international law(ngo and ingo)

8/22/2019 International Law(NGO and INGO)

1/52

The World Bankdefines a non-governmental organization (NGO) as "private organizations thatpursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment,provide basic social services, or undertake community development".[1] An international non-governmental organization (INGO) has the same mission as a non-governmental organization(NGO), but it is international in scope and has outposts around the world to deal with specific

issues in many countries.

Both terms, NGO and INGO, should be differentiated fromintergovernmental organizations(IGOs), which describes groups such as the United Nationsor the International LabourOrganization. An INGO may be founded by private philanthropy, such as the Carnegie,Rockefeller, Gates andFord Foundations, or as an adjunct to existing international organizations,such as the Catholic or Lutheran churches. A surge in the founding of development INGOsoccurred during World War II, some of which would later become the large development INGOslike Oxfam,Catholic Relief Services, CARE International, andLutheran World Relief.

International Non-governmental Organizations can further be defined by their primary purpose.[2]

Some INGOs are operational, meaning that their primary purpose is to foster the communitybased organizations within each country via different projects and operations. SomeINGOs are advocacy-based, meaning that their primary purpose is to influence thepolicy-making of different countries governments regarding certain issues or promotethe awareness of a certain issue. Many of the large INGOs have components of bothoperational projects and advocacy initiatives working together within individualcountries.

Criteria

To be associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information, an INGO (andNGOs in general) must follow these certain criteria[3]:

The NGO must support and respect the principles of the Charter of the United Nations;

Must be of recognized national or international standing;

Should operate solely on a not-for-profit basis and have tax-exempt status;

Must have the commitment and the means to conduct effective information programmes

with its constituents and to a broader audience about UN activities by publishingnewsletters, bulletins and pamphlets; organizing conferences, seminars and round tables;or enlisting the attention of the media;

Should preferably have a satisfactory record of collaboration with UN InformationCentres/Services or other parts of the UN System prior to association.

Please note that in cases where the NGO has no record of collaboration but the DPI

Committee on NGOs approves its applications, it will have a provisional associationstatus of two years until which it can establish a partnership with the relevantUNICs/UNISs or UN system organization;

The NGO should provide an audited annual financial statement, indicated in US

currency, and conducted by a qualified, independent accountant;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARE_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARE_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_World_Reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_World_Reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARE_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_World_Reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank


2/52

The NGO should have statutes/bylaws providing for a transparent process of taking

decisions, elections of officers and members of the Board of Directors. Should have an established record of continuity of work for a minimum of three years

and should show promise of sustained activity in the future.

INGOs and Development

The main focus for INGOs is to provide relief and developmental aid to developing countries. Inrelation to states, the purpose of INGOs is to provide services that the state is unable or unwillingto provide for their people. These organizations projects in health, like HIV/AIDS awarenessand prevention, clean water, and malaria prevention, and in education, like schools for girls andproviding books to developing countries, help to provide the social services that the countrysgovernment is unable or unwilling to provide at the time. International Non-governmentalOrganizations are also some of the first responders to natural disasters, like hurricanes andfloods, or crises that need emergency relief.

NGOs in general account for over 15% of total overseas development aid, which is linked to thegrowth and development process.[4] It has been estimated that aid (partly contributed to byINGOs) over the past thirty years has increased the annual growth rate of the bottom billion byone percent.[5] While one percent in thirty years does not sound like a lot of progress, creditshould be given to the fact that progress has been consistently increasing throughout the yearsinstead of remaining stagnant or falling backwards[original research?].

Many international projects and advocacy initiatives promoted by INGOs encourage sustainabledevelopment via a human rights approach and capabilities enhancing approach. INGOS thatpromote human rights advocacy issues in part try to set up an international judicial standard thatrespects the rights of every human being and promotes the empowerment of disadvantaged

communities.

Other organizations, like theInternational Justice Mission, are working in effective andlegitimate judicial systems, which enhances a countrys legitimacy and development. Still others,such as those promoting micro-financing and education, directly impact of capabilities ofcitizens and communities by developing skills and human capital while encouraging citizenempowerment and community involvement. INGOs, along with domestic and internationalgovernmental initiatives, are a critical part of global development.

CARE International

CARE Internationalis a large humanitarian INGO that is committed to fighting poverty. Theytake a special interest in empowering poor women because women have the power to helpwhole families and entire communities escape poverty.[8] The mission[9] and explicit goals ofCARE are to facilitate lasting change by:

Strengthening capacity for self-help

Providing economic opportunity

Delivering relief in emergencies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://www.ijm.org/http://www.ijm.org/http://www.ijm.org/http://www.care.org/http://www.care.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://www.ijm.org/http://www.care.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-9


3/52

Influencing policy decisions at all levels

Addressing discrimination in all its forms

One of CAREs projects is responding to natural disasters. For example, CARE has been anintegral part of the relief effort in the outbreak of cholera in Haiti that was spread fromNepalese

MINUSTAH soldiers during their stay in the country. Some of CAREs relief tactics[10]

in Haitiare:

distributing high-energy biscuits, water purification tablets, oral rehydration salts, and

hygiene kits, instructing Haitians on how best avoid and prevent cholera, and

providing clean water and safe latrine facilities to people living in camps for survivors of

Haiti's January 12 earthquake.

Amnesty International

Amnesty International is an INGO that is dedicated to the promotion and protection ofinternationally regarded human rights as declared in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Their goals[11] are to:

Stop violence against women

Defend the rights and dignity of those trapped in poverty

Abolish the death penalty

Oppose torture and combat terror with justice

Free prisoners of conscience

Protect the rights of refugees and migrants

Regulate the global arms trade

This organization uses more of an advocacy approach to promote change and human rightswithin the government. They mobilize public pressure through mass demonstrations, vigils anddirect lobbying as well as online and offline campaigning in order to promote their ongoingcampaigns, which reflect their goals.[12]

Oxfam International

Oxfam International is an INGO which works with local partner organizations and people livingunder poverty trying to exercise their human rights. The areas Oxfam focues on includedevelopment, emergencies, campaigning, advocacy and policy research. The details to each area

are:

long-term programs to eradicate poverty and injustice

deliver immediate life-saving assistance to people affected by natural disasters or conflict

raise public awareness of the causes of poverty

encourage ordinary people to take action for a fairer world

press decision-makers to change policies and practices that reinforce poverty and

injustice
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110824123128.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-10http://www.amnesty.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-12http://www.oxfam.org/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110824123128.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-10http://www.amnesty.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization#cite_note-12http://www.oxfam.org/


4/52

speak with authority as a result of research and analysis

Examples of INGOs

Multiple Interdisciplinary Projects

CARE

Oxfam International

World Vision International

CAFOD

Health

Doctors Without Borders

HealthRight International

International Committee of the Red Cross charity: water

Children

Compassion International

Plan

International Save the Children Alliance

SOS Children's Villages

Reggio Children - Loris Malaguzzi Centre Foundation

Education

ActionAid

The Library Project

Human Rights

Amnesty International

International Federation for Human Rights

Friends of Peoples Close to Nature

Survival International

Environmental

International POPs Elimination Network

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Greenpeace

WWF
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARE_(relief_agency)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAFODhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8reshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HealthRight_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity:_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_(aid_organisation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Save_the_Children_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_Children's_Villageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Children_-_Loris_Malaguzzi_Centre_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActionAidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_Peoples_Close_to_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_POPs_Elimination_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARE_(relief_agency)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAFODhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8reshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HealthRight_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity:_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_(aid_organisation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Save_the_Children_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_Children's_Villageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Children_-_Loris_Malaguzzi_Centre_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActionAidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_Peoples_Close_to_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_POPs_Elimination_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature


5/52

non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by natural orlegal people that operates independently from any form ofgovernment. The term originated fromthe United Nations (UN), and normally refers to organizations that are not a part of a governmentand are not conventional for-profit businesses. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally orpartially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding

government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is usually appliedonly to organizations that pursue widersocial aims that havepoliticalaspects, but are not openlypolitical organizations such as political parties.

The number of NGOs operating in the United States is estimated at 1.5 million.[1]Russia has277,000 NGOs.[2]India is estimated to have had around 3.3 million NGOs in 2009, just over oneNGO per 400 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centresin India.[3][4]

Contents 1 Definition

2 Typeso 2.1 Development, Environment and Human Rights NGOs

o 2.2 Track II Diplomacy

3 Activities

o 3.1 Operational

o 3.2 Campaigning

o 3.3 Both

o 3.4 Public relations

o 3.5 Project management

4 Corporate structure

o 4.1 Staffing

o 4.2 Funding

o 4.3 Overhead costs

o 4.4 Monitoring and control

5 History

6 Legal status

7 Critiques

o 7.1 Challenges to legitimacy

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

Definition

NGOs are difficult to define and classify, and the term 'NGO' is not used consistently. As aresult, there are many different classifications in use. The most common use a framework thatincludes orientation and level of operation. An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities it
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Development.2C_Environment_and_Human_Rights_NGOshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Track_II_Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Activitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Operationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Campaigninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Bothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Public_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Project_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Corporate_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Staffinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Fundinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Overhead_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Monitoring_and_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Legal_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Critiqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Challenges_to_legitimacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Development.2C_Environment_and_Human_Rights_NGOshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Track_II_Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Activitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Operationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Campaigninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Bothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Public_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Project_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Corporate_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Staffinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Fundinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Overhead_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Monitoring_and_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Legal_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Critiqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Challenges_to_legitimacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#External_links


6/52

takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, or development work. AnNGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local,international or national. "Confronting the Classification Problem: Toward a Taxonomy ofNGOs"

One of the earliest mentions of the acronym "NGO" was in 1945, when the UN was created. TheUN, which is an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for certain approvedspecialized international non-state agencies - or non-governmental organisations - to be awardedobserver status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used morewidely. Today, according to the UN, any kind of private organization that is independent fromgovernment control can be termed an "NGO", provided it is not-profit, non-criminal and notsimply an opposition political party.

Professor Peter Willetts, from the University of London, argues the definition of NGOs can beinterpreted differently by various organizations and depending on a situations context. Hedefines an NGO as "an independent voluntary association of people acting together on a

continuous basis for some common purpose other than achieving government office, makingmoney or illegal activities."[5] In this view, two main types of NGOs are recognized according tothe activities they pursue: operational NGOs that deliver services and campaigning NGOs.Although Willetts proposes the operational and campaigning NGOs as a tool to differentiate themain activities of these organizations, he also explains that a single NGO may often be engagedin both activities. Many NGOs also see them as mutually reinforcing.

Professor Akira Iriye defines NGO as "a voluntary nonstate, nonprofit, nonreligious, andnonmilitary association."[6]

TypesSome find it helpful to classify NGOs by orientation and/

Professional association

Empowering orientation;

NGO type by level of co-operation

Community-based organization

City-wide organization

National NGO

International NGO

Apart from "NGO", there are many alternative or overlapping terms in use, including: thirdsector organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), civilsociety organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement organization (SMO),private voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO) and non-state actors (NSAs).

Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. As a result, a long (and sometimesconfusing or comical) list of additional acronyms has developed, including:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association


7/52

BINGO, short for 'business-friendly international NGO' or 'big international NGO'

TANGO, 'technical assistance NGO'

TSO, 'third sector organization'

GONGO, 'government-operated NGOs' (set up by governments to look like NGOs in

order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of government)

DONGO: Donor Organized NGO INGO stands for international NGO; Oxfam,INSPAD,[7] Institute of Peace and

Development "A European Think Tank For Peace Initiatives"; QUANGOs are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the

International Organization for Standardization(ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely anNGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISOCouncil determines to be the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of anation. That body might itself be a nongovernmental organization; for example, theUnited States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute, whichis independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented bynational governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)

National NGO: A non-governmental organization that exists only in one country. Thisterm is rare due to the globalization of non-governmental organizations, which causes anNGO to exist in more than one country.[5]

CSO, short for civil society organization

ENGO: short for environmental NGO, such as Greenpeace and WWF

NNGO, short for 'Northern nongovernmental organization'

SNGO, short for 'Southern nongovernmental organization'

SCO, also known as 'social change organizations'

TNGO, transnational NGO; The term emerged during the 1970s due to the increase of

environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGO includes non-governmental organizations that are not confined to only one country, but exist in two or

more countries. GSO: Grassroots Support Organization

MANGO: short for market advocacy NGO

NGDO: non-governmental development organization

USAID refers to NGOs asprivate voluntary organizations. However, many scholars have arguedthat this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state and corporate fundedand managed projects with professional staff.[citation needed]

NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of theirmembers or funders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment,

encouraging the observance ofhuman rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, orrepresenting a corporate agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations andtheir goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily beapplied to private schools and athletic organizations.

Development, Environment and Human Rights NGOs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GONGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INSPAD&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUANGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Support_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GONGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INSPAD&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUANGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Support_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights


8/52

NGOs are organizations that work in many different fields, but the term is generally associatedwith those seeking social transformation and improvements in quality of life. DevelopmentNGOs is the most highly visible sector, and includes both international and local organizations,as well as those working in humanitarian emergency sector. Many are associated withinternational aid and voluntary donation, but there are also NGOs that choose not to take funds

from donors and try to generate funding in other ways, such as selling handicrafts or charging forservices.

Environmental NGOs are another sub-sector, and sometimes overlap with development NGOs.An example is Greenpeace. (see:List of Environmental NGOs). Just like other NGOs networks,transnational environmental networks might acquire a variety of benefits in sharing informationwith other organizations, campaigning towards an issue, and exchanging contact information.Since Transnational environmental NGOs advocate for different issues like public goods, such aspollution in the air, deforestation of areas and water issues, it is more difficult for them to givetheir campaigns a human face than NGOs campaigning directly for human rights issues.Some ofthe earliest forms of transnational environmental NGOs started to appear after the Second

World War with the creation of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources (IUCN). After the UN was formed in 1945, more environmental NGO startedto emerge in order to address more specific environmental issues. In 1946, the UN Educational,Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was created with the purpose of advocating andrepresenting scientific issues and collaboration among environmental NGOs. In 1969, theScientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) was funded to increase andimprove collaboration among environmentalists. This collaboration was later reinforced andstimulated with the creation of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program in 1971. In 1972, theUN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, tried to address the issues onSwedens plead for international intervention on trans-boundary pollution from other Europeanindustrialized nations.

Transnational environmental NGOs have taken on diverse issues around the globe, but one of thebest-known cases involving the work of environmental NGOs can be traced back to Brazilduring the 1980s. The United States got involved with deforestation concerns due to theallegations of environmentalists dictating deforestation to be a global concern, and after 1977 theU.S. Foreign Assistance Act added an Environmental and Natural Resources section.

Human rights NGOs may also overlap with those in development, but are another distinctcategory. Amnesty International is perhaps one of the best-known.

During the early 1980s the Brazilian government created the Polonoreste developing program,which the World Bank agreed to finance. The Polonoreste program aimed to urbanized areas ofthe Amazon, which were already occupied by local indigenous groups. Rapid deforestation in theBrazilian Amazon called the attention and intervention of UNESCO, who utilized its Program onMan and the Biosphere to advocate against the Polonoreste program, on the grounds of violatingthe rights of the indigenous groups living in the Amazon. In the case of deforestation of theBrazilian Amazon, the environment NGOs were able to put pressure on the World Bank tocancel the loans for the Polonoreste program. Due to the leverage that the U.S. has over the bank,in 1985 the World Bank suspended the financial aid to the Polonoreste Program. The work of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizations#Private_Organizations_.28.27.27Environmental_NGOs.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizations#Private_Organizations_.28.27.27Environmental_NGOs.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizations#Private_Organizations_.28.27.27Environmental_NGOs.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO


9/52

environmental NGOs in the Brazilian case was successful because there was a point of leveragethat made the targeted actor vulnerable to international pressure. [8]

Even though NGOs might have common goals relating to development or environment issues,interests and perspectives are diverse. A distinction can be made between the interests and goals

among those NGOs located in industrialized countriesoften referred to as the states of theNorthand NGOs from nations located in developing countriesreferred to as states of theSouth. There is sometimes tension between them. Southern states blame the developed nationsfor over-consumption and pollution resulting from industrialization, and for sustaininginequalities in the international economic system

There is also a distinction among groups that take on particular and specific socio-economicissues. The Womens Environment and Development Organization was created in 1990 with thepurpose to advocate for gender inclusion in work related to the Earth Summit. Other groupsmight focus on issues that include racial minorities and individuals from lower incomebackgrounds.[9]

Track II Diplomacy

Main article: Track II diplomacy

Track II dialogue, or Track II diplomacy, is a transnational coordination that involves non-official members of the government including epistemic communities as well as former policy-makers or analysts. Track II diplomacy aims to get policymakers and policy analysts to come toa common solution through discussions by unofficial figures of the government. Unlike theTrack I diplomacy where government officials, diplomats and elected leaders gather to talk aboutcertain issues, Track II diplomacy consists of experts, scientists, professors and other figures that

are not involved in government affairs. The members of Track II diplomacy usually have morefreedom to exchange ideas and come up with compromise on their own.

Activities

There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the World Bankuses dividesthem into Operational and Advocacy:[10]

NGOs vary in their methods. Some act primarily as lobbyists, while others primarily conductprograms and activities. For instance, an NGO such as Oxfam, concerned with povertyalleviation, might provide needy people with the equipment and skills to find food and clean

drinking water, whereas an NGO like theFFDAhelps through investigation and documentationof human rights[11] violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses.Others, such as Afghanistan Information Management Services, provide specialized technicalproducts and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by otherorganizations.

NGOs were intended to fill a gap in government services, but in countries like India, NGOs aregaining a powerful stronghold in decision making. In the interest of sustainability, most donors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_II_diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-definition-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Information_Management_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Information_Management_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_II_diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-definition-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Information_Management_Services


10/52

require that NGOs demonstrate a relationship with governments. State Governments themselvesare vulnerable because they lack strategic planning and vision. They are therefore sometimestightly bound by a nexus of NGOs, political bodies, commercial organizations and majordonors/funders, making decisions that have short term outputs but no long term affect. NGOs inIndia are under regulated, political, and recipients of large government and international donor

funds. NGOs often take up responsibilities outside their skill ambit. Governments have no accessto the number of projects or amount of funding received by these NGOs. There is a pressing needto regulate this group while not curtailing their unique role as a supplement to governmentservices.

Operational

Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small scale change directly through projects."[5] Theymobilize financial resources, materials and volunteers to create localized programs in the field.They hold large scale fundraising events, apply to governments and organizations for grants andcontracts in order to raise money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure; with

a main headquarters staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts,report, and communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects [5]Operational NGOs deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with thedelivery of services and welfare, emergency relief and environmental issues. Operational NGOscan be further categorized, one frequently used categorization is the division into relief-orientedversus development-oriented organizations; they can also be classified according to whether theystress service delivery or participation; or whether they are religious or secular; and whether theyare more public or private-oriented. Operational NGOs can be community-based, national orinternational. The defining activity of operational NGOs is implementing projects.[5]

Campaigning

Campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large scale change promoted indirectly through influenceof the political system."[5]Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group ofprofessional members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They must planand host demonstrations and events that will keep their cause in the media. They must maintain alarge informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attentionand influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holdingdemonstrations.[5] Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating to human rights, women'srights, children's rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote aspecific cause. As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically tryto raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activist event.

Both

It is not uncommon for NGOs to make use of both activities. Many times, operational NGOs willuse campaigning techniques if they continually face the same issues in the field that could beremedied through policy changes. At the same time, Campaigning NGOs, like human rightsorganizations often have programs that assist the individual victims they are trying to helpthrough their advocacy work.[5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-WillettsCS-NTWKS-5


11/52

Public relations

Non-governmental organizations need healthy relationships with the public to meet their goals.Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employstandard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance

because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of ethics wasestablished in 2002 by The World Association of Non Governmental NGOs.

Project management

There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to project success innon-governmental organizations.[12]Generally, non-governmental organizations that are privatehave either a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such asreligion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public support and voluntarycontributions for aid; they often have strong links with community groups in developingcountries, and they often work in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible.

NGOs are accepted as a part of the international relations landscape, and while they influencenational and multilateral policy-making, increasingly they are more directly involved in localaction.

Corporate structure

Staffing

Some NGOs are highly professionalized and rely mainly on paid staff. Others are based aroundvoluntary labour and are less formalized. Not all people working for non-governmentalorganizations are volunteers.

Many NGOs are associated with the use of international staff working in 'developing' countries,but there are many NGOs in both North and South who rely on local employees or volunteers.There is some dispute as to whetherexpatriates should be sent to developing countries.Frequently this type of personnel is employed to satisfy a donorwho wants to see the supportedproject managed by someone from an industrialized country. However, the expertise theseemployees or volunteers may be counterbalanced by a number of factors: the cost offoreigners istypically higher, they have no grassroot connectionsin the country they are sent to, and localexpertise is often undervalued.[10]

The NGO sector is an important employer in terms of numbers. [citation needed] For example, by theend of 1995, CONCERN worldwide, an international Northern NGO working against poverty,employed 174 expatriates and just over 5,000 national staff working in ten developing countriesin Africa and Asia, and in Haiti.

Funding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-definition-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concern_Worldwidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-definition-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concern_Worldwidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti


12/52

Whether the NGOs are small or large, various NGOs need budgets to operate. The amount ofbudget that they need would differ from NGOs to NGOs. Unlike small NGOs, large NGOs mayhave annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget ofthe American Association of Retired Persons(AARP) was over US$540 million in 1999.[13]Funding such large budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs.

Major sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale ofgoods and services, grants frominternational institutions or national governments, and private donations. Several EU-grantsprovide funds accessible to NGOs.

Even though the term "non-governmental organization" implies independence fromgovernments, many NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding.[14]A quarter of theUS$162 million income in 1998 of the famine-relieforganization Oxfamwas donated by theBritish government and the EU. The Christian relief and development organization World VisionUnited Statescollected US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government.Nobel Prize winnerMdecins Sans Frontires(MSF) (known in the USA as Doctors WithoutBorders) gets 46% of its income from government sources.[15]

Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according to David Rieff, writing in TheNew Republic, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civilsociety had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people inneed or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever thegovernments concerned might think about the matter." [16] Some NGOs, such as Greenpeace donot accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations.[17][18]

Overhead costs

Overhead is the amount of money that is spent on running an NGO rather than on projects.[19]

This includes office expenses,[19]

salaries, banking and bookkeeping costs. What percentage ofoverall budget is spent on overhead is often used to judge an NGO with less than 10% beingviewed as good.[19]The World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations states thatideally more than 80% should be spent on programs (less than 20% on overhead) .[20]The GlobalFund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has specific guidelines on how high overhead canbe to receive funding based on how the money is to be spent with overhead often needing to beless than 5-7%.[21]While the World Banktypically allows 10%.[22]A high percentage of overheadto total expenditures can make it more difficult to generate funds. [23] High overhead costs mayalso generate criticism with some claiming the certain NGOs with high overhead are being runsimply to benefit the people working for them. [24]

While overhead costs can be a legitimate concern, a sole focus on them can becounterproductive.[25] Research published by the Urban Institute and theCenter for SocialInnovation at Stanford University have shown how rating agencies create incentives fornonprofits to lower and hide overhead costs, which may actually reduce organizationaleffectiveness by starving organizations of the infrastructure they need to effectively deliverservices. A more meaningful rating system would provide, in addition to financial data, aqualitative evaluation of an organizations transparency and governance: (1) an assessment ofprogram effectiveness; (2) and an evaluation of feedback mechanisms designed for donors and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Retired_Personshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Retired_Personshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-globall-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-globall-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-globall-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8reshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8reshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-HBS-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-GP_Annual_report_2008-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-25http://www.urban.org/publications/311055.htmlhttp://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_ratings_game/http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_ratings_game/http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_ratings_game/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Retired_Personshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-globall-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8reshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-HBS-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-GP_Annual_report_2008-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-Overhead1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-25http://www.urban.org/publications/311055.htmlhttp://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_ratings_game/http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_ratings_game/


13/52

beneficiaries; and (3) such a rating system would also allow rated organizations to respond to anevaluation done by a rating agency.[26]More generally, the popular discourse of nonprofitevaluation should move away from financial notions of organizational effectiveness and towardmore substantive understandings of programmatic impact.

Monitoring and control

In a March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former U.N. Secretary General KofiAnnan wrote in favor of international humanitarian intervention, arguing that the internationalcommunity has a "right to protect"[27] citizens of the world against ethnic cleansing, genocide,and crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian government launched theResponsibility to Protect R2P[28] project, outlining the issue of humanitarian intervention. Whilethe R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more controversial has been the Canadiangovernment's use of R2P to justify its intervention and support of the coup in Haiti.[29] Years afterR2P, the World Federalist Movement, an organization which supports "the creation ofdemocratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the division of

international authority among separate agencies", has launched Responsibility to Protect -Engaging Civil Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM and the Canadiangovernment, this project aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles outlined under theoriginal R2P project.

The governments of the countries an NGO works or is registered in may require reporting orother monitoring and oversight. Funders generally require reporting and assessment, suchinformation is not necessarily publicly available. There may also be associations and watchdogorganizations that research and publish details on the actions of NGOs working in particulargeographic or program areas.[citation needed]

In recent years, many large corporations have increased theircorporate social responsibilitydepartments in an attempt to preempt NGO campaigns against certain corporate practices. As thelogic goes, if corporations workwith NGOs, NGOs will not workagainstcorporations. Greatercollaboration between corporations and NGOs creates inherent risks of co-optation for theweaker partner, typically the nonprofit involved.[30]

In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense Assistant Secretary of Defense(Health Affairs) S. Ward Casscells established anInternational Health Division under ForceHealth Protection & Readiness.[31] Part of International Health's mission is to communicate withNGOs in areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05,[32] in 2005, requiresDoD to regard stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to combat. In

compliance with international law, DoD has necessarily built a capacity to improve essentialservices in areas of conflict such as Iraq, where the customary lead agencies (State Departmentand USAID) find it difficult to operate. Unlike the "co-option" strategy described forcorporations, the OASD(HA) recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service.International Health cultivates collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length,recognizing their traditional independence, expertise and honest broker status. While the goals ofDoD and NGOs may seem incongruent, the DoD's emphasis on stability and security to reduceand prevent conflict suggests, on careful analysis, important mutual interests.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-28http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=55&ItemID=9238http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federalist_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federalist_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Ward_Casscellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_conventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-28http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=55&ItemID=9238http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federalist_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Ward_Casscellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_conventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID


14/52

History

International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839. [33] Ithas been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs.[34]International NGOs were importantin the anti-slavery movementand the movement forwomen's suffrage, and reached a peak at the

time of the World Disarmament Conference.[35]However, the phrase "non-governmentalorganization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the United NationsOrganization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 ofChapter 10 of the United NationsCharter[36] for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor memberstatessee Consultative Status. The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given inresolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any internationalorganization that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other"major groups" in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27[37]ofAgenda 21,leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations andnon-governmental organizations.[38]It has been observed that the number of INGO founded ordissolved matches the general "state of the world", rising in periods of growth and declining in

periods of crisis.[39]

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result ofthe processes of restructuring of thewelfare state. Furtherglobalization of that process occurredafter the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington consensus.[14]

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problemscould not be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations such asthe World Trade Organization were centred mainly on the interests of capitalist enterprises. In anattempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasizehumanitarian issues,developmental aidand sustainable development. A prominent example of this is theWorld

Social Forum, which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forumheld annually inJanuary in Davos,Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre,Brazil, in January2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs.[40]In terms of environmentalissues and sustainable development, the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 was the first to show thepower of international NGOs, when about 2,400 representatives of NGOs came to play a centralrole in deliberations. Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of whatshould belong to popular movements of the poor. Whatever the case, NGO transnationalnetworking is now extensive.[41]

Legal status

The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each country'slaws and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide:[42]

Unincorporated and voluntary association

Trusts, charities and foundations

Companies not just for profit

Entities formed or registered under special NGO ornonprofit laws
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-slavery_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-slavery_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_10_of_the_United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_10_of_the_United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_consensushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-globall-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos,_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos,_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-slavery_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_10_of_the_United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_10_of_the_United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_consensushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-globall-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos,_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPO


15/52

The Council of Europein Strasbourg drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of theLegal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets acommon legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also afundamental norm for NGOs.

Critiques

Stuart Becker provides the following summary of the primary critiques of NGOs:

Theres a debate that, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of thepoor. Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in aracist manner in Third World countries and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergyduring the colonial era. PhilosopherPeter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form ofpolitics."[43]

Issa G. Shivji is one of Africa's leading experts on law and development issues as an author andacademic. His critique on NGOs is found in two essays: "Silences in NGO discourse: The roleand future of NGOs in Africa" and "Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania: What we are, what weare not and what we ought to be". Shivji argues that despite the good intentions of NGO leadersand activists, he is critical of the "objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions".[44]Shivji argues also that the sudden rise of NGOs are part of aneoliberal paradigm rather than purealtruistic motivations. He is critical of the current manifestations of NGOs wanting to change theworld without understanding it, and that the imperialrelationship continues today with the rise ofNGOs.

James Pfeiffer, in his case study of NGO involvement in Mozambique, speaks to the negative

effects that NGO's have had on areas of health within the country. He argues that over the lastdecade, NGO's in Mozambique have "fragmented the local health system, undermined localcontrol of health programs, and contributed to growing local social inequality" [45] He notesfurther that NGO's can be uncoordinated, creating parallel projects among differentorganizations, that pull health service workers away from their routine duties in order to servethe interests of the NGO's. This ultimately undermines local primary health care efforts, andtakes away the governments ability to maintain agency over their own health sector. [46] J.Pfeiffer suggested a new model of collaboration between the NGO and the DPS (theMozambique Provincial Health Directorate). He mentioned the NGO should be 'formally held tostandard and adherence within the host country', for example reduce 'showcase' projects andparallel programs that proves to be unsustainable. [47]

Jessica Mathewsonce wrote inForeign Affairs in 1997: "For all their strengths, NGOs arespecial interests. The best of them ... often suffer from tunnel vision, judging every public act byhow it affects their particular interest".[48] Since NGOs do have to worry about policy trade-offs,the overall impact of their cause might bring more harm to society.[49]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hallwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_G._Shivjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mathewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mathewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hallwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_G._Shivjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mathewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-49


16/52

Vijay Prashad argues that from the 1970s "The World Bank, under Robert McNamara,championed the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations ofpower and production."[50]

Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist[51] in nature, that they sometimes operate in a

racialized manner in third world countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of theclergy during the high colonial era. The philosopherPeter Hallwardargues that they are anaristocratic form of politics.[52] Popular movements in the global South such as, for instance, theWestern Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign in South Africa have sometimes refused to work withNGOs arguing that this will compromise their autonomy.[53][54]

Another criticism of NGOs is that they are being designed and used as extensions of the normalforeign-policy instruments of certain Western countries and groups of countries.[55] RussianPresident Vladimir Putinmade this accusation at the 43rdMunich Conference on Security Policyin 2007, concluding that these NGOs "are formally independent but they are purposefullyfinanced and therefore under control."[56] Also, Michael Bond wrote "Most large NGOs, such as

Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and Action Aid, are striving to make their aid provision moresustainable. But some, mostly in the US, are still exporting the ideologies of their backers." [57]Indeed, whether the NGOs are adiding for evangelical purposes or their ideological intentions,various NGOs are examined and accused of their nature.

There has also been the overwhelming disaster of NGOs using white lies or misinformed adviseto enact their campaigns. In other words, NGOs have been quite ignorant about critical issuesbecause, as chief scientist at Greenpeace Doug Parr claims, these organizations have lost theirefforts in being trully scientific and are now more self-interested. Rather than operating throughscience so as to be rationally and effectively practical, NGOs are now abusing the utilization ofscience in order to gain their own advantages. In the beginning, as Parr indicated, there was "'a

tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool . . . but politicaland commerical interests are using science as a cover for getting their way.'"[58] At the same time,NGOs have shown themselves not to be very cooperative with other groups, as the previouspolicy-maker for the German branch ofFriends of the Earth Jens Katjek acknowledged. "IfNGOs want the best for the environment, he says, they have to learn to compromise."[59]

Challenges to legitimacy

The issue of the legitimacy of NGOs raises a series of important questions. This is one of themost important assets possessed by an NGO, it is gained through a perception that they are anindependent voice.[60][61] Their representation also emerges as an important question. Who

bestows responsibilities to NGOs or INGOs and how do they gain the representation of citizensand civil society is still not scrutinized thoroughly. For instance, in the article, it is stated, "Toput the point starkly: are the citizens of countries of the South and their needs represented inglobal civil society, or are citizens as well as their needs constructed by practices ofrepresentation? And when we realize that INGOs hardly ever come face to face with the peoplewhose interests and problems they represent, or that they are not accountable to the people theyrepresent, matters become even more troublesome." [62]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Prashadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racializedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hallwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hallwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Conference_on_Security_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Conference_on_Security_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-2002aHD-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Prashadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racializedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hallwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Conference_on_Security_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-2002aHD-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-62


17/52

Moreover, the legitimacy and the accountability of NGOs on the point of their true nature arealso emerging as important issues. Various perceptions and images on NGOs are provided, andusually implemented in an image as 'non-state actors' or 'influential representatives of civilsociety that advocate the citizen.' Accountability may be able to provide this and also be able toassist activities by providing focus and direction[63] As non-state actors with considerable

influence over the governance in many areas, concerns have been expressed over the extent towhich they represent the views of the public and the extent to which they allow the public to holdthem to account.[64]

The origin of funding can have serious implications for the legitimacy of NGOs. In recentdecades NGOs have increased their numbers and range of activities to a level where they havebecome increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors.[64] Consequently competition hasincreased for funding, as have the expectations of the donors themselves.[65]This runs the risk ofdonors adding conditions which can threaten the independence of NGOs, an over-dependence onofficial aid has the potential to dilute the willingness of NGOs to speak out on issues which areunpopular with governments.[61] In these situations NGOs are being held accountable by their

donors, which can erode rather than enhance their legitimacy, a difficult challenge to overcome.Some commentators have also argued that the changes in where NGOs receive their funding hasultimately altered their functions.[61]

NGOs have also been challenged on the grounds that they do not necessarily represent the needsof the developing world, through diminishing the so-called Southern Voice. Some postulatethat the North-South division exists in the arena of NGOs.[66] They question the equality of therelationships between Northern and Southern parts of the same NGOs as well as the relationshipsbetween Southern and Northern NGOs working in partnerships. This suggests a division oflabour may develop, with the North taking the lead in advocacy and resource mobilisation whilstthe South engages in service delivery in the developing world.[66] The potential implications of

this may mean that the needs of the developing world are not addressed appropriately asNorthern NGOs do not properly consult or participate in partnerships. The real danger in thissituation is that western views may take the front seat and assign unrepresentative priorities.[67]

The flood of NGOs has also been accused of damaging the public sector in multiple developingcountries.The mismanagement of NGOs has resulted in the break down of public health caresystems. Instead of promoting equity and alleviating poverty, NGOs have been under scrutinyfor contributing to socioeconomic inequality and disempowering the services in the public sectorof third world countries.[68]

The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate has grown rapidly since the 1980s,witnessing particular expansion in the 1990s.[69]This has presented NGOs with need to balancethe pressures of centralisation and decentralisation. By centralising NGOs, particularly those thatoperate at an international level, they can assign a common theme or set of goals. Conversely itis also advantageous to decentralise as this increases the chances of an NGO behaving flexiblyand effectively to localised issues.[70]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-1996HD-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-1996HD-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-2002aHD-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-2002aHD-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-linden-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-linden-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-1996HD-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-1996HD-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-2002aHD-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-2002aHD-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-linden-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-linden-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization#cite_note-70

8/22/2019 Internatio

international law(ngo and ingo)

Documents