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International Law
Third Edition
International Law
Third Edition
Valerie EppsProfessor of Law
Director of the International Law ConcentrationSuffolk University Law School
Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina
Copyright © 2005Valerie EppsAll Rights Reserved
ISBN 1-59460-093-7LCCN 2004117453
Carolina Academic Press700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com
Printed in the United States of America
In memory of Archie
Contents
Table of Cases xvii
Acknowledgments xxv
Preface xxvii
Electronic Research Resources xxix
Introduction: International Law 3
What Is It? 3
Traditional Definition 3
Chapter I Sources of International Law 5
Who Makes Up International Law? The Doctrine of Sources 5
Custom 5
The Paquete Habana 5
Dolly M. E. Filartiga and Joel Filartiga v. Americo Norberto Peña-Irala 10
Regional Custom 14
Special Custom 14
Treaties 14
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases 15
General Principles of Law 19
Judicial Decisions 20
Writers and Scholars 21
Suggested Further Readings 21
Chapter II Title to Territory 23
Terra Nullius 23
Discovery 24
Occupation 24
Island of Palmas (Miangas) Case 24
Legal Status of Eastern Greenland 32
Conquest 40
Cession 41
Prescription 41
The Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas Dispute 41
vii
Uti Possidetis 44
Accretion and Avulsion 45
The Arctic 45
The Antarctic 46
Celestial Bodies and Space 46
Problem 47
Suggested Further Readings 48
Chapter III The Law of Treaties 49
What Is a Treaty? Definition 49
Capacity to Conclude a Treaty 50
Ratification 50
Internal Ratification: U.S. Procedure 50
International Ratification 51
Reservations 51
Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 52
Problems 57
Entry into Force 58
Observance and Application of Treaties 58
Interpretation of Treaties 59
Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals 59
United States v. Stuart 71
Invalidity 76
Error 76
Fraud and Corruption 77
Coercion 77
Conflict with a Peremptory Norm (Jus Cogens) 78
Termination and Suspension 78
Material Breach 78
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presenceof South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) 79
Supervening Impossibility of Performance 81
Fundamental Change of Circumstances 81
Case Concerning Gabc íkovo-Nagymaros Project 81
Procedure for Termination 87
State Succession in Respect of Treaties 88
Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 88
The Effect of War on Treaties 92
viii Contents
Techt v. Hughes 92
Suggested Further Readings 95
Chapter IV Jurisdiction 97
The Territorial Principle 97
United States v. Aluminum Co. of America 99
The Nationality Principle 101
The Passive Personality Principle 101
United States v. Fawaz Yunis, a/k/a Nazeeh 102
The Protective Principle 106
The Universality Principle 106
Attorney General of the Government of Israel v. Eichmann 107
Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 114
Extradition 119
United States v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain 120
Problem 129
Immunity from Jurisdiction 129
Diplomatic Immunity 129
Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran 131
Consular Immunity 136
United States v. Sihadej Chindawongse /United States v. Boripat Siripan 137
Head of State and Other Ministers’ Immunity 139
Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet 139
Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 151
Immunity for International Organizations 158
Sovereign Immunity 159
Absolute Theory 159
The Restrictive Theory 160
Letter Addressed to Acting Attorney General Philip B. Perlman from the Department of State’s Acting Legal Adviser,Jack B. Tate, May 19, 1952 161
The Act of State Doctrine 164
Problem 165
Suggested Further Readings 166
Chapter V The Law of the Sea 167
Introduction 167
Internal Waters 168
Contents ix
Bays 168
Historic Bays 171
The Territorial Sea 171
Measuring the Territorial Sea 172
Powers of the Coastal State in the Territorial Sea and Foreign Ships’Right of Innocent Passage 172
United States v. Conroy / United States v. Walker 175
Archipelagos 180
International Straits 181
Definition of an International Strait 181
Customary Law 181
Corfu Channel Case 181
Treaty Law 182
The Contiguous Zone 183
The Exclusive Economic Zone 185
Rights Exercised in the Exclusive Economic Zone 186
Coastal States’ Rights 186
Foreign States’ Rights 186
The Continental Shelf 187
Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between States with Opposite or Adjacent Coasts 188
The High Seas 189
The Deep Sea Bed 190
The Deep Sea Bed Regime under the 1982 Convention 190
The Deep Sea Bed Regime under the 1994 Agreement 191
Settlement of Maritime Disputes 192
Marine Pollution 192
Jurisdiction over Vessels 194
Nationality of Vessels 194
The Genuine Link Requirement 195
Remedy Where There Is No Genuine Link 196
Prohibited Activities on the High Seas 196
United States v. Marino-Garcia / United States v. Cassalins-Guzman 198
Jurisdiction over Foreign Vessels 203
Internal Waters and Ports 203
Wildenhus’ Case 203
The Territorial Sea 204
The Right of Hot Pursuit 206
The Saiga Case 207
Fishing on the High Seas 224
x Contents
Problem 225
Suggested Further Readings 225
Chapter VI International Environmental Law 227
State Responsibility for Environmental Harm 227
Establishing the Standard for State Responsibility 228
Customary Law 228
The Corfu Channel Case (Merits) 228
Trail Smelter Case 231
Declarations and Treaty Law 233
Hazardous Waste 234
Atmosphere, Ozone and Climate 234
Nature, Flora, Fauna and Other Resources 235
Nuclear Fallout 235
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 237
Other Regimes 240
Suggested Further Readings 241
Chapter VII International Legal Personality:States, International Organizations and Individuals 243
The Definition of a State 243
A Defined Territory 243
A Permanent Population 244
A Government 244
Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States 245
Secession and Self-Determination 246
Reference re Secession of Quebec 246
State Responsibility 257
A State’s Capacity to Bring International Claims on Behalf of Individuals 257
Nationality of the Claimant 258
Nottebohm Case 258
International Organizations 264
Inter-Governmental Organizations 264
The United Nations 264
International Status 264
Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations 265
Structure of the United Nations 272
U.N. Principal Organs 273
The General Assembly 273
The Security Council 274
Contents xi
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 274
The Trusteeship Council 275
The International Court of Justice 275
The Secretariat 275
Non-Governmental International Organizations 276
Non-State Actors 276
International Status of Individuals 277
Suggested Further Readings 277
Chapter VIII Human Rights 279
Introduction 279
Human Rights in the United Nations System 280
The United Nations Charter 280
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 281
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 282
Rights and Freedoms under the Civil and Political Rights Covenant 283
States’ Rights to Derogate from Guaranteed Rights and Freedoms 283
Enforcement of Rights and Freedoms under the Civil and Political Rights Covenant 283
Optional Protocols to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 284
Camargo (on behalf of Guerrero) v. Colombia (1982) 285
Lovelace v. Canada (1981) 288
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 292
Rights and Freedoms under the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Covenant 292
Enforcement of Rights and Freedoms under the Economic,Social and Cultural Rights Covenant 292
The United Nations Human Rights Commission 294
The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 295
United Nations Conventions on Specific Topics of Human Rights 296
Regional Human Rights Systems 296
The European Human Rights System 296
The European Convention 296
Enforcement of the European Convention 299
The European Commission on Human Rights 299
The Committee of Ministers 299
The European Court of Human Rights 300
Soering Case 300
Other European Human Rights Conventions 309
The Inter-American System 310
xii Contents
Rights Protected by the American Convention on Human Rights 310
Enforcement Mechanisms under the American Convention onHuman Rights 311
The Commission 311
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights 312
The Velásquez Rodríguez Case 312
The African System 317
The African Charter 317
Enforcement of the African Charter 318
League of Arab States 319
Enforcement of Human Rights in National (Domestic) Courts 319
Self-Execution of Treaties 319
Sale, Acting Commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service, et al. v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc., et al. 320
Kadic v. Karadzic 326
Suggested Further Readings 334
Chapter IX The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes:Arbitration and International Courts 337
The Obligation to Settle Disputes 337
Arbitration 337
International Courts 339
The Permanent Court of International Justice 339
The International Court of Justice 339
The Composition of the Court 339
The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justicein Contentious Cases 340
“[A]ll cases which the parties refer to it (i.e. the Court). . . .” 340
“[A]ll matters specially referred to in the Charterof the United Nations. . . .” 341
“[A]ll matters . . . in treaties and conventions in force.” 341
Compulsory Jurisdiction: The Optional Clause 342
Norwegian Loans Case 344
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua 346
Jurisdiction Forum Prorogatum 356
The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justicein Advisory Cases 356
The Power of the International Court of Justiceto Issue Interim Measures of Protection 356
Other Major International Courts 357
Contents xiii
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 357
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 359
The International Criminal Court 359
Conclusion 360
Suggested Further Readings 360
Chapter X The Use of Force Including War 361
Introduction 361
The Modern Era 362
Coercive Measures Not Amounting to Armed Force 362
Retorsions 362
Reprisals Not Involving the Use of Armed Force 362
Pre-1945 Law on the Use of Armed Force 363
The Customary Law of Self-Defence 364
The Caroline Incident 364
Post-1945 Law 365
The United Nations Charter Law 365
The Meaning of “Force” 365
What Is a Threat of Force? 366
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 367
Must Force be Used for a Particular Object to Violate Article 2(4)? 367
Exceptions to Article 2(4) 368
Self-Defence 368
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activitiesin and against Nicaragua 369
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 375
Case Concerning Oil Platforms 377
Preemption 381
Reprisals Using Force 381
The Rule of Non-Intervention 382
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua 383
Civil Wars and the Rule of Non-Intervention 390
Intervention in Particular Circumstances 391
Intervening to Protect Nationals Abroad 391
Humanitarian Intervention 391
The Security Council’s Power to Intervene 393
Article 41 Measures 393
Article 42 Measures 394
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces 395
xiv Contents
Jus In Bello 396
Regulation of the Conduct of Hostilities and Humanitarian Law 396
The Prosecutor v. Drazen Erdemovíc 399
Prosecutor v. Kajelijeli 414
Weapons Control 419
Nuclear Weapons 421
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 423
Suggested Further Readings 443
Treaty Index 445
General Assembly Resolutions Index 451
Security Council Resolutions Index 453
General Index 455
Contents xv
Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392 (1985):74, 122
Air Services Agreement Case (France v.U.S.), 18 R.I.A.A. 416 (1978): 363
Aluminum Co. of America (U.S. v.), 148F.2d 415 (2d Cir. 1945): 99–100
Alvarez-Machain (U.S. v.), 504 U.S. 655(1992): 106, 120–129
Amerada Hess Shipping Corp. v. Argen-tine Republic, 830 F.2d 421 (2d Cir.1987): 329
Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case (U.K. v.Norway), 1951 I.C.J. 116: 172
Angola (U.S. v.), 514 F.Supp. 933 (S.D.Fla. 1981): 199
Application of the Convention on thePrevention and Punishment of theCrime of Genocide (Bosnia & Herze-govina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia & Mon-tenegro)), 1993 I.C.J. 3: 325, 341,1996 I.C.J. 595: 88–92
Arra (U.S. v.), 630 F.2d 836 (1st Cir.1980): 201
Asylum Case (Columbia v. Peru) 1950I.C.J. 266: 14
Arrest Warrant Case (Democratic Repub-lic of Congo v. Belgium), 2002 I.C.J.3: 114–119, 151–158, 334
Attorney General of the Government ofIsrael v. Eichmann, Judgment ofSupreme Court of Israel, May 29,1962: 106–114, 120
Australia v. France, see Nuclear TestsCases
Avena Case (Mexico v. United States),2004 I.C.J. ___: 59–70, 137
Attorney General of Canada v. JeanetteLavell, Richard Isaac et al. v. YvonneBedard [1974] S.C.R. 1349: 288
Banco National de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376U.S. 398 (1964): 13, 164, 332
Barcardi Corp. of America v. Domenech,311 U.S. 150 (1940): 72
Belgium (Democratic Republic of Congov. ) see Arrest Warrant Case
Benitez (U.S. v.), 741 F.2d 1312 (11th Cir.1984): 104
Bolchos v. Darrel, 3 F. Cas. 810 (D.S.C.1795): 328
Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia, 1996I.C.J. 595: 88–92
Botswana v. Namibia, see Case Concern-ing Kasikili/Sedudu Island
Bowman (U.S. v.), 260 U.S. 94 (1922): 105Boznia & Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Ser-
bia & Montenegro) see Case Con-cerning Application of the Conven-tion on the Prevention andPunishment of the Crime of Geno-cide
Burkina Faso v. Mali, see Frontier DisputeCadena (U.S. v.) , 585 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir.
1978): 177Camargo (on behalf of Guerrero) v. Co-
lumbia (1982), 1 Human RightsCommittee Selected Decisions Underthe Optional Protocol 112(1985)Communication No. 45/1979:285–287
xvii
Table of Cases
Bold type indicates that the whole case or a large excerpt of the case appears in the text.
xviii Table of Cases
Canada v. U.S., see Gulf of Maine AreaCase
Carl Zeiss Stiflung v. VEB Carl Zeiss Jena,433 F.2d 686 (2nd Cir. 1970): 333
Caroline Incident, 2 Moore, Dig. of Int’lLaw 412 (1906): 364–365
Caro-Quintero (U.S. v.), 745 F.Supp. 599(C.D. Cal. 1990): 120
Case Concerning Application of the Con-vention on the Prevention and Pun-ishment of the Crime of Genocide(Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),1996 I.C.J. 595: 88–92
Case Concerning Gabcíkovo-NagymarosProject (Hungary v. Slovakia) 1997I.C.J. 7: 81–87
Case Concerning U.S. Diplomatic andConsular Staff in Tehran (U.S. v.Iran) 1980 I.C.J. 3: 131–136, 353–354
Case Concerning Kasikili/Sedudu Island(Botswana v. Nambia), 1999 I.C.J.1045: 59
Case Concerning Military and Paramili-tary Activities in and AgainstNicaragua (Nicaragua v. U.S.), 1984I.C.J. 14 and 392: 339, 346–355, 365,369–375, 383–390
Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vi-hear (Cambodia v. Thailand) 1962I.C.J. 6: 20, 76
Certain Expenses of the United NationsCase, 1962 I.C.J. 151: 396
Chorzów Factory Case, 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser.A) No. 9, at 31: 20
Church v. Hubbart, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 187(1804): 184
Clipperton Island Case (France v. Mexico)reprinted at 26 Amer. J. Int’l L. 390(1932): 338
Columbia v. Peru, 1950 I.C.J. 266: 14Committee of U.S. Citizens Living in
Nicaragua v. Reagan, 859 F.2d 929(D.C. Cir. 1988): 105
Congo v. Belgium, see Arrest WarrantCase
Conroy (U.S. v.) & Walker (U.S. v.), 589F.2d 1258 (5th Cir. 1979): 175–179
Continental Shelf Case (Tunisia v. Libya),1982 I.C.J. 18: 171, 188
Continental Shelf Case (Libya v. Malta),1985 I.C.J. 13: 188
Corfu Channel Case (U.K. v. Albania),1949 I.C.J. 4: 181–183, 228–230, 354
Cortes (U.S. v.), 588 F.2d 106 (5th Cir.1979): 201
Curtis-Wright Export Corp. (U.S. v.), 299U.S. 304 (1936): 325
Death Penalty Cases, Res. 3/87, Case No.9647, O.A.S. Ser. L/VII. Doc. 9(1987): 312
Delimitation of the Maritime Border inthe Gulf of Maine Area (Canada v.U.S.) 1984 I.C.J. 246: 188, 340
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundarybetween Guinea and Guinea-Bissau,reprinted at 25 I.L.M. 252 (1986): 188
Delimitation of the Maritime Areas be-tween Canada and France (St. Pierreand Miquelon), reprinted at 31 I.L.M.1149 (1992): 188
Democratic Republic of Congo v. Bel-gium, see Arrest Warrant Case
Denmark v. Norway, see Legal Status ofEastern Greenland
Denmark v. Norway, see Maritime Delim-itation in the Area Between Green-land and Jan Mayen
Domingues (U.S. v.), 604 F.2d 304 (4thCir. 1979): 201
Dralle v. Republic of Czechoslovakia,Supreme Court of Austria, (1950)Int’l L. Rep. 155 (H. Lauterpacht ed.):160
Eichmann Case, see Attorney General ofthe Government of Israel v. Eich-mann
El Salvador v. Honduras, see Land, Islandand Maritime Frontier Dispute
ELSI Case (U.S. v. Italy), 1989 I.C.J. 15:340
Erdemovic, see Prosecutor v. DrazenErdemovíc
Factor v. Laubenheimer, 290 U.S. 276(1933): 72, 123
Fairfax’s Devisee v. Hunter’s Lessee, 11U.S. (7 Cranch) 603 (1813): 320
Fawaz Yunis, a/k/a Nazeeh (U.S. v.), 924F.2d 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1991): 102–105
Federal Trade Commission v. Compagniede Saint-Gabain-Pont-a-Mousson636 F.2d 1300 (D.C. Cir. 1980): 105
Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2dCir. 1980): 10–14, 21, 340
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Merits) (U.K.v. Iceland) 1974 I.C.J. 3: 185
Foley Bros. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281(1949): 105
Fong Yue Ting v. U.S., 149 U.S. 698(1893): 94
Ford v. Surget, 97 U.S. (7 Otto) 594(1878): 332
Foster v. Neilson, 27 U.S. (2 Pet.) 253(1828): 320
France v. Norway, see Norwegian LoansCase
France v. Turkey, see Lotus CaseFrontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Mali)
1986 I.C.J. 554: 45, 340Frisbie v. Collins, 342 U.S. 519 (1952):
121, 125Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary
v. Slovakia) 1997 I.C.J. 7: 81–88, 235Germany v. Denmark, see North Sea
Continental Shelf CasesGermany v. Netherlands, see North Sea
Continental Shelf CasesGermany v. U.S., see LaGrand CaseGoverno degli Stati Uniti di America c.
Soc. I.R.S.A. [1963] Foro Ital. 1405,47 Revista de Diritto Internazionale484 (May 13, 1963): 163
Gulf of Maine Area Case (Canada v. U.S.)1984 I.C.J. 246: 188, 340
Haitian Refugee Center v. Gracey, 809F.2d 794 (D.C. Cir. 1987): 325
Head Money Cases, 112 U.S. 580 (1884):75, 94
Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113 (1895): 9Hungary v. Slovakia, see Gabcíkovo-
Nagymaros ProjectHumberto Alvarez-Machain (U.S. v.), see
U.S. v. Alvarez-MachainIn re Extradition of Demjanjuk, 612 F.
Supp. 544 (N.D. Ohio): 330In re Yamashita, 327 U.S. 1 (1946): 330Insurance Cos. (U.S. v.), 89 U.S. (22 Wall.)
99 (1875): 332Israeli/Palestinian Wall Case, see Legal
Consequences of the Construction ofa Wall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory
Iran Hostages Case, see Case ConcerningU.S. Diplomatic and Consular Staffin Tehran
Iran v. U.S., see Oil Platforms CaseItaly (Gentini v. Venezuela, Mixed Claims
Commission), 1903: 20Island of Palmas (Miangas) Case
(Netherlands v. U.S.) 2 U.N. Rep.Int’l Arbitral Awards 829 (1928):24–32
Kadic v. Karadzic´, 70 F.3d 232 (2nd Cir.1995): 326–334
Kajelijeli, see Prosecutor v. Juvénal Kajeli-jeli
Ker v. Illinois, 119 U.S. 436 (1886):121–123, 125, 128
Klinghoffer v. S. NIC. Archille Lauro, 937F.2d 44 (2d Cir. 1991): 332
Kolovrat v. Oregon, 366 U.S. 187 (1961):72
La Abra Silver Mining Co. v. U.S., 175U.S. 423 (1899): 75
Lafontant v. Aristide, 844 F.Supp. 128(E.D.N.Y. 1994): 332
LaGrand Case (Germany v. U.S), 2001I.C.J. 466: 59, 356
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dis-pute (El Salvador v. Honduras,
Table of Cases xix
Nicaragua intervening) 1990 I.C.J. 92& 1992 I.C.J. 351: 188, 340
Legal Consequences for States of theContinued Presence of South Africain Namibia (South West Africa)Notwithstanding Security CouncilResolution 276, 1971 I.C.J. 16 (Advi-sory Opinion): 79–80
Legal Consequences of the Constructionof a Wall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory, 2004 I.C.J. ___ (AdvisoryOpinion 9 July 2004): 40
Legal Status of Eastern Greenland, (Den-mark v. Norway) 1933 P.C.I.J. (ser.A/B) No. 53 at 194 (April 5): 32–39,49
Legality of the Threat or Use of NuclearWeapons, 1996 I.C.J. 226 (AdvisoryOpinion): 237–240, 367, 375–377,423–442
Le Louis, 2 Dods 210 (1817) Eng. Rep.1464 (1923): 200
Liechtenstein v. Guatemala, see Notte-bohm Case
Lopez v. Reederei Richard Schroder, 225 F.Supp. 292 (E.D. Pa. 1963): 12
Lotus Case (France v. Turkey), 1927P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10: 108–109, 203
Lovelace v. Canada (1981) 1 HumanRights Committee Selected DecisionsUnder the Optional Protocol 83(1985) Communication No. 24/1977:288–291
Marino-Garcia (U.S. v.) & Cassalins-Guz-man (U.S. v.), 679 F.2d 1373 (11thCir. 1982): 198–202
Maritime Delimitation in the Area be-tween Greenland and Jan Mayen(Denmark v. Norway) 1993 I.C.J. 38:188
Maul v. U.S., 274 U.S. 501 (1927): 177Maximov v. U.S., 373 U.S. 49 (1963): 71,
74May-May (U.S. v.), 470 F.Supp. 384 (S.D.
Tex. 1979): 201Mexico v. United States, see Avena Case
Military and Paramilitary Activities inand Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.U.S.), see Case Concerning Militaryand Paramilitary Activities in andAgainst Nicaragua
Mine Workers (U.S. v.), 330 U.S. 258(1947): 128
Mol Inc. v. People’s Republic ofBangladesh, 736 F.2d 1326 (9th Cir.1984): 163
Molvan v. Attorney-General for Palestine,A.C., 851 (1948): 201
Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in1943 Case, 1954 I.C.J. 19: 352
Monroy (U.S. v.), 614 F.2d 61 (5th Cir.1980): 201
Murray v. The Schooner Charming Betsy,6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64 (1804): 105, 200
National Petrochemical Co. of Iran v.M/T Stolt Sheaf, 806 F.2d 551 (2ndCir. 1988): 332
Netherlands v. U.S., see Island of Palmas(Miangas) Case
Newball (U.S. v.), 524 F.Supp. 715(E.D.N.Y. 1981): 201
New York Indians v. U.S., 170 U.S. 1(1898): 75
New Zealand v. France, see Nuclear TestsCases
Nielsen v. Johnson, 279 U.S. 47 (1929): 74Nicaragua v. U.S., see Case Concerning
Military and Paramilitary ActivitiesIn and Against Nicaragua
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Fed-eral Republic of Germany v. Den-mark) (Federal Republic of Germanyv. Netherlands) 1969 I.C.J. 3: 15–20,188, 383
Northern Securities Co. v. U.S., 193 U.S.197 (1904): 128
Northwestern Bands of Shoshone Indiansv. U.S., 324 U.S. 335 (1945): 75
Norwegian Loans Case (France v. Nor-way) 1957 I.C.J. 9: 344–346
xx Table of Cases
Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v.Guatemala), 1955 I.C.J. 4: 165, 196,258–263
Nuclear Tests Cases (Australia v. France),1974 I.C.J. 253: 49, 236–237, 436
(New Zealand v. France), 1974 I.C.J. 457:236–237
Request for an Examination of the Situa-tion in Accordance with Paragraph 63of the Court’s Judgment of 20 De-cember 1974 in the Nuclear Tests(New Zealand v. France), 1995 I.C.J.288: 236–237
Nuclear Weapons Case, see Legality of theThreat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Oil Platforms Case (Islamic Republic ofIran v. United States) 2003 I.C.J. __:377–380
Pacific & Arctic R. & Navigation Co. (U.S.v.), 228 U.S. 87 (1913): 100
Palestinian /Israeli Wall Case, see LegalConsequences of the Construction ofa Wall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory
Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677 (1900):5–10, 178, 320
Petrulla (U.S. v.), 457 F.Supp. 1367 (M.D.Fla. 1978): 201
Pfizer Inc. v. Indiana, 434 U.S. 308 (1978):332
Phillips v. Eyre [1871] L.R. 6 Q.B. 1: 108Pinochet Case, see Regina v. Bartle and
the Commissioner for the Metropolisand others Ex Parte Pinochet
Portugal v. India, see Right of PassageCase
Powell (U.S. v.), 379 U.S. 48 (1964): 71, 73Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic´, Decision on
the Defense Motion for IntercutoryAppeal on Jurisdiction, 1995 I.C.T.Y.No. IT-94-1-AR 72 reprinted at 35I.L.M. 32 (1996): 357Opinion and Judgment, Case No. IT-94-1-T, reprinted at 36 I.L.M. 908(1997): 358
Quebec Secession, see Reference re Seces-sion of Quebec
Prosecutor v. Drazen Erdemovíc, 1997I.C.T.Y. No. IT-96-22: 359, 399–414
Prosecutor v. Juvénal Kajelijeli 2003I.C.T.R. No. 98-44A: 359, 414–419
Queen v. Griffiths [1891] 2 Q.B., 145: 108Rainbow Navigation, Inc. v. Department
of Navy, 686 F.Supp. 354 (D.D.C.1988): 74
Rauscher (U.S. v.), 119 U.S. 407 (1886):121, 124–127
Reference re Secession of Quebec, 2S.C.R. 217 (1998): 246–256
Regina v. Bartle and the Commissionerfor the Metropolis and others ExParte Pinochet, House of Lords,U.K., (1999) 2 All E. R. 97: 139–151
Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1 (1957): 176Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the
Service of the United Nations 1949I.C.J. 174 (Advisory Opinion):265–272
Reservations to the Genocide Conven-tion, 1951 I.C.J. 15 (Advisory Opin-ion): 51–57
Right of Passage Case, (Portugal v. India)1960 I.C.J. 6: 14
Rights of Minorities in Polish Upper Sile-sia (Germany v. Poland), 1928 P.C.I.J.(ser. A) No. 15: 356
Rocca v. Thompson, 233 U.S. 317 (1912):74
Rubies (U.S. v.), 612 F.2d 397 (9th Cir.1979): 201
Saiga Case (Saint Vincent and theGrenadines v. Guinea), 1999 ITLOSNo.2: 207–223
Sale, Acting Commissioner, Immigrationand Naturalization Service, et al. v.Haitian Centers Council, Inc., et al.,509 U.S. 155 (1993): 320–326
Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon, 11 U.S.(7 Cranch) 116 (1812): 159
Secession, Quebec, see Reference re Seces-sion of Quebec
Table of Cases xxi
Sihadej Chindawongse a/k/a Rajburi(U.S. v.) & Boripat Siripan (U.S. v.),771 F.2d 840 (4th Cir. 1985): 137–139
Sisal Sales Corp. (U.S. v.), 274 U.S. 268(1927): 100
Smith (U.S. v.), 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 153(1820): 12
Society for Propagation of the Gospel inForeign Parts v. Town of New Haven,21 U.S. (8 Wheat) 464 (1823): 93
Soering Case, 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A)(1989): 300–309
Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 124 S. Ct. 2739(2004): 334
Stuart (U.S. v.), 489 U.S. 353 (1989):71–76
St. Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea,see Saiga Case
Sumitomo Shoji America, Inc. v. Ava-gliano, 457 U.S. 176 (1982): 71–72, 74
Tabion v. Mufti, 73 F.3d 535 (4th Cir.1996): 130
Tadic Case, see Prosecutor v. Dusko TadicTecht v. Hughes, 229 N.Y. 222 (1920):
92–94Tel-Oren v. Libyan Arab Republic, 726
F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir. 1984): 328–329Temple Case (Cambodia v. Thailand)
1962 I.C.J. 6: 20, 76Texas v. White, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 700
(1868): 332The Apollon, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 362
(1824): 127The Caroline Incident, 2 Moore, Dig. of
Int’l Law 412 (1906): 364–365The Lotus Case (France v. Turkey), 1927
P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10: 108–109, 203The Marianna Flora, 24 U.S. (11Wheat.) 1
(1826): 200The Nottebohm Case, see Nottebohm
CaseThe Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677
(1900): 5–10, 178, 320
The Schooner Charming Betsy (Murrayv.), 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64 (1804): 105,200
Thomsen v. Cayser, 243 U.S. 66 (1917):100
Thorington v. Smith, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 1(1868): 332–333
Trail Smelter Case (U.S. v. Canada), 3U.N. Rep. Int’l Arbitral Awards 1938(1941): 231–232
Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. FranklinMint Corp. 466 U.S. 243 (1984): 72
U.K. v. Albania, see Corfu Channel CaseU.K. v. Iceland, see Fisheries Jurisdiction
CaseU.S. v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 665
(1992): 106, 120–129U.S. v. Aluminum Co. of America, 148
F.2d 415 (2d Cir. 1945): 99–100U.S. v. Angola, 514 F.Supp. 933 (S.D. Fla.
1981): 199U.S. v. Arra, 630 F.2d 836 (1st Cir. 1980):
201U.S. v. Benitez, 741 F.2d 1312 (11th Cir.
1984): 104U.S. v. Bowman, 260 U.S. 94 (1922): 105U.S. v. Cadena, 585 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir.
1978): 177U.S. v. Canada, see Trail Smelter CaseU.S. v. Caro-Quintero, 745 F.Supp. 599
(C.D. Cal. 1990): 120U.S. v. Conroy & U.S. v. Walker, 589 F.2d
1258 (5th Cir. 1979): 175–179U.S. v. Cortes, 588 F.2d 106 (5th Cir.
1979): 201U.S. v. Curtis-Wright Export Corp., 299
U.S. 304 (1936): 325U.S. v. Domingues, 604 F.2d 304 (4th Cir.
1979): 201U.S. v. Fawaz Yunis, a/k/a Nazeeh, 924
F.2d 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1991): 102–105U.S. v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain, 504
U.S. 655 (1992): 106, 120–129U.S. v. Insurance Cos., 89 U.S. (22 Wall.)
99 (1875): 332
xxii Table of Cases
U.S. v. Marino-Garcia & U.S. v. Cassalins-Guzman, 679 F.2d 1373 (11th Cir.1982): 198–202
U.S. v. May-May, 470 F.Supp. 384 (S.D.Tex. 1979): 201
U.S. v. Mine Workers, 330 U.S. 258(1947): 128
U.S. v. Monroy, 614 F.2d 61 (5th Cir.1980): 201
U.S. v. Newball, 524 F.Supp. 715 (E.D.N.Y.1981): 201
U.S. v. Pacific & Arctic R. & NavigationCo., 228 U.S. 87 (1913): 100
U.S. v. Petrulla, 457 F.Supp. 1367 (M.D.Fla. 1978): 201
U.S. v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48 (1964): 71, 73U.S. v. Rauscher, 119 U.S. 407 (1886): 121,
124–125U.S. v. Rubies, 612 F.2d 397 (9th Cir.
1979): 201U.S. v. Sihadej Chindawongse a/k/a Ra-
jburi & U.S. v. Boripat Siripan, 771F.2d 840 (4th Cir. 1985): 137–139
U.S. v. Sisal Sales Corp., 274 U.S. 268(1927): 100
U.S. v. Smith, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 153(1820): 12
U.S. v. Stuart, 489 U.S. 353 (1989): 71–76U.S. v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 939 F.2d 1341
(9th Cir. 1991): 120, 122–124, 126U.S. v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259
(1990): 176
U.S. v. Warren, 578 F.2d 1058 (5th Cir.1978): 176
U.S. v. Williams, 617 F.2d 1063 (5th Cir.1980): 200
Valentine v. U.S. ex rel. Neidecker, 299U.S. 5 (1936): 122
Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Inter-Ameri-can Ct. H.R., reprinted at 28 I.L.M.294 (1989): 312–317
Verdugo-Urquidez (U.S. v.), 939 F.2d 1341(9th Cir. 1991): 120, 122–124, 126
Verdugo-Urquidez (U.S. v.), 494 U.S. 259(1990): 176
Victory Transport, Inc. v. Comisaria Gen-eral de Abastecimiento y Transportes,336 F.2d 354 (2d Cir. 1964): 163
Ware v. Hylton, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 198(1796): 12, 320
Warren (U.S. v.), 578 F.2d 1058 (5th Cir.1978): 176
Western Sahara Case, 1975 I.C.J. 12 (Ad-visory Option): 24
Weinberger v. Rossi, 456 U.S. 25 (1982):200
Wildenhus’ Case, 120 U.S. 1 (1887):203–204
Williams (U.S. v.), 617 F.2d 1063 (5th Cir.1980): 200
Wirth Ltd. v. S/S/ Acadia Forest, 537 F.2d1272 (5th Cir. 1976): 177–178
Xuncaz v. Gramajo, 886 F. Supp. 162 (D.Mass 1915): 334
Table of Cases xxiii
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the President and Trustees of Suffolk University who grantedme a sabbatical leave, without which this book would never have been completed. TheLegal Studies Department at Brandeis University kindly allowed me to test out the textin an undergraduate international law course. My students at Suffolk University LawSchool have been a source of much inspiration and proved a spur to develop better ma-terials for teaching. My research assistants, Tracy Devlin, Kristine Hung, Frank Manis-calco, Halim Moris, and Maureen Pomeroy have all been diligent, prompt, and cre-atively cheerful. Joan Comer typed, retyped, and then repeated that process many times,always with speed and much grace and Patricia McLaughlin provided excellent secretar-ial assistance throughout the original project. To them all I owe a great debt. The secondedition would not have been completed without the efficiency, grace and calming influ-ence of Mishell Fortes who corrected, changed and inserted all the additions to the newedition. In working on the third edition I was aided by Rita Mercardo, my research as-sistant, and by the ever patient and tireless Mishell Fortes.
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International Law
Third Edition
Preface
The purpose of this book is to introduce students, with no previous legal training, tothe study of public international law. Within North America law is normally taught atthe graduate level in a professional law school. Yet there is a long and honorable tradi-tion of teaching international law at the undergraduate or postgraduate level, particu-larly within the larger framework of international relations, generally in departments ofgovernment or political science.
The need for a book specifically designed for students with little legal knowledge be-came apparent to me when I was asked to teach such a course at Brandeis University. Ireviewed the available literature and, apart from the standard, narrative form introduc-tions to international law, there was little available. There are, of course, a number ofwell known case books, widely used in the professional law schools, which I have usedfor many years teaching in law schools, but all of them were both too detailed for intro-ductory courses and assumed a fairly large legal background. Almost invariably interna-tional law is taught as an upper level course in law schools and the authors of texts forsuch courses can reasonably count on students having a fairly comprehensive grasp ofall the core subjects of law.
I concluded that teaching a course to nonlegal specialists required a somewhat differ-ent approach and somewhat different materials and so I set about to construct my ownbook. The result appears in the pages that follow. It should be added that these materialsdo not assume that such students are less able than law students to grasp difficult issuesnor does it assume that they cannot deal with a variety of complex instruments thatbear on a particular problem. Rather the book focusses on the central problems of in-ternational law, assumes no prior legal knowledge except that gathered by living in a so-ciety organized under a legal system, and encourages students to work through a num-ber of problems that present a variety of international issues. The overriding aspirationof this book is that students will acquire a general understanding of the mechanismsand concepts of the international legal system and that they will find encouragement topursue their own study of the area in greater depth.
Valerie EppsProfessor of LawDirector of the International Law ConcentrationSuffolk University Law SchoolBoston, Massachusetts. U.S.A.
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Electronic Research Resources forInternational Law
There are an ever expanding number of sites for conducting international law re-search electronically. It is fair to say that the availability of international law materialselectronically has revolutionized research in international law. There are a number ofguides to such research. The citations to, or web site addresses of two excellent guidesare listed below:
www.asil.org ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law (3d rev isededition, 2003) by Marci Hoffman & Jill Watson.
Using In tern et Re s o u rces for Forei gn and In tern a ti onal Legal Re s e a rch , by Ma rci Hof f-man & Ji ll Wa t s on (2001), ava i l a ble at: w w w. ll . geor getown . edu / i n t l / pre s en t a ti on s / dcb a r.htm.
The United Nations web site, www.un.org will connect you to the internet sites for theInternational Court of Justice, The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yu-goslavia, The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, The International CriminalCourt, The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the United Nations TreatyCollection, the United Nations Documentation Research Guide and a large amount ofinformation on Peace and Security, Economic and Social Development, Human Rightsand Humanitarian Affairs.
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