international regulatory framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems. miguel ramos. oaci

International Regulatory Framework forRemotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

(RPAS)

Capt. Miguel Ramos

RPAS Programme, Air Navigation Bureau, ICAO

Seminario RPAS

Madrid – Octubre 7-8, 2014

International Civil Aviation Organization

• Specialized agency of the United Nations

• Created 7 December 1944 in Chicago with the signing of the ‘Chicago Convention’

• Addresses most aspects of civil aviation – 19 Annexes

• 191 contracting States• Purpose: facilitate agreement on

principles and arrangements to allow international civil aviation to develop in a safe and orderly manner

Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

A new era in the civil aviation

• From S. XIX Balloons to S.XXI most initiatives under military domain in segregated airspace

• First Civil initiative on UAV - Paris Convention Amendment. 1929

• Chicago convention Art. 8• April 2005 first ICAO exploratory

meeting on UAVs• 2007 – ICAO Unmanned Aircraft

Systems Study Group was formed


No aircraft capable of being flown without a pilot shall be flown without a pilot over the territory of acontracting State without special authorization by that State and in accordance with the terms of suchAuthorization.Each contracting Stateundertakes to insure that the flight of such aircraft without apilot in regions open to civil aircraft shall be so controlled as to obviate danger to civil aircraft.

UASSG

• First meeting Apr, 2008• Mandate: review, develop and

recommend amendments to ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)

• Scope - three task groups– Develop accident and incident investigation

requirements for UAS– Develop a coordination and cooperation

framework for interaction with other standards-making organizations

– Develop an outline of a regulatory guidance document relating to unmanned aircraft systems


UASSG 2008-2014 - outcomes

• Ammendments to – Annex 13 – Definition of

Accident– Annex 2 – Certification and

special authorizations– Annex 7 – Registration

– Circular -328 UAS• Draft RPAS Manual


The challenge

• Scenario– Lack of sufficient data/knowledge, – Progressive growth of operational activities within

a wide scope of operational scenarios– Lack of regulations to support operations

• Establishing priorities– Need harmonization at high level, detailed

provisions to follow; – Focus on IFR controlled airspace;


• IFR operations in controlled airspace• Integration in non-segregated airspace:

– Certification – airworthiness and operator– Licence– Special authorizations– Command and control (C2) – Detect and avoid

• Terminology• Frequency Spectrum

04/12/2023 8

ICAO’s role - Integration

UA versus RPAUnmanned aircraft include:

– Free balloons

– Fully automatic and/or autonomous aircraft

Remotely piloted aircraft – Different varieties

– Airspace/aerodrome integration requires “control”

– “control” provided by remote pilot


UA versus RPA


The next step - RPAS Panel

Objectives:

• serve as the focal point and coordinator of all ICAO RPAS related work, with the aim of ensuring global interoperability and harmonization;

• develop an RPAS regulatory concept and associated guidance material to support and guide the regulatory process;

• review ICAO SARPs, propose amendments and coordinate the development of RPAS SARPs with other ICAO expert groups;


RPAS Panel

Objectives cont.:• assess impacts of proposed provisions on existing

manned aviation; and• coordinate, as needed, to support development

of a common position on bandwidth and frequency spectrum requirements for command and control of RPAS for the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) World Radio Conference (WRC) negotiations.

8th UAS Action Summit June 25, 2014

Scoping - General

• Focus on international operations

• Focus on what is needed for global interoperability

– Priority is fundamentals to initiate international operations

• Certificate of airworthiness• RPAS operator certificate• Remote pilot licence


Scoping

• IFR operations in controlled airspace– Regardless of MTOM– Regardless of category of operation

• e.g. general aviation, commercial, aerial work– Regardless of flight level

• e.g. not precluding very low level ops (i.e. below 1000’/500’ AGL), but not a priority

– Regardless of type of command and control (C2) link


Remote Pilots

• Single licence – Remote Pilot Licence (RPL)• Requires class or type ratings for both remote pilot

station (RPS) and RPA• Scalable from VLOS-only to highly complex RPAS

operations, may have associated ratings, limitations or endorsements– e.g. for take-off/landing only or en route only

• Competency-based approach• Medical requirements based on Class 3 (ATC)


RPAS Operators

• Defining requirements for – RPAS Operator certification– Safety management systems– Oversight of operators and service providers

• Defining responsibilities of remote pilots– Implications on remote PIC

• Identifying consequences of locating an RPS in a different State from the RPAS Operator

• Location(s) of Documents– Media type (e.g. paper, electronic)


Airworthiness

• Type Certificate issued to the RPA provides implicit design approval to RPAS as a system, including the RPS(s) and the C2 link(s)

• Certificate of airworthiness issued to the RPA encompasses the entire RPAS based on the RPA TC and associated Type Design


Command and control

• Frequency bands– in compliance with International Telecommunication Union

Radio Regulations (ITU RR)– Aviation protected spectrum or commercial?

• Loss of C2 link – RPA able to maintain safe flight to suitable landing location– Considered an abnormal / degraded situation requiring

attention (may escalate into an emergency)– Common Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) code


Detect and avoid

• Requirements– remain-well-clear – collision avoidance– interoperability with ACAS– weather / terrain / obstacle avoidance– ground operations


Partnership

• List of Organizations participating


Other States

Key Issues Underway - RPAS

• RPAS universality and standards moving forward

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Target Level of Safety

SpectrumPerformance/Technology

RPAS MatrixCommand and Control Detect and Avoid Licensing Airworthiness / Operations

Consult

Define Remote Pilot License

Define Certificate of Airworthiness Process

Airworthiness

Requirements

RPAS Operator Certificate Process

QUESTION

Prescribed or

Performance-based Technology?

Consult

RPAS Matrix & DeliverablesCommand and Control Detect and Avoid Licensing Airworthiness / Operations

JARUS (2014)

Requirements for Target Level of Safety for Command and Control (C2 Link)

RTCA (2013)

RTCA White Papers - Descriptions/ Assumptions for UAS Command & Control (C2) Performance Standards

FAA (2015+)

Address Beyond-Line-of-Sight (BLOS) C2 links

Spectrum available for LOS and BLOS C2 link

RTCA (2016)

Phase 1 C2 Terrestrial Data Link MOPS

EC/EASA (2017)

European Technical Service orders for C2 Link and Detect and Avoid

RTCA (2015)

Initial MOPS for UAS subsystems involved in C2 Data Link for validation

EUROCAE (2016+)

Standards for Control and Communications (C2) Link

ICAO (2020)

iKIT: Expanded regulatory framework for RPAS(Annexes 1,2, 6, 8,10,11; Updated Guidance)

Target Level of Safety SpectrumPerformance/Technology Airworthiness

RPAS Matrix & DeliverablesCommand and Control Detect and Avoid Licensing Airworthiness / Operations

JARUS (2015)

Requirements for Target Level of Safety for Detect and Avoid (DAA)

EC/EASA (2017)

European Technical Service orders for C2 Link and Detect and Avoid

RTCA (2016)

Phase 1 Detect & Avoid (DAA) Minimum Operational Performance Standards

RTCA (2015)

Prelim. Phase 1 Detect & Avoid (DAA) Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPs);

EUROCAE (2015)

Standards for Detect & Avoid (DAA)

RTCA (2013)

RTCA White Papers - Descriptions/ Assumptions for UAS DAA (Detect & Avoid) Performance Standards

ICAO (2020)

iKIT: Expanded regulatory framework for RPAS(Annexes 1,2, 6, 8,10,11; Updated Guidance)

ConsultTarget Level of Safety SpectrumPerformance/Technology Airworthiness

TASK RESPONSIBLE ACCOUNTABLE CONSULT INFORM IN LINE W/ ICAO?Target Level of Safety JARUS / ICAO All

• Requirements for Target Level of Safety for C2 (2015)

JARUS ICAO

Performance / Technology EUROCAE / RTCA All ICAO

• Phase 1 C2 Terrestrial Data Link MOPS (2016)

RTCA ICAO

• Standards for C2 Link (2016+) EUROCAE ICAO

Spectrum ITU / ICAO All

• iKIT: Expanded Regulatory Framework for RPAS (2020)

ICAO X

Airworthiness ICAO / EASA / FAA All

• European TSO (2017) EC/EASA

RPAS Matrix & DeliverablesDetect and Avoid Licensing Airworthiness / OperationsCommand and Control

Timelines

• RPAS Manual publish by March 2015• RPAS Symposium – Montreal, 23-25 March 2015• Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)

March 2018– RPAS Manual updated based on evolving SARPs

• Additional SARPs & guidance on biennial basis


Thank you

.


www.icao.int

international regulatory framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems. miguel ramos. oaci

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rpaseminario rpas octubre

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scoping ifr operations

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