international migration
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International Migration. Chapter 15 of R&W Baldwin-Edwards pp. 5-20. Link to syllabus. Link to WDI. Theory Review. Migration because of differences in wages (incomes), will raise wages in the sending country, lower them in receiving country. Total - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
International Migration
Link to syllabus
Link to WDI
Chapter 15 of R&W
Baldwin-Edwards pp. 5-20
Theory ReviewMigration because of differences in wages (incomes), will raise wages in the sending country, lower them in receiving country. Total output will rise in receiving country, fall in source country.Modifications:
Many people intend to migrate for a brief period, then return home Migrants often move near to relatives or people of their own source town/village. This may reduce ‘cost’ of migration. For this and other reasons, costs of migration are declining. People migrate for non-economic motives – political/war refugees. Or perhaps migration as a rite of passage - adventure Oftentimes, those who migrate have above average skills, youth, etc, leading to a ‘brain drain’ which hurts the source country. Also, those
who return bring back new skills, savings… Migrants send money home (remittances), helping source country Migrants may be a drain on receiving countries, needing social services.
But migrants help their receiving country by inserting new energy (at low prices!)
Many countries are actively facilitating migration
Overview
Inward and Outward
Migration, ~2010: MENA
PopulationEmigrant
Stock % ofImmigrant
Stock %ofmillions Population Population
Algeria 34.9 1.21 3.4 0.24 0.7Bahrain 0.8 0.03 3.7 0.32 39.1Egypt 83.0 3.74 4.4 0.24 0.3Iran 72.9 1.30 1.7 2.13 2.8Iraq 31.5 1.55 4.9 0.08 0.3Israel 7.4 1.02 14.0 2.94 40.4Jordan 6.0 0.73 11.3 2.97 45.9Kuwait 2.8 0.26 8.5 2.10 68.8Lebanon 4.2 0.66 15.6 0.76 17.8Libya 6.4 0.11 1.7 0.68 10.4Morocco 32.0 3.01 9.3 0.05 0.2Oman 2.8 0.02 0.5 0.83 28.4Qatar 1.4 0.01 0.7 1.31 86.5Saudi 25.4 0.18 0.7 7.29 27.8Syria 21.1 0.94 4.2 2.21 9.8Tunisia 10.4 0.65 6.3 0.03 0.3Turkey 74.8 4.26 5.6 1.41 1.9U.A.E. 4.6 0.06 1.2 3.29 70.0WB&G 4.0 3.01 68.3 1.92 43.6Yemen 23.6 1.14 4.7 0.52 2.1
Source: WB Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011
R&W Table 15.3 p. 404 Foreigners as a Percentage of the Labor Force
See next slide
Table 15.2 p. 398 (R&W). Remittance Flows to Selected MENA
See next slide
Importance of Migrant Remittances: MENA and Others. Late 1990sAs % of Exports
Share of GDP
Net rate of Inward Migration (/1,000)
Algeria 8.5 2.3 -1.80Morocco 20.1 6.3 -1.54Tunisia 9.2 4.1 -0.84Egypt 23.5 3.8 -1.23Jordan 52.2 21.8 -0.66Syria 6.9 2.6 -0.16Yemen 28.5 13.2 0.09MENA – not GCC 21.3 7.7 -0.88GCC 5.91
Mexico 3.6 1.1 -3.26Turkey 8.9 2.3 -0.85Latin America 10.0 3.3 -1.60
Source: World Bank (2003), Trade, Investment and Development in MENA p. 87
Remittances/GDP
WDI data
05
101520253035
1970 1990 2010
Perc
ent
Year
MENA Labor Remittances/GDP
AlgeriaEgyptJordanMoroccoOmanTunisiaTurkeyYemenWB&Gza
Countries with Largest Immigrant Stock
Source?
Countries with highest percentage of immigrants, in total population
Cities ranked by % foreign-born
Source: Benton-Short et al. “Globalization from Below: The Ranking of Global Immigrant Cities,” Int’l Journal of Urban and Regional Research Dec. 2005
DubaiMuscatMeccaTel AvivMedinaRiyadhJerusalem
Some omissions
Remittances into Egypt, by Region. 2003
Source: Yousef (2005) “The Changing Role of Labor Migration in Arab Economic Integration”
Educational Levels of Foreign Born Populations, 2000Fr
actio
n A
bove
Hig
h Sc
hool
Foreign Born as Percentage of Total Population
Into Europe
Recall that several European countries have negative populationgrowth rates.
Workers in Europe from Maghreb Countries and Turkey, 1962-99
1962 ‘82 ‘99 Number of overseas workers in Europe, by home country (1,000s) Algeria - 287 245 into France 224 287 237 Morocco - 174 493 into France 20 145 227 Tunisia - 72 118 into France 12 71 84 Turkey - 781 1,637 into Germany 18 652 1,290
1962 ‘82 ‘99 Ratio of overseas workers to home labor force % Algeria - 5.5 2.5 in France 6.8 5.5 2.4 Morocco - 2.4 4.4 in France 0.4 2.0 2.0 Tunisia - 3.1 3.2 in France 0.9 3.1 2.3 Turkey - 3.9 5.4 into Germany 0.1 3.3 4.2
Source: mt Table 21a
Turkish Emigration, by decades
Source: Elitok and Straubhaar (2011) “Turkey as a Migration Hub”
On Illegal Immigrants in France. April 20, 2004 NYTMs. Alouache said her asylum request was refused last year and is pending appeal. She is angry that she still has no papers, but she said she was not about to go back to Algiers. Here, her son, Mohamed, 4, attends a public nursery school, and her family gets 100 euros a month, as well as food, clothing, housing and free medical care from the state. Until the fire, she spent her days in city parks with friends, waiting for her son to get out of school while her husband, 42, played soccer and acted as an informal coach for boys. She and her husband are not allowed to work, but many illegal immigrants do.Like most European countries, France rarely resorts to deportation, so people like Ms. Alouache hang on, often for years.SAMU Social handles about 3,000 such people in Paris, half of them children, Mr. Emmanuelli said. Through these agencies, he said, the state feeds, houses and clothes 9,000 to 10,000 immigrants lacking papers in Paris alone."It's difficult to deport as soon as these people have kids in school," Mr. Emmanuelli said.So far, France has offered residency only to illegal immigrants case by case, but offers of residency to large numbers by Italy and Spain have increased pressure on other European countries to do the same. "I think we will reach that point in France," Mr. Emmanuelli said.
MENA Countries as Hosts to In-migration
Turkey is an important host country, to people from Iran and Iraq, many of whom are hoping to get into Europe.Lebanon is currently being flooded by refugees from Syria.Jordan has accepted many Palestinians, letting them nationalize.
Foreign Workers in the Gulf: important shift from sourcing Arab workers to bringing in workers from South Asia.
There are important gender considerations: many women are brought into the Gulf as maids. Most workers from South Asia are males who come without their families.
Table 15.1 p. 393 (R&W) Foreign Workers in the Gulf, 2002
Ranking by receiving countries: Saudi, UAE, Kuwait… by sending countries: India, Pakistan, Egypt, Yemen
Table 15.3 Foreigners as a Percentage of the Labor Force, 1985-2003
Ranking by percentage: UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi, Bahrain.
Detail: does labor force include public sector?
Foreigners--Arabs and non-Arabs--in the GCC
1975 1985 1996 Total non-nationals in GCC 2,809 5,544 10,662 Number of expatriate Arabs in GCC 2,022 3,105 3,305 Number of expatriate non-Arabs in GCC 787 2,439 7,556 % Arab in expatriate population in GCC 72 56 31 % non-nationals in GCC population 31 33 38 % non-nationals in GCC workforce 51 72 70
Source: mt Table 20c, after Kapiszewski (2001) Nationals and Expatriates
Arab Labor Exporters to GCC (thousands and %) 1975 1997 Total In % in Total In % in pop. GCC GCC pop. GCC GCC Egypt 36,950 620 2 64,824 1,635 3 Jordan 1,800 503 28 4,322 410 9 Lebanon 3,090 53 2 - - - Oman 913 57 6 - - - Sudan 16,050 65 0 32,594 250 1 Syria 7,410 105 1 16,138 265 2 Tunisia 5,700 52 1 - - - Yemen, Rep. - - - 15,857 500 3 Y.A.R. 5,037 608 12 - - - YPDR 1,660 123 7 - - -
Source: mt Table 20a
Saudi Arabia: Population by Nationality, 1995
Source: Shah (2004) in Arab Migration, Globalization..
According to the WDI, the 1995 population of Saudi Arabia was 18.5 million
Saudi Arabia Private Sector Employment Saudis Non-Saudis
Total 687,261 2,253,588 Petroleum & Minerals 52,618 12,521 Manufacturing 99,136 450,071 Electricity Gas & Water 38,087 19,260 Construction 46,928 414,178 Wholesale & Retail Trade 258,100 790,649 Restaurants 25,831 137,581 Transport & Communication 51,651 89,992 Banking & Insurance 20,782 17,877 Real Estate 16,117 15,937 Consultants, Research etc. 34,336 162,639 Education 14,149 29,669 Health & Human Services 14,839 58,475 Community Services, Int’l 14,687 54,739
Source: Saudi Government’s web-siteIn addition, there were some 900,000 gov’t employees, and 200,000 armed forces
Jordanian/Palestinians in GCC, 1965-97 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1997 Total Population S. Arabia 537 281 311 292 270 Kuwait 78 148 204 231 274 380 B.,O.,Q. 24 44 32 32 U.A.E. 37 85 135 151 100 GCC Total
802
640
761
539
410
Libya 35 21 Grand Total
837
661
Workers S. Arabia 175 140 116 124 Kuwait 48 54 80 ?? B.,O.,Q. 8 11 10 10 U.A.E. 15 19 20 31 GCC Total 245 224 225 Libya 14 15 10 Grand Total 259 239 235
Source:?
Stocks of Egyptian Overseas Migrants, 1990s
Source: Wahba (2004) in Arab Migration in a Globalized World
According to the WDI, Egypt’s population in 1999 was 65 million.
Distribution of Arabs and Asians in Kuwait, 2001
Source: Shah (2004) in Arab Migration, Globalization…
Lebanon and MigrationLebanon’s current population is about 4 million. There has not been a credible national population census since the early 1930s.
The (predominantly refugee) out-migration from Lebanon during the civil war (1975-1990) has been estimated at 600,000.In addition, there are estimates of outmigration after 1990 of the order of one million.
At the same time, estimates of Syrians living in Lebanon range from 300,000 to one million , mostly non-skilled workers. Not surprisingly, this is potentially an important political issue.In addition, there are 50,000? maids in Lebanon, from south Asia, Ethiopia, etc.
Iraqi Refugees
Source: NYT December 12, 2006
Populations, (millions):Iraq ~ 25Syria ~20Jordan ~5Lebanon ~3.5
Iraqi war deaths estimatesrange from 80,000-600,000
Workers in Israel, West Bank and Gaza
Labor in West Bank and Gaza, and in Israel 1970-2002
Total West Bank and Gaza Work Force (1,000s) 1970 1990 (2003) Total 183 422 Domestic 161 200 (557) In Israel 20 108 (30-70) In Other Countries 0 114 Labor in Israel (1,000s) 1970 1990 2002 Israel: Domestic Labor Force 963 1,492 2,284 Workers from WB & Gaza 21 108 30 Workers from elsewhere 0 3 247
Source: mt Table 20d, O&P p. 265, and PCBS
Distribution of Arabs of Palestinian Birth or Descent, %
1948 1952 1961pre-1967
post-1967 1970 1982 1992
Palestine 100 76 65 63 50 46 41 40 Israel 22 11 12 15 15 12 12 West Bank 47 37 34 22 20 18 16 Gaza 18 17 18 13 11 10 12Outside Palestine 24 35 37 50 54 59 60
East Bank 9 17 18 27 30 24 28 Leb./Syria 12 13 13 13 13 14 11 Other 0 5 6 10 11 21 21
Millions 1.4 1.6 2.2 2.65 2.7 3.0 4.5 6.0
Source: article by J. Abu-Lughod in Cambridge Survey of World Migration
Immigration into the US
Undocumented
(1,000,000s)Immigrant Unauthorized Undocumented OIS UnauthorizedPopulation Population Population Unauthorized Mexicans
March? CPS1990 3.51991 4.01994 4.81995 5.11996 5.61997 5.91998 6.11999 6.52000 31.1 7.0 8.4 8.5 4.72001 31.5 9.32002 33.0 9.42003 33.5 9.72004 34.3 10.42005 35.7 11.1 10.5 6.02006 37.5 11.3 11.3 6.62007 38.1 12.0 11.8 7.02008 38.0 11.6 11.6 7.02009 38.5 11.1 10.8 6.72010 40.0 11.2 10.8 6.6
Sources: Passel, CPS, O
ffice Imm
igration Statistics
US Population, 2000 Census
Population MedianAge
USA-Native Born 250,314,015 35
USA-Foreign Born 31,107,890 38From: (Place of birth) Canada 820,770 49
China & Taiwan 1,518,650 41 India 1,022,550 35 Korea 864,125 38 Philippines 1,369,070 43 Viet Nam 988,175 37
Germany 706,705 55 Poland 466,740 47 U.K. 677,750 50 Italy 473,340 60
Colombia 509,870Cuba 872,715Ecuador 298,625El Salvador 817,335Guatemala 480,665Haiti 419,315Honduras 282,850Jamaica 553,825Mexico 9,177,485Nicaragua 220,335
Egypt 113,395Iran 283,225Iraq 89,890Israel 109,720Lebanon 105,910
Median Median Full Time IncomeHousehold Males Females
US-Natives 42,299 37,948 27,393Foreign Born 39,444 30,288 25,260
Africa 41,196 35,774 27,508Asia 50,554 40,481 30,289Europe 42,763 44,682 29,930Latin Amer. 33,519 22,931 20,245
Mexico 31,503 20,814 16,518China &Taiwan 49,146 43,830 33,153India 69,076 56,645 36,540Philippines 61,827 35,701 31,658Vietnam 45,740 31,428 24,495Lebanon 49,708 47,004 31,236Iran 55,716 52,333 36,422Iraq 41,179 35,148 25,934Jordan 41,963 39,391 30,972SaudiArabia 22,562 37,257 27,902Syria 43,909 41,464 27,326Turkey 40,536 42,361 31,843
LFPR Males FemalesUSA-Native Born 64.4 70.7 58.6USA-Foreign Born 60.7 71.0 50.5
Europe 54.2 65.2 45.2Asia 62.8 72.3 54.2Latin America 61.2 71.5 50.0Africa 71.1 79.0 61.2
Iran 63.2 74.9 49.5Iraq 58.7 71.9 42.2Israel 66.4 79.2 50.1Jordan 62.5 80.1 35.0Kuwait 56.6 65.6 40.9Lebanon 61.1 75.7 42.1Mexico 60.1 72.4 44.6China & Taiwan 61.5 69.2 54.7
Educational AttainmentHighSchool_or_higher Bachelor's or higher
US-Natives 83 25Foreign Born 62 24Africa 86 43Asia 79 43Europe 77 29Latin America 44 10Cuba 59 19Dominican Repub. 48 9Mexico 30 4China (& Taiwan) 76 48India 88 69Philippines 87 45Lebanon 78 37Jordan 81 33Iran 87 51Iraq 64 25
U.S. Immigrants Admitted by Country of Birth (000s)
1980s 2001+2002Total 7,338 1,129Europe 706 349China+India+Hong Kong+Bangladesh
489 285
Iran 154 28Iraq 20 10Jordan+Syria 53 14Lebanon 42 8Turkey 21 6Latin America 3,006 916
Source: USStat. Abs.2004
US Population with Arab Ancestry, 2000
Source: US Census Bureau (2005) “We The People of Arab Ancestry in the US”
Origin and Religions of Arab-Americans, 2000
Source: Arab-American Institute http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics based on US Census of 2000.Who knows how they got the estimates of religion?
Arab immigration to U.S. 1989-2010
19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920100
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
SudanSomaliaMoroccoLibyaEgyptAlgeriaYemenUnited Arab EmiratesSyriaSaudi ArabiaLebanonKuwaitJordan IraqRegion and country of birth
Sources: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2005, 2010
From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”
Fastest growing Arab immigrant groups in the US
By Year of Entry 1989-2010 Total by Country 1989-2010
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
SudanSomaliaMoroccoEgyptIraq
Iraq Egypt Morocco Somalia Sudan -
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
Sources: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2005, 2010[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]
Nativity by place: Lebanese and Total Arab ancestries
Native0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
LebaneseTotal Arab
Foreign-born
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]
Language spoken at home:Lebanese ancestry and Total Arab
English only at home0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
LebaneseTotal Arab
Arabic spoken at home
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”
Education levels: Lebanese ancestry and Total Arab
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00%
Total Arab
Lebanese
Less thanhigh school
High school diploma
Some College
Bachelor's Degree
Graduate Degree
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]
Nativity by Ancestry: Lebanese, Total Arab, and (unspecified) “Arab”
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”
Native Foreign0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
LebaneseTotal Arab"Arab"
2000 Total Median Total MedianCensu Populat. Famil Full Time Incom Pop’n. Famil Full Time In
in USA Incom Male Female in USA Incom M FemaleUS-Born 250,314 51 38 27
Foreign Born-All 31,108 42 30 25 China 1,519 57 44 33
By country of birth: India 1,023 75 57 37Argentina 125 55 41 31 Korea 864 47 39 28Brazil 212 41 32 25 Pakistan 223 50 38 27Colombia 510 40 30 22 Philippines 1,369 66 36 32Cuba 873 41 31 25 Viet Nam 988 47 31 24Jamaica 554 45 32 29Mexico 9,177 31 21 17 Egypt 113 58 44 35
Iran 283 65 52 36Nigeria 135 53 37 31 Iraq 90 46 35 26
Israel 110 63 51 37Australia 61 77 61 36 Jordan 47 46 39 31Canada 821 62 52 35 Kuwait 20 45 42 30Germany 707 57 48 29 Lebanon 106 55 47 31Ireland 156 65 50 35 Saudi Arabia 21 31 37 28Italy 473 54 44 29 Syria 55 49 41 27Poland 467 51 39 26 Turkey 78 52 42 32Russia 340 46 41 31 Yemen 19 32 26 24
Model of Immigrants’ Income
Overall Average difference
Income of immigrant
Minus
Income of
Similarly aged and educated native born
(percent)
Years in the US
0 10 20 30
-10
-20
-30
+10
0
Arab-AmericanPopulation
Distribution in Detroit
From: Arab Detroit
Arab Detroit II
Source: Sally?
From the UM Detroit Arab-American Study
http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2004/Jul04/r072904
Arab-Americans in Michigan:Ancestry and Recent Immigrants. ~ 2000
Source: Arab-American Institute: http://www.aaiusa.org/page/file/f6bf1bfae54f0224af_3dtmvyj4h.pdf/MIdemographics.pdf
Median Incomes for US and metro Detroit
Arab Ancestry in the US: Sub group changes over time
1980 2009
47%
17%
6%2%
3%
3%
1%
15%
6%
LebaneseSyrianEgyptianJordanianPalestinianIraqiMoroccanArabOther Arab
31%
9%
12%4%6%
5%
5%
17%
12%
LebaneseSyrianEgyptianJordanianPalestinianIraqiMoroccanArabOther Arab
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Decennial Census (1980-2000); American Community Survey (2007-2009)
[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]
Selected Arab sub group growth in US since 1980: Egyptian, Iraqi, Moroccan
Egyptian Iraqi Moroccan0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
1980199020002009
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Decennial Census (1980-2000); American Community Survey (2007-2009)
[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]
US: Arab arrivals – total immigrants vs. refugees, 2001-2010
Sources: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2005, 2010[From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]
Age distribution by ancestry: Total Arab, (unspecified - other) “Arab”, and Lebanese
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009)From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”
Under 18
18-34
35-64
65+
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
"Arab" Total Arab
Lebanese
Regresssion: Detroit DAAS Data, Including ReligionR2 = 0.33 Coefficients ‘t’
Constant 12.161 59.818
Experience 0.002 0.322
Experience2 0 -2.706
ed1 -1.262 -10.49
ed2 -0.941 -7.871
ed3 -0.795 -7.038
ed4 -0.527 -4.3
Iraqi -0.004 -0.023
Yemen -0.032 -0.157
Palestine/Jordon -0.002 -0.011
Lebanon/Syria 0.056 0.319
Egypt/N. Africa 0.068 0.272
Migr_pre_55 0.071 0.289
Migr_55_69 0.184 1.26
Migr_70s -0.097 -0.917
Migr_80s -0.325 -3.106
Migr_90s -0.753 -7.827
Migr_2000s -1.167 -7.809
Mulsim -0.329 0.084
Labor Importers: the GCC
1975 1994 Total Non- % Total Non- % - Pop.Nationals Pop. Nationals Bahrain 267 58 22 550 205 37 Kuwait 1,027 555 54 1,620 949 59 Oman 846 136 16 2,049 538 26 Qatar 180 127 71 532 403 76 Saudi Ar. 7,334 1,398 19 18,180 5,127 28 UAE 551 351 64 2,150 1,522 71 Total 10,204 2,625 26 25,082 8,744 35
Source: mt Table 20b
Workers’ Remittances as % of GDP; Egypt and Morocco
Source: World Bank: Trade Investment and Development in MENA Figure 2.12
Immigrants in Europe from Maghreb countries and Turkey, 1921-1999. (Data in thousands, and %)
1921 1936 1946 1954 1962 1982 1999 Ratio of foreign born to home population, % Algeria - - - - - 4.0 1.6 into France 0.6 1.0 0.3 2.3 3.2 4.0 1.5 Morocco - - - - - 3.2 3.9 into France - - 0.2 0.1 0.3 2.1 1.7 Tunisia - - - - - 3.6 2.6 into France - - 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.2 1.6 Turkey - - - - - 4.1 4.0 into Germany - - - - - 3.3 3.1
Source: mt Table 21b
Arab share in foreign populations, 1975-2002/4
1975
1985
1996
2002/4
Bahrain
22
15
12
15
Kuwait
80
69
33**
30** Oman
16
16
11
6
Qatar
33
33
21
19 Saudi Arabia
91
79
30
33
UAE
26
19
10
13 GCC
72
56
31
32
Source: Kapiszewski (2006)
Table 1 Population of the GCC states,2004 and latest (2005-6) estimates
Nationals2004
%
Expatriates
2004
%
Total 2004
Current total
Bahrain
438,209
62.0
268,951
38.0
707,160
707,160
Kuwait
943,000
35.6
1, 707,000
64.4
2,650,000
2,992,000
Oman
2,325,812
80.1
577,293
19.9
2,903,105
3,102,000
Qatar
223,209
30.0
520,820
70.0
744,029
855,000
SaudiArabia
16,529,302
72.9
6,144,236
27.1
22,673,538
27,020,000
UAE
722,000
19.0
3,278,000
81.0
4,000,000
4,700,000
GCC
21,184,323
62.9
12,486,349
37.1
33,677,832
39,376,160
Source: Katiszewski (2006)