international solutions for soil, plant & meteorology plant water use and “behaviour”...
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Plant Water Useand “Behaviour”
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Michael Forster PhD (UNSW)
Plant and Soil Scientist
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Tree Water Use• Total Tree Water Use
• Hydraulic Redistribution
– Soil
– Stem
– Leaf
• Water Potential Gradients
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Definition
• Water Potential:
– Free energy associated with water
– Free energy is the potential to do work
– Water moves from higher to lower potentials
– Water moves from mountains to ocean
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Definition• Water Potential Units of Measurement:
J/kg MPa Bars RH
-1 -0.001 -0.01 0.999993
-10 -0.01 -0.1 0.999926
Field Capacity -33 -0.033 -0.33 0.999756-100 -0.1 -1 0.999261
-1000 -1 -10 0.992638
Wilting Point -1500 -1.5 -15 0.988977-10000 -10 -100 0.928772
Air Dry -100000 -100 -1000 0.477632Oven Dry -1000000 -1000 -10000 0.000618
High Potential
Low Potential
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Soil-Plant-AtmosphereContinuum
Soil = -0.33 Bar
Trunk = -0.8 Bar
Leaf cell = -1.0 Bar
Leaf air = -7.0 Bar
Atmosphere = -100 Bar
High Potential
Low Potential
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Measuring Tree Water Use
• Heat Ratio Method (HRM)
• Heat Field Deformation (HFD)
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Measuring Tree Water Use
7.5 mm
22.5 mm
35 mm
12.5 mm
Inner
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a c
Temperature sensors
Downstream temperature probe
Upstream temperature
probe
Heater probe x
x
Bark + cambium
Sapwood Heartwood Centre of stem
Sapflow
db
HRM Technique
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HeartwoodSapwood
HRM Technique
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Example HRM Data
Time
Sap
Vel
ocity
(cm
per
hou
r)
Data downloaded intoSap Flow Tool software:
www.sapflowtool.com
For analysis and visual presentation
Warm weather
Nocturnal Sap Flow
Cool Weather
Diurnal Sap Flow
Rain event
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Case Study: Stem Hydraulic Redistribution
Image from Nadezhdina et al. 2009
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Case Study: Stem Hydraulic Redistribution
Root Sap Flow
Black Line: Northern
Grey Line: Southern
Image from Nadezhdina et al. 2009
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Case Study: Stem Hydraulic Redistribution
Stem Sap Flow
Black Line: Northern
Grey Line: Southern
Image from Nadezhdina et al. 2009
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Image from Nadezhdina et al. 2009
Case Study: Stem Hydraulic Redistribution
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More Case Studies: Hydraulic RedistributionPlease refer to Conference Proceedings
Leaf Mediated Hydraulic Redistribution
Root Mediated Hydraulic Redistribution
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Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”
• Antamina Mine
• Largest mine in Peru
• US$ 2.26bn investment
• Copper & Zinc
• Located 4,300m a.s.l.
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• Copper & Zinc transported via gravity and
water to sea port
• Filters separate solids from water
• What to do with all the water???
Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”
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• 174 acre afforestation
• 190,000 trees
• Several species
• Trees as Biopumps
• Mine production dependent
on Biopumps
Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”
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Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”
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• Results from 6 months of
sampling
• Acacia: 3,200 litres
• Tamarix: 1,500 litres
• Algorrobo: 600 litres
Total Tree Water Use Case Study: Trees as “Biopumps”
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More Case Studies: Total Tree Water UsePlease refer to Conference ProceedingsNorthern United Forestry Group:Kamarooka Project
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