Develop and disseminate guidance and training materials on key aspects of forced labour andtrafficking

Implement innovative programmes that combine policy development, capacity building of lawenforcement and labour market institutions, and targeted, field-based projects of direct supportfor both prevention of forced labour and identification and rehabilitation of its victims.

[edit] Minimum wage lawTo protect the right of labours for fixing minimum wage, ILO has created Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention, 1928,Minimum Wage Fixing Machinery (Agriculture)Convention, 1951 andMinimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970 as minimum wage law.

[edit] HIV/AIDSUnder the name ILOAIDS, the ILO created the Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World ofWorkas a document providing principles for "policy development and practical guidelines forprogrammes at enterprise, community, and national levels." Including: [25]

prevention of HIV

management and mitigation of the impact of AIDS on the world of work

care and support of workers infected and affected by HIV/AIDS

elimination of stigma and discrimination on the basis of real or perceived HIV status.

[edit] Indigenous peoples

ILO-Convention 169 concerns indigenousand tribal peoples in independent countries. It wasadopted on 27 June 1989 by the General Conference of the ILO at its 76th session. Its entry intoforce was 5 September 1991.[26][27]

[edit] Migrant workersFor the rights ofmigrant workers, ILO has adopted conventions, including Migrant Workers(Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975and United Nations Convention on the Protectionof the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Familiesin 1990.

[edit] Domestic workersFor the rights and decent workofdomestic workers includingmigrant domestic workers, ILO

has adopted Convention on domestic workers on 16 June 2011.

[edit] Labour statisticsThe ILO is a major provider of labour statistics. Labour statistics are an important tool for itsmember states to monitor their progress toward improving labour standards. As part of theirstatistical work, ILO maintains several databases, such asLaborsta. This database covers 11major data series for over 200 countries. In addition, ILO publishes a number of compilations oflabour statistics, such as theKey Indicators of Labour Markets (KILM). KILM covers 20 main
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage-Fixing_Machinery_Convention,_1928http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage-Fixing_Machinery_Convention,_1928http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage-Fixing_Machinery_Convention,_1928http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Fixing_Machinery_(Agriculture)_Convention,_1951http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Fixing_Machinery_(Agriculture)_Convention,_1951http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Fixing_Convention,_1970http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Fixing_Convention,_1970http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Workers_(Supplementary_Provisions)_Convention,_1975http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Workers_(Supplementary_Provisions)_Convention,_1975http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Workers_(Supplementary_Provisions)_Convention,_1975http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_domestic_workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_domestic_workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_domestic_workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=23http://laborsta.ilo.org/http:/laborsta.ilo.org/http://laborsta.ilo.org/http:/laborsta.ilo.org/http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/lang--en/WCMS_114240http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/lang--en/WCMS_114240http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage-Fixing_Machinery_Convention,_1928http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage-Fixing_Machinery_Convention,_1928http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Fixing_Machinery_(Agriculture)_Convention,_1951http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Fixing_Machinery_(Agriculture)_Convention,_1951http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Fixing_Convention,_1970http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Workers_(Supplementary_Provisions)_Convention,_1975http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Workers_(Supplementary_Provisions)_Convention,_1975http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_domestic_workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_domestic_workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=23http://laborsta.ilo.org/http:/laborsta.ilo.org/http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/lang--en/WCMS_114240


11/17

indicators on labour participation rates, employment, unemployment, educational attainment,labour cost, and economic performance. Many of these indicators have been prepared by otherorganizations. For example, theDivision of International Labour Comparisons of the U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics prepares the hourly compensation in manufacturing indicator.[28]

[edit] Connections within the UNAs with other UN specialized agencies (or programmes) working on international development,the ILO is also a member of the United Nations Development Group.[29]

[edit] Most Recent ILO Committee Reports andRecommendationsThe ILO has several specialized and technical committees that focus on labor relations and tradeunion rights issues. One of these bodies is the ILO Committee on Freedom of Association. Thiscommittee has successfully issued recommendations in 2010 on 6 anomalous and highlycelebrated cases in the labor front, 2 of which are the following:

Case Number 2716 - International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering,Tobacco and Allied Workers Associations (IUF) and the National Union of Workers in theHotel, Restaurant, and Allied Industries (NUWHRAIN), Dusit Hotel Nikko Chapter supportedby the Alliance of Progressive Labour (APL), the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (BMP),the Confederation of Independent Unions in the Public Sector (CIU), Manggagawa para saKalayaan ng Bayan (MAKABAYAN), the National Labor Union (NLU), Partido ngManggagawa (PM), the Public Services Labor Independent Confederation (PSLINK), theAlliance of Coca-Cola Unions of the Philippines (ACCUP), the Automotive Industry WorkersAlliance (AIWA), the League of Independent Bank Organization (LIBO), the National Allianceof Broadcast Unions (NABU), the Postal Employees Union of the Philippines (PEUP), Pinag-isang Tinig at Lakas ng Anak Pawis (PIGLAS), the Philippine Metalworkers Alliance (PMA)and the Workers Solidarity Network (WSN).[30]

The complainants allege that, in a decision concerning anti-union dismissals in the context ofa labour dispute, the Supreme Court of the Philippines held that workers who shaved orcropped their hair engaged in an unprotected illegal strike, and thus upheld the dismissal of29 trade union officers and allowed dismissal of 61 trade union members, in violation of theprinciples of freedom of association. The issue has been protested on wildly in thePhilippines.[31]

Case Number 2669 - International Wiring Systems Workers Union (IWSWU)

Military threat and harassment against IWSWU officers and their families; interference bythe armed forces of the Philippines in trade union affairs by dissuading trade union membersto engage in collective bargaining; and vilification campaign against IWSWU members andfamilies to the detriment of their safety and security

[edit] See also

United Nations portal

Organized labour portal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_international_labor_comparisonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_international_labor_comparisonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Small_Flag_of_the_United_Nations_ZP.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_international_labor_comparisonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour


12/17

Centre William Rappard, first permanent home of the ILO on the north bank of Lake Geneva

Decent workagenda of the ILO

United Nations Global Compact, 19992000, encouraging businesses to adopt sustainableand socially responsible policies

International Labour Organization Conventions Labour movement

Ohlin Report, providing the basis for the Treaty of Rome on the common market in 1957 andthe creation of the European Economic Community in 1958

Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at Work, 2008

Social clause, the integration of seven core ILO labour rights conventions into tradeagreements

[edit] Notes1. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1969".Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-

history.html. Retrieved 2006-07-05.2. ^ ILO Constitution Article 3

3. ^ Cornell.edu - archived

4. ^ Article 7, ILO Constitution

5. ^ See the list of ratifications atIlo.org

6. ^ VanDaele, (2005)

7. ^ Reiner Tosstorff, "The International Trade-Union Movement and the Founding of the InternationalLabour Organization,"International Review of Social History 2005 50(3): 399433

8. ^ Haimson, Leopold H. and Sapelli, Giulio. Strikes, Social Conflict, and the First World War: AnInternational Perspective. Milan: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, 1992. ISBN 88-07-99047-4

9. ^ Shapiro, Stanley. "The Passage of Power: Labor and the New Social Order."Proceedings of theAmerican Philosophical Society. 120:6 (29 December 1976).

10.^ Ayusawa , Iwao Frederick.International Labor Legislation. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange, 2005. ISBN1-58477-461-4

11.^abcdefFoner, Philip S.History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 7: Labor and WorldWar I, 19141918. New York: International Publishers, 1987.ISBN 0-7178-0638-3

12.^ http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09616/09616(1919-1).pdf

13.^ Ilo.org

14.^ "Photo Gallery". ILO. 2011. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=en.Retrieved 30 May 2011.

15.^ International Training Centre website

16.^ LLM Guide (IP LLM) University of Torino, Faculty of Law

17.^ ILO.org

18.^ Von Braun, Joachim (1995). Von Braun. ed.Employment for poverty reduction and food security. "IFPRIOccasional Papers". Intl Food Policy Res Inst. p. 35. ISBN9780896293328. http://books.google.ie/books?id=7q1ZUsatasIC&pg=PA35&dq=%22perpetuates+poverty+because+it+prevents+children+from+acquiring+the+skills+and+education
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_William_Rappardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Labour_Organization_conventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlin_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlin_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Declaration_on_Safety_and_Health_at_Workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=27http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-history.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-history.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-history.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-history.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-history.htmlhttp://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/constq.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20090318093249/http:/ilo.law.cornell.edu/public/english/bureau/inf/download/brochure/pdf/page7.pdfhttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_International_Labour_Organizationhttp://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8807990474http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwao_Ayusawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwao_Ayusawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584774614http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584774614http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717806383http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717806383http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09616/09616(1919-1).pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/about/history.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=enhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=enhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=enhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=enhttp://www.itcilo.org/enhttp://www.llm-guide.com/university/564/universita-di-torino-turin-university-wipo-worldwide-academyhttp://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Decentwork/lang--en/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896293328http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_William_Rappardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decent_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Labour_Organization_conventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlin_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Declaration_on_Safety_and_Health_at_Workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=27http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-history.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-history.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1969/labour-history.htmlhttp://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/constq.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20090318093249/http:/ilo.law.cornell.edu/public/english/bureau/inf/download/brochure/pdf/page7.pdfhttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_International_Labour_Organizationhttp://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8807990474http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwao_Ayusawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584774614http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584774614http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717806383http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09616/09616(1919-1).pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/about/history.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=enhttp://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=16023&p_lang=enhttp://www.itcilo.org/enhttp://www.llm-guide.com/university/564/universita-di-torino-turin-university-wipo-worldwide-academyhttp://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Decentwork/lang--en/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896293328


13/17

%22&hl=en&ei=uHIeTNK_MZD__AbJ4vGxDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22perpetuates%20poverty%20because%20it%20prevents%20children%20from%20acquiring%20the%20skills%20and%20education%22&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

19.^ International Labour Office. (2010). Important Achievements on the road to 2016. In I. L. Office,Accelerating Action Against Child Labour (p. 23). Geneva: ILO Publications.

20.^abcdInternational Labour Organization. (2006). Operational Guidelines INDUS Project. New Delhi:India Habitat Centre.

21.^National Commission for Protection of Child Rights. (2008). Magnitude of Child Labor in India. NewDelhi: NCPR.

22.^ Dowling, J. M., & Valenzuela, M. R. (2010). Human Resource Development: A Focus on Education andHealth. In J. M. Dowling, & M. R. Valenzuela, Economic Development in Asia (p. 274). Singapore:Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.

23.^abInternational Labour Organization. (2007). Evaluation: Preventing and eliminatiing child labor inidentified hazardous sectors in India. Geneva: ILO Publications.

24.^ Daniel Roger Maul, "The International Labour Organization and the Struggle against Forced Labourfrom 1919 to the Present,"Labor History 2007 48(4): 477500

25.^ "The ILO Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the world of work".ILOAIDS.http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/publ/code.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-05.

26.^ UNHCHR.ch

27.^ ILO.org

28.^ International Labor Organization, KILM 17. Hourly compensation costs

29.^ http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13p

30.^ http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/getRepsCtryStatus.cfm?hdroff=1&ctry=0840&Lang=EN&status=F

31.^ http://www.apl.org.ph/?p=1215

[edit] References Alcock, A.History of the International Labour Organization (London, 1971)

Chisholm, A.Labour's Magna Charta: A Critical Study of the Labour Clauses of the PeaceTreaty and of the Draft Conventions and Recommendations of the Washington InternationalLabour Conference (London, 1925)

Dufty, N.F. "Organizational Growth and Goal Structure: The Case of the ILO,"InternationalOrganization 1972 Vol. 26, pp 479498 in JSTOR

Endres, A.; Fleming, G.International Organizations and the Analysis of Economic Policy,19191950 (Cambridge, 2002)

Evans, A.A. My Life as an International Civil Servant in the International Labour

Organization (Geneva, 1995)

Ewing, K.Britain and the ILO (London, 1994)

Fried, John H. E. "Relations Between the United Nations and the International LaborOrganization,"American Political Science Review, Vol. 41, No. 5 (Oct., 1947), pp. 963977in JSTOR

Galenson, Walter. The International Labor Organization: An American View (Madison,1981)
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/publ/code.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/publ/code.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/publ/code.htmhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/62.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C169http://kilm.ilo.org/KILMnetBeta/pdf/kilm17EN-2009.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13phttp://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/getRepsCtryStatus.cfm?hdroff=1&ctry=0840&Lang=EN&status=Fhttp://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/getRepsCtryStatus.cfm?hdroff=1&ctry=0840&Lang=EN&status=Fhttp://www.apl.org.ph/?p=1215http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=28http://www.jstor.org/stable/2706128http://www.jstor.org/stable/1950201http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/publ/code.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/publ/code.htmhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/62.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C169http://kilm.ilo.org/KILMnetBeta/pdf/kilm17EN-2009.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13phttp://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/getRepsCtryStatus.cfm?hdroff=1&ctry=0840&Lang=EN&status=Fhttp://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/libsynd/getRepsCtryStatus.cfm?hdroff=1&ctry=0840&Lang=EN&status=Fhttp://www.apl.org.ph/?p=1215http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organization&action=edit&section=28http://www.jstor.org/stable/2706128http://www.jstor.org/stable/1950201


14/17

Heldal, H. "Norway in the International Labour Organization, 19191939" ScandinavianJournal of History 1996 Vol. 21, pp 255283,

Imber, M.F. The USA, ILO, UNESCO and IAEA: politicization and withdrawal in theSpecialized Agencies (1989)

Johnston, G.A. The International Labour Organization: Its Work for Social and Economic

Progress (London, 1970)

Mainwaring, J.International Labour Organization: A Canadian View (Ottawa, 1986)

Morse, D. The Origin and Evolution of the ILO and its Role in the World Community (Ithaca,1969)

Ostrower, Gary B. "The American decision to join the international labor organization,Labor History, Volume 16, Issue 4 Autumn 1975, pp 495504 The U.S. joined in 1934

Schlossberg, S. "United States' Participation in the International Labour Organization:Redefining the Role," Comparative Labor Law Journal1989, Vol. 11, pp 4880

VanDaele, Jasmien. "Engineering Social Peace: Networks, Ideas, And the Founding of the

International Labour Organization,"International Review of Social History 2005 50(3): 435466

VanDaele, Jasmien. "The International Labour Organization (ILO) In Past and PresentResearch,"International Review of Social History 2008 53(3): 485511, historiography

This article is about the general concept of providing welfare. For other uses, see SocialSecurity (disambiguation).

Social security is primarily a social insuranceprogram providingsocial protectionor protectionagainst socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment andothers. Social security may refer to:

social insurance, where people receive benefits or services in recognition of contributions toan insurance program. These services typically include provision for retirementpensions,disability insurance, survivor benefits and unemployment insurance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survivor_benefits&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survivor_benefits&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_insurance


15/17

income maintenancemainly the distribution of cash in the event of interruption ofemployment, including retirement, disability and unemployment

services provided by administrations responsible for social security. In different countriesthis may include medical care, aspects of social work and even industrial relations.

More rarely, the term is also used to refer to basic security, a term roughly equivalent to

access to basic necessitiesthings such asfood,clothing, housing, education,money, andmedical care.

The right to social security is recognised in theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights and theInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Contents 1 Income maintenance

2 Social protection

3 National systems

3.1 Social programs in sub-SaharanAfrica

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

[edit] Income maintenanceMain article: Unemployment benefits

This policy is usually applied through various programs designed to provide a population withincome at times when they are unable to care for themselves. Income maintenance is based in acombination of five main types of program:

Social insurance, considered above

Means-tested benefits. This is financial assistance provided for those who are unable tocover basic needs, such as food, clothing and housing, due topoverty or lack of incomebecause of unemployment, sickness, disability, or caring for children. While assistance isoften in the form of financial payments, those eligible for social welfare can usually accesshealth and educational services free of charge. The amount of support is enough to coverbasic needs and eligibility is often subject to a comprehensive and complex assessment of anapplicant's social and financial situation. See also, Income Support.

Non-contributory benefits. Several countries have special schemes, administered with norequirement for contributions and no means test, for people in certain categories of need - forexample, veterans of armed forces, people with disabilities and very old people.

Discretionary benefits. Some schemes are based on the discretion of an official, such as asocial worker.

Universal or categorical benefits, also known as demogrants. These are non-contributorybenefits given for whole sections of the population without a test of means or need, such as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_social_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_Supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_Supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_social_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_Support


16/17

family allowances or the public pension in New Zealand (known as New ZealandSuperannuation). See also, Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend.

[edit] Social protectionSocial protection refers to a set of benefits available (or not available) from the state, market,

civil society and households, or through a combination of these agencies, to theindividual/households to reduce multi-dimensional deprivation. This multi-dimensionaldeprivation could be affecting less active poor persons (e.g. the elderly, disabled) and activepoorpersons (e.g. unemployed).

This broad framework makes this concept more acceptable in developing countries than theconcept of social security. Social security is more applicable in the conditions, where largenumbers of citizens depend on the formal economy for their livelihood. Through a definedcontribution, this social security may be managed.

But, in the context of wide spread informal economy, formal social security arrangements arealmost absent for the vast majority of the working population. Besides, in developing countries,the state's capacity to reach the vast majority of the poor people may be limited because of its

limited resources. In such a context, multiple agencies that could provide for social protection isimportant for policy consideration. The framework of social protection is thus capable of holdingthe state responsible to provide for the poorest sections by regulating non-state agencies.

Collaborative research from the Institute of Development Studies debating Social Protectionfrom a global perspective, suggests that advocates for social protection fall into two broadcategories: 'instrumentalists' and 'activists'. 'Instrumentalists' argue that extreme poverty,inequality and vulnerability, is dysfunctional in the achievement of development targets (e.g. theMDGs). In this view social protection is about putting in place risk management mechanismsthat will compensate for incomplete or missing insurance (and other) markets, until a time thatprivate insurance can play a more prominent role in that society. 'Activist' arguments view thepersistence of extreme poverty, inequality and vulnerability, as symptoms of social injustice and

structural inequalityand see social protection as a right of citizenship. Targeted welfare is anecessary step between humanitarianism and the ideal of a 'guaranteed social minimum' whereentitlement extends beyond cash or food transfers and is based on citizenship, not philanthropy.[1]

[edit] National systems National Insurance (UK)

Social Security in France

South African Social Security Agency

Social Security (United States)

Social Security (Sweden)

Social Security (Australia)

Central Provident Fund (Singapore)

National Social Security System (Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional)(Indonesia)

[edit] Social programs in sub-Saharan Africa

Main article: Social programs in sub-Saharan Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund_Dividendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Development_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Social_Security_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(Sweden)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provident_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_programs_in_sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund_Dividendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Development_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Inequalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Social_Security_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(Sweden)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provident_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_programs_in_sub-Saharan_Africa


17/17

Social protection in sub-Saharan Africa tends not to be very developed and yet the growth ofsome of the region's economies and concerted attempts to tackle poverty mean that this situationmay change in the future.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa

international labour conference of the ilo

Documents