international research methods © mahir nakİp professor of marketing (113 slyts) 1
TRANSCRIPT
International Research Methods
© Mahir NAKİP
Professor of Marketing (113 slyts)
1
The Nature of International Research (IR)
2
Decision Making and IR
Decision Making Process
Authority
Intuition (sezgi)
Experience
Research
Research is not the single source
of decision making
Research is not the single source
of decision making
3
Authority: Executive authorities of an institution can be consider as an experts to make any decision. They are credible, informative and authorized as well.
Intuition: is the management's sixth sense. Some decisions appear to be made from such quick flashes insight
Experience: Experience-based information drawn from past situation is empirically based, in that past observations from the basis for it.
4
Research and the Global Marketplace
European Union ((EU), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Association of Southeast Asians (ASEAN) are international agreements which create wide multinational markets. These markets need to be searched scientifically, deeply and widely. International research differs than domestic research conceptually.
5
Differences Between Domestic and International Research
1. New parameters: Duties, foreign currencies, different distributive structures, international documentation, labor regulations, agreements between two countries.
2. New Environmental factors: Languages, culture, religion, political system\ and level of technology.
3. Border competition: The more the relation internationalize, the more the need to research.
6
research covers a wide range of phenomena. How?
For managers, the purpose of research is to provide knowledge regarding the organization, the political events, the market, the economy.
An international relations manager may ask, “Will the political stability for long-term financing be better two years from now?”
A personnel manager may ask, “What kind of training is necessary forproduction employees?” or “What is the reason for the company’s high employee turnover?”
A marketing manager may ask, “How can I monitor my retail sales and retail trade activities?”
Each of these questions requires information about how the environment, employees, customers, or the economy will respond to executives’ decisions. Research is one of the principal tools for answering these questions. 7
Every issue ultimately boils down to(indirgemek)an information problem.
Can the right information be delivered?
The ultimate goal of research is to supply accurate information that reduces the uncertainty in managerial decision making.
Very often, decisions are made with little information for various reasons, including cost and risk considerations, insufficient time to conduct research, or management’s belief that enough is already known.
Occasionally there are successes, but in the long run, intuition (sezgi) without research leads to losses.
research helps decision makers shift from intuitive information gathering to systematic and objective investigation.
8
What is Research?
… is a field of practical study in which an institution obtains data and analyze it in order to better manage the organization. Research can include economical data, political data, financial data, consumer feedback, product research and competitive analysis.
Executives and managers who use research methods are able to better understand their company, the position it holds in the market and how to improve that position.
9
What is International Research?
… is applying the methods of normal research to international environment.
10
is the application of the scientific method in searching for the truth about phenomena.
These activities include defining opportunities and problems, generating and evaluating alternative courses of action, and monitoring employee and organizational performance. research is more than conducting surveys.
This process includes idea and theory development, problem definition, searching for and collecting information, analyzing data, and communicating the findings.
More scientifically: research…
11
What is Marketing Research?
“...the function which links the consumer and the customer to the organization through information...”
- Glossary of Marketing Terms
“Marketing research is the firm’s formal communication link with the environment.”
- Albert Churchill
12
What is the difference between consumer and
customer?Consumer: Person who consumes a kind of product without taking care of the brand. People who drinks milk.
Customer: Person who consumes special kind of brand. People who drinks Pınar milk…
13
research-development (R&D)?
Research and Technological Development refers to a specific group of activities within a business. The activities that are classified as R&D differ from company to company, but there are two primary models.
In one model, the primary function of an R&D group is to develop new products; in the other model, the primary function of an R&D group is to discover and create new knowledge about scientific and technological topics for the purpose of uncovering and enabling development of valuable new products, processes, and services.
The first model of R&D is generally staffed by engineers while the second model may be staffed with industrial scientists.
14
Marketing Research;
Begins before production process and continue after the consumption.
Includes: (uncontrollable) macro environment factors: (1) Demographics (2) Socio-cultural structure (3) competition (4) laws (5) economics (6) technology (7) political condition
Includes also (controllable) micro environment: (1) Product (2) Price (3) Physical distribution (4) promotion
Aims: (1) solving problems (2) idea generation (3) opportunity evaluation
Should be: (1) scientific (2) systematic (3) unbiased
Is: (1) Collecting data (2) classification (3) analyze (4) interpret (5) reporting15
16
17
Country/RegionExpenditures on R&D
(billions $)% of GDP
1.Israel 9,4 4,20%
2. South Korea 55,8 3,74%
3. Japan 160,3 3,67%
4. Sweden 11,9 3,30%
5. Finland 6,3 3,10%
6. United States 405,3 2,70%
7. Austria 8,3 2,50%
8. Denmark 5,1 2,40%
9. Iceland 0,3 2,30%
10.Switzerland 7,5 2,30%
11.Taiwan 19,0 2,30%
12. Germany 69,5 2,30%
13. Singapore 6,3 2,20%
List of countries by research and development spending. Above 2% (2010)
18
List of countries by research and development spending. Above 1% Less 2% (2010)
Country/RegionExpenditures on R&D
(billions $)% of GDP
14. China 296,8 1,97%
15. France 42,2 1,90%
16. Canada 24,3 1,80%
17. Belgium 6,9 1,70%
18. Australia 15,9 1,70%
19. United Kingdom 38,4 1,70%
20. Luxembourg 0,67 1,62%
21. Norway 4,2 1,60%
22. Netherlands 10,8 1,60%
23. Slovenia 0,8 1,40%
24. Ireland 2,6 1,40%
25. Czech Republic 3,8 1,40%
26. Spain 17,2 1,30%
27. New Zealand 1,4 1,20%
28. Portugal 2,8 1,20%
29. Estonia 0,36 1,11%
30. Italy 19,0 1,10%
31. Russia 23,8n1 1,00%
19
The ranking of Turkey by research and development spending. Less 1% (2010)
Country/RegionExpenditures on R&D
(billions $)% of GDP
32. Belarus 1,02 0,96%
33. Hungary 1,7 0,90%
34. Poland 6,9 0,90%
35. Brazil 19,4 0,90%
36. India 36,1 0,90%
37. Tunisia 0,66 0,86%
38. Ukraine 2,75 0,85%
39. Lithuania 0,47 0,82%
40. Croatia 0,7 0,81%
41. South Africa 3,7 0,70%
42. Turkey 6,9 0,70% 20
Why has been Turkey Taken 42. Place?
1. Turkish companies take patents from developed countries.
2. Turkish firmes avoid the high cost of R&D
3. Lack of consciousness(bilinç)in Turkish organizations
4. Lack of public support
21
Nu of R&D Personnel Per 10.000 Employees in Turkey 2010
22
R&D Domestic Expenditures in Turkey 2000-2010
23
Public
Industrial Sector
higher education
The distribution of R&D Expenditures Among the sectors in Turkey 2010
24
Product Development
Creation of products with new or different characteristics that offer new or additional benefits to the customer. Product development may involve modification of an existing product or its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly defined customer want or market niche.
In business and engineering, new product development (NPD) is the complete process of bringing a new product to market (invantion). A product is a set of benefits offered for exchange and can be tangible (that is, something physical you can touch) or intangible (like a service, experience, or belief).
Invention
ImitationImitation
25
R&D is engineering oriented, product development is
marketing oriented
26
Applied and Basic Research
27
Applied research is conducted to address a specific decision (problem or opportunity) for a specific firm or organization. For example, is it profitable for Eti to enter fruit juice sector?
Or How much billboard ads do effect the sales of Istikbal products?
28
Basic research is conducted without a specific decision in mind, and it usually does not address the needs of a specific organization.
It attempts to expand the limits of knowledge in general, and as such it is not aimed at solving a particular pragmatic(uygulayıcı, öğretici) problem.
Basic research can be used to test the validity of a general theory or to learn more about a particular phenomenon.
For instance, a great deal of basic research addresses employee motivation. How can managers best encourage workers to dedicate themselves toward the organization’s goals?
29
All research, whether basic or applied, involves the scientific method. The scientific method is the way researchers go about using knowledge and evidence (political, social to reach objective conclusions about the real world.
What is The Scientific Method?
Conclusion
Hypothesis Test
Hypothesis
ObservationTheory
Prior Knowledge
Sources and Procedures of Scientific
Methods
31
ObservationsForm the basis by which we recognize or note facts. They are our perceptions of reality. They are experiential in nature.
FactsAre those things or phenomena that we believe are true. Facts are generally consensual(gayri ihtiyari) in nature, in that others who have observed the same phenomena agree to their existence. War leads to disaster. 32
ConceptsAre the basic building blocks of scientific investigation. They are creations of the human mind that are used in the classification and communication of the essence(cevher,öz)of some set of observations. Concepts are abstract ideas generalized from particular facts. Without concepts, there can be no theory.
ModelsAre any highly formalized representation of a theoretical network, usually designed through the use of symbols and figures.
33
34
Managerial Value of Research
35
associated with the development and implementation of a strategy involves four interrelated stages:
The decision-making process
1. Identifying problems or opportunities
2. Diagnosing(teşhis)and assessing problems or opportunities
3. Selecting and implementing a course of action
4. Evaluating the course of action
36
1. Identifying problems or opportunities
research can help managers plan strategies by determining the natureof situations or by identifying the existence of problems or opportunities present in the organization. Research may be used as a scanning activity to provide information about what is occurring within an organization or in its environment.
Without identifying the problem or describing the opportunity, the research can not be start. The other steps depends upon identification.
37
2. Diagnosing (teşhis) and assessing problems or opportunities
Managers need to gain insight about the underlying factors causing the situation. If there is a problem, they need to specify what happened and why. If an opportunity exists, they may need to explore(keşfetmek), refine, and quantity the opportunity. If multiple opportunities exist, research may be conducted to set priorities.
Cause Effect
38
3. Selecting and implementing a course (yön) of action
research is often conducted to obtain specific information that will aid in evaluating the alternatives and in selecting the best course of action. 39
4. Evaluating the course (yön) of action
Managers may use evaluation research to provide feedback for evaluation and control of strategies and tactics.
Evaluation Research is the formal, objective measurement and appraisal (değer biçme) of the extent a given activity, project, or program has achieved its objectives. In addition to organizations, nonprofit organizations and governmental agencies frequently conduct evaluation research. Every year thousands of federal evaluation studies are undertaken to systematically assess the effects of public programs. Such as human right and peace keeper organizations.
Performance-monitoring research is a specific type of evaluation research that regularly, perhaps routinely, provides feedback for the evaluation and control of recurring(tekrarlanan) activity. For example, most think tank organizations continuously monitor political activities to ensure early detection (tespit) of events. THY constantly and frequently evaluates it’s staff performance by using survey methods.
40
Not every decision requires research. Thus, when confronting(karşılaşmak) a key decision,
a manager must initially decide whether or not to conduct business research. The determination of the need for research centers on
(1)time constraints(kısıtlar),
(2) the availability of data,
(3) the nature of the decision to be made, and
(4) the value of the research information in relation to costs.42
(1)Time constraints (kısıtlar),
Systematic research takes time. In many instances, management believes that a decision must be made immediately, allowing no time for research.
Although making decisions without researching a situation is not ideal, sometimes the urgency of a situation blocks the use of research
43
(2) Availability of data,
Often managers already possess enough data, or information, to make sound decisions without additional research. When they lack adequate information, however, research must be considered. This means that data need to be collected from an appropriate source
44
(3) Nature of the decision to be made
A routine tactical decision that does not require a substantial investment may not seem to warrant(garanti etmek)
a substantial expenditure for research. For example, a computer company must update its operator’s instruction manual when it makes minor product modifications.
The research cost of determining the proper wording(üslup) to use in the updated manual is likely to be too high for such a minor decision.
45
4. Benefits Versus Costs
Conducting research to obtain these benefits requires an expenditure of money. In any decision-making situation, managers must identify alternative courses of action and then weigh the value of each alternative against its cost.
research can be thought of as an investment alternative. When deciding whether to make a decision without research or to postpone the decision in order to conduct research.
46
When NOT TO conduct BR?
- when there is poor market timing- when the information already exists- when the decision has already been made- when the research is unethical- when the research results would not be used (e.g., “I know better” managers)- when there is a lack of resources
–to do it right–to implement resulting decisions
- when managers cannot agree on what they need to know- when the costs of the research are greater than its benefits
47
International Research in the Twenty-First Century
48
Communication Technologies
Virtually(neredeyse)everyone is “connected” today. Increasingly, many people are “connected” nearly all the time. Within the lifetime of the typical undergraduate college senior, the way information is exchanged, stored, and gathered has been revolutionized completely. Today, the amount of information formally contained in an entire library can rest easily in a single personal computer.
49
Our mobile phones and handheld data devices can be used not only to converse, but also as a means of communication that can even involve research data.
In many cases, technology also has made it possible to store or collect data for lower costs than in the past. Electronic communications are usually less costly than regular mail.
Thus, the expressions “time is collapsing” and “distance is disappearing” capture the tremendous revolution in the speed and reach of our communication technologies.
50
Global Research
Research has become increasingly global as more and more; researchers operate with few, if any, geographic boundaries. Some companies have extensive international research operations.
Upjohn conducts research in 160 different countries. A.C. Nielsen International, known for its television ratings, is the world’s largest research company. Two-thirds of its business comes from outside the United States. 51
Problem identification research
is undertaken to help identify problems that are exist in the future. Examples of problem identification research include the reasons of terrorism in Middle east, ethnic problems in far east, the hunger problems in Africa, market potential, market characteristics, short-range forecasting, long-range forecasting and trends research.
Research of this type provides information about the political and economical environment and helps diagnose (teşhis) a problem.
52
For example, a declining international market potential indicates that the firm is likely to have a problem achieving its growth targets. Similarly, a problem exists if the market potential is increasing but the firm is losing market share.
The recognition of economic, social or cultural trends, such as changes in consumer behavior, may point to underlying problems or opportunities.
53
problem-solving research,
may be undertaken to help develop a solution. The findings of problem-solving research are used to support decisions that handle specific political problems.
54
research suppliers and services
55
56
Internal supplier
is a research department or function located within an organization. Many organizations, particularly large ones, maintain in-house marketing research departments. A marketing research department’s place in an organisation structure may vary quite considerably.
At one extreme, the research function may be centralised and located at the corporate headquarters, allowing the development of a range of skills and expertise to be built up in a team.
57
At the other extreme is a decentralised structure in which the research function is organised along divisional lines, allowing specific and focused expertise to be developed but without the breadth of experience that may lie in a centralised team.
In a decentralised scheme, the company may be organised into divisions by events, nations, or geographical regions, with political research personnel assigned to the various divisions. 58
59
External suppliers are outside organizations hired to supply marketing research data.These external suppliers collectively comprise(kapsamak)the marketing research industry. These suppliers range from small (one or a few persons) operations to very large global corporations.
60
61
62
Full-service suppliers offer the entire range of research services, for example defining a problem, developing a research design, conducting focus group interviews, designing questionnaires, sampling, collecting, analyzing and interpreting data, and presenting reports.
63
They may also address the marketing implications of the information they present. The services provided by these suppliers can be further broken down into syndicated services, standardized services and customized services
64
65
Full-service suppliers
Syndicated services collect information that they provide to subscribers. Surveys, diary panels, scanners and audits are the main means by which these data are collected.
Standardised services are research studies conducted for different clients but in a standard way. For example, procedures for measuring advertising effectiveness have been standardised so that the results can be compared across studies and evaluative norms can be established.
Customised services offer a variety of marketing research services specifically designed to suit a client’s particular needs. Each marketing research project is treated uniquely.
Internet services offer a combination or variety of secondary data and intelligence gathering, survey or qualitative interviewing, and the analysis and publication of research findings, all through the Internet.
66
67
Limited-service suppliers specialise in one or a few phases of a marketing research project. Services offered by such suppliers are classified as field services, coding and data entry, analytical services, data analysis, and branded products.
68
Field services collect data through mail, personal interviews or telephone interviews, and organizations that specialise in interviewing are called field service organisations. These organisations may range from small proprietary organisations that operate locally to large multinationals.
Coding and data entry services include editing completed questionnaires, developing a coding scheme, and transcribing the data on to diskettes or magnetic tapes for input into a computer.
Analytical services include designing and pretesting questionnaires, determining the best means of collecting data, and designing sampling plans, as well as other aspects of the research design.
Data analysis services are offered by organizations, that specialise in computer analysis of quantitative data such as those obtained in large surveys. Initially, most data analysis organizations supplied only tabulations and cross-tabulations. Now, many organizations offer sophisticated data analysis using advanced statistical techniques.
International Research Process
70
First Step Preparing stage
Second Step
Third Step
3. Past of the subject
1. Determining research type
Implementing the study
Designing the study
2. Defining problem/opportunity
4. Questioning the research
5. Planning of research proposal
6. Choosing research method
7. Selecting sampling method
8. Collecting data
9. Classifying data
10. Analyzing data
11. findings interpretation12. preparing report
13. Implementing the suggestions
14. monitoring the results 71
First Step Preparing stage 1. Determining research type
A. Exploratory Research B. Descriptive Research C. Causality Research
72
A. Exploratory Research
♦ Conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. ♦ It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. ♦ Perceived problem does not actually exist. Exploratory research often relies on secondary research such as reviewing available literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumers, employees, management or competitors, ♦ The Internet allows for research methods that are more interactive in nature. For example, RSS feeds efficiently supply researchers with up-to-date information; major search engine search results may be sent by email to researchers by services such as Google Alerts.♦ Exploratory research is not typically generalizable to the population at large. 73
B. Descriptive Research
Descriptive research, is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred.
Rather it addresses the "what" question (What are the characteristics of the population or situation being studied?) The characteristics used to describe the situation or population are usually some kind of categorical scheme also known as descriptive categories. Descriptive research generally precedes (öncesinde gelmek) explanatory research.
74
C. Causality Research
Causality is the relation between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first.
In common usage, causality is also the relation between a set of factors (causes) and a phenomenon (the effect). Anything that affects an effect is a factor of that effect. A direct factor is a factor that affects an effect directly, that is, without any intervening factors.
75
Examples for Types of Research Designs
Exploratory Research
CausalResearch
DescriptiveResearch
•Formulate problems more precisely•Establish priorities for research•Eliminate impractical ideas•Clarify concepts•Develop Hypotheses
•Literature search•Experience survey•Analysis of select cases•Focus groups•Interviews•Projective tests•Ethnographies
•Describe segment characteristics •Estimate proportion of people who behave in a certain way•Make specific predictions•Test hypotheses
•Longitudinal study•True panel•Omnibus panel•Sample Survey•Provide evidence regarding causal
relationships by means of:•Concomitant variation•Time order in which variables occur•Elimination other explanations
•Laboratory experiment•Field experiment
Uses Types
76
77
First Step Preparing stage 2. Defining problem/opportunity
The logical starting point in wishing to support the decision-maker is trying to understand what problem or opportunity is being tackled (ele alınan).
78
First Step Preparing stage 3. Past of the subject
Means literature review. Who did, accepted, proved or rejected what? Searching past of the subject simplify the methodology process. Literature review can be conducted in a library or on Internet.
79
First Step Preparing stage 4. Questioning the research
Studies should bring a benefit to the company and contribute to solve a problem or evaluate an opportunity. At this stage, the research must be carried out cost-benefit analysis. If the research cost is more than the benefit comes from the research, it is not necessary to continue the research.
80
Second Step Designing the study 5. Planning research proposal
The purpose of any research should be written down. There is no ideal and single format or standard in social researches which includes all the steps of a research. Marketing research plan identifies and thoroughly explains all the steps one by one. Apart from these two issues a plan should include:
(1) Research cost and (2) The time table
81
Research Proposal in
Details
(A) Problem Definition1. background information2. decision problem3. evaluation of alternative research problems4. research problem(s) to be addressed5. review: information needed for decision
(B) Research Plan: Exploratory / Secondary Research1. purpose2. methods3. results
(C) Research Plan: Descriptive Research1. purpose2. methods3. sampling plan4. data collection forms5. data collection procedures6. projected analyses (w/dummy tables for bivariate analyses)7. expected results8. limitations
(D) Timeframe(E) Cost Estimates
82
Second Step Designing the study 6. Choosing research method
Secondary DataSecondary DataElementary Data Elementary Data
Collected by usCollected by
Somebody else
83
84
Second Step Designing the study 7. Selecting sampling method
85
Third Step Implementing the study
8. Collecting data
Data collection usually takes place early on in an improvement project, and is often formalised through a data collection plan which often contains the following activity:
1. Pre collection activity — agree on goals, target data, definitions, methods2. Collection — data collections3. Present Findings — usually involves some form of sorting[2] analysis and/or presentation.
Other main types of collection include census, sample survey, and administrative by-product and each with their respective advantages and disadvantages.
86
Third Step Implementing the study
9. Classifying data
Data can be classify by using some statistical package programs such as SPSS, SAS, MINITAB. EXCEL also can be used for this purpose. Filtration or verification of data is also a part of data classification. Any mistake in data entering may cause a big analysis problem.
87
Implementing the study
10. Analyzing data Third Step
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse (çeşitli) techniques under a variety of names, in different business, science, and social science domains.
Some statistical techniques use in analyzing data:
-Chi square-Regression-Correlation-Variance-Discriminant-Cluster-Conjoint-Multidimensional scaling 88
Implementing the study
11. findings interpretationThird Step
Interpretation of the statistical results needs a special ability. Usually the expert who conduct the statistical\ interprets the findings. The interpretation also should be in harmony and parallel with the goal of the research.
89
The entire project should be documented in a written report that addresses the specific research questions identified, describes the approach, research design, data collection and data analysis procedures adopted. Research findings should be presented in a comprehensible format so that they can be readily used in the decision making process. In addition, an oral presentation to management should be made using tables, figures and graphs to enhance clarity and impact.
Implementing the study
12. preparing reportThird Step
90
Implementing the study
13. Implementing the suggestionsThird Step
Actually the main process ends with the 12. phase. Phase 13. and 14. are feedbacks. Sides who are related to the research will start to implement the suggestions which offered in the final report.
91
Implementing the study
14. Monitoring the resultsThird Step
The executive managers should monitor the result of the research periodically. Otherwise the result of the research could be useless and needless.
92
The limitations of research
1 research does not make decisions. The role of marketing research is not to make decisions. Research results trys to make the decision more easier.
2 research does not guarantee success. Research, can improve the probability of making a correct decision. The real value of research can be seen over a long period where increasing the percentage of good decisions should be manifested in improved bottom-line performance and in the occasional revelation that arises from research.
93
Research in the Twenty-First Century
Com
munication Technologies G
loba
l R
esea
rch
94
International Research & Ethics
Conducting researches according to ethical cods, which are cumulated over time and suggested by marketing reserchers.
95
Ethical Codes in Researches
1. HonestyStrive(gayret etmek)for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify(tahrif etmek), or misrepresent data. Do not deceive(kandirmak)colleagues, granting agencies, or the public.
* Adapted from Shamoo A and Resnik D. 2009. Responsible Conduct of Research, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press).96
Ethical Codes in Researches (Continue)
2. ObjectivityStrive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, personnel decisions, expert testimony(Şahitlik), and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required.
97
Ethical Codes in Researches (Continue)
3. Integrity(dürüstlük)
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive çabalamak for consistency (tutarlılık) of thought and action.
4. CarefulnessAvoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers (ekip). Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence (yazışma) with agencies or journals
98
Ethical Codes in Researches (Continue)
5. OpennessShare data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
6. Respect for Intellectual Property (Fikri Mülkiyet)
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize (intihal yapmak)
99
Ethical Codes in Researches (Continue)
7. Confidentiality (Gizlilik)
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
8. Responsible PublicationPublish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
9. Responsible MentoringHelp to educate and advise students. Promote their welfare (refah) and allow them to make their own decisions.
100
Ethical Codes in Researches (Continue)
10. Respect for colleaguesRespect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
11. Social ResponsibilityStrive to promote social good and prevent through research, public education, and advocacy.
12. Non-DiscriminationAvoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
101
Ethical Codes in Researches (Continue)
13. Competence (Yeterlik)
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
14. LegalityKnow and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
102
Ethical Codes in Researches (Continue)
15. Animal CareShow proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
16. Human Subjects ProtectionWhen conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity (haysiyet), privacy, and autonomy; and strive to distribute the benefits of research fairly (dürüstçe).
103
Reasons for Conducting Ethical Researches
1. Unethical research is morally wrong: Unethical research may not be illegal, but at least it is not the right thing to do.
2. Unethical research can affect the image of the firm and management.
3. Unethical research can lead to poor-quality data and, ultimately to poor decision
4. New, potentially damaging ethical challenges are being created because of the explosive growth of technological capabilities in the research arena. 104
You can go out
105
106
107