international trade techniques

INTERNATIONAL TRADE TECHNIQUES

BY: ING.VICENTE ARMIJOS E.M.B.A.

UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL

ING.VICENTE ARMIJOS MSC

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FINAL WORK (TUTORIA)

ESTRUCTURA DEL SYLABUS

SON 4 UNIDADES :

“INTRODUCCION AL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL”

“EL COMERECIO INTERNACIONAL EN PERSPECTIVA”

“PRINCIPIOS BASICOS DE LA IMPORTACION Y EXPORTACION”

“INCOTERMS 2010”

“NOMENCLATURA ARANCELARIA”

“LOS OPERADORES DEL COMERCIO EXTERIOR”

“COPCI CODIGO ORGANICO” CAMBIO DE LA MATRIZ “PROCESOS DE IMPORTACION Y EXPORTACION”


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UNIDAD I

UNIDAD II

UNIDAD III

UNIDAD IV


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HOY EN DIA TODO ESTA CAMBIANDO EN EL MUNDO QUE

CREIAMOS CONOCER, LAS TRADICIONALES FRONTERAS

ENTRE SECTORES ECONOMICOS SE ESTAN HACIENDO BORROSAS

Y LAS VIEJAS REGLAS DE LA ADMINISTRACION YA NO TIENEN

SENTIDO .....

Tomado del libro “Repensando el Futuro”, escrito por los mejores gurus de la adminstracion siglo XXI


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Observaciones de Carlos Fortín, Funcionario Encargado de la UNCTAD.

El comercio para el desarrollo es la razón de ser y la vocación de la

UNCTAD. El comercio puede ser una palanca fundamental para acelerar el crecimiento, potenciar el desarrollo

humano y luchar contra la pobreza en los países en desarrollo.


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bziqCkyF4A

VIDEO PARA INSPIRAME EN LA TUTORIA FINAL


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ORIGINS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE

THE AUTHARQYSelf enough of the Economy.

THE EXCHANGEThe power and the desire of grow and develop of many groups, localized in different regions of the world push hard. They are the beginners of the trade they found the “Foreign trade”

THE FENICIOUS (CENTURY XXVII BC)They develop the sea transportations to carry merchandise and give it an added value.


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LOS FENICIOS


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MERCANTILISM.MERCANTILISM.

LIBERALISM.LIBERALISM.

NEOLIBERALISMNEOLIBERALISM



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THE TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT•The merchandisers come up (facilitators; Intermediaries, Traders).•The land transportation come up, (The Roller)

THE FEUDALISMThe International commerce develop in a modest way since the finish of the Feudalism.



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MERCANTILISMMERCANTILISM

•It occurs since 1500 –1800 AC.• The actual thoughts are based in the old mercantilism •The wealth of a nation is possible to measure by the GOLD inventories inside of a country.•This theory said that the nations should export more and import the less.•To reach the commercial surplus gives us stability mainly to the turn governments .


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MERCANTILISMMERCANTILISM

•The exports were subsidized • The import products were restricted (tariffs). • The over seas and colonies regions have a chance to develop in just one way, to generate row material and to have back final products.•The “monopoly” generate undeveloped of these regions, only they have the chance to buy but not to produce added value products.


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THE LIBERALISM THE LIBERALISM It was born in the century XVIII – XIX •The Liberalism is based on the Individual freedom • The Person is the source of its moral values.• Thus, the Commerce process develop in between two or more individuals, so this mechanism has the power of efficiency to generate common welfare.•The public policy should have a limit, minimum actions regarding protection of the collectiveness, such as: The justice, the social security, the protection of the freedom.•The Interchange between nations will generate more wealthy, and at in the other hand will remedy the political tensions and the war.


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THE LIBERALISMTHE LIBERALISM•At the end of the XIX Century this policy became weak, due to the socialism and communism ideas which become strongest.•A protection of the liberalism state was generated .•Some failures related to the economy, political and social issues were the detonator.

•The Keynesian Revolution (John Maynard Keynes 1883-1946)The book “General Theory of the money, interest and the work”, Teoría General de la Ocupación, el interés y el Dinero”•The Welfare State, a group of public actions to assure the citizens the minimum basic services access.


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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThe develop of the Technology of those days, became a manually production to pass a machinery based production. So production was mainly focused in the agricultural fields. This new way of producing begins to generate excess of goods. On that time was born the EXPORTS, It was a mechanism to allocate the production excess.•As well ,the Capitalism was born, this system helps to develop more and more the I.T.



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Production ExcessProduction ExcessAn excess of production three alternatives generate :

1. The productions stop. Growing less, Economic decrease, Unemployment.

2. Reduction in price to push the demand. Negative for producers, Market saturation.

3. Looking for foreign markets to allocate the Exceeds. Export – Import.Export – Import.


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TO EXPORTTO EXPORT• To develop the markets.To develop the markets.• To energize the economyTo energize the economy• To Generate Growth.To Generate Growth.

ADAM SMITH:ADAM SMITH:““The wealth of the nations world wide is based in the The wealth of the nations world wide is based in the International Commerce” “La riqueza de las International Commerce” “La riqueza de las Naciones esta basada en el COMERCIO Naciones esta basada en el COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL”INTERNACIONAL” ING.VICENTE ARMIJOS MSC

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ORIGENES DEL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL

THE BEGINING OF THE NEOLIBERALISMTHE BEGINING OF THE NEOLIBERALISM•The governments should apply economic politics to assure and guarantee the employee.•To stimulate the process of growing up in the “market” based economies.•To assure the low incomes population, the access to the education, health and house. The Keynesian Theory was present upon the seventies, because it was an excessive state intervention generate. •It misunderstood many problems such as : Inflation, unemployment, and a non order economic growth.


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MAIN IDEAS OF THE NEOLIBERALISMMAIN IDEAS OF THE NEOLIBERALISM

• The believe of the “State intervention” usually generate

malfunction and in the other hand the “Free Market” did a better job,( the invisible hand) “Adam Smith”.

• The free interchange of goods and services between citizens could satisfy needs more efficiently than the state made.

• The Neoliberalism Theory said that a motivation should come up, from the state, in order to be flexible in the free competence policy, trying to eliminate all the restrictions and barriers.

• The Free Interchange Theory is positive, because only by this way

we could build a “Big Market” and maybe became the world as ONE only market.

• The countries could be competitive by their own possibilities.• International Competence.(Open economy, Market aperture)


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INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE

NEW ERA.


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ORIGENES DEL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL

THE NEOLIBERALISMTHE NEOLIBERALISM

• Is the PLUS of the Liberalism and accept the state participation in minimum way.

• On the 60´s an analytic study of the liberalism and socialist systems was made, and detected the failures of this stages. The experts found that the liberalism has coherent ideas mainly in the INDIVIDUAL concept that gives the economy importance.

• The compact ideas of the NEOLIBERALISM are:

1. THE LIMITED INTERVENTION OF THE SATATE.2. THE FREE MARKET VALUE.


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BEFORE THE SECOND WORLD WAR BEFORE THE SECOND WORLD WAR A lot Economic troubles were came up :A lot Economic troubles were came up :• The countries begin to cut commercial links and

try with this mechanism to avoid any commercial balance not favorable to them.

• July the 1944, one year before final of the Second World War.

• 44 countries joint in BRETTON WOODS. What Happen in B.W.

• The FMI was created.1.1. To generate equilibrium in the foreign trade international To generate equilibrium in the foreign trade international

payment scale and in the Intenational finance.payment scale and in the Intenational finance.2.2. To make fallow up and audit the policy of the economic To make fallow up and audit the policy of the economic

development. development. 3.3. To give Loans to the countries which has an economic crisisTo give Loans to the countries which has an economic crisis


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BRETTON WOODSBRETTON WOODS• The International Bank for the reconstruction was

created, now a day called the World BANK.”BANCO MUNDIAL”.

• The porppouse is to recover the economies of the belligerent countries.

• To help old colonies countries. • To develop in a modern way the third world economy.

CHANGE THE GOLD STANDARD TO THE DÓLAR CHANGE THE GOLD STANDARD TO THE DÓLAR STANDARD.STANDARD.

• ALL THE COUNTRIES HAVE THEIR RESERVES IN GOLD.• THEY DECIDE TO FIX THE DÓLAR AS MASTER CURRENCY OF

THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE.• THEY STABLISHED THE “OUNCES” OF GOLD AND ARRANGE A

PRICE OF $35 PER GOLD OUNCE. SO THE COUNTRIES COULD HAVE BOTH: RESERVES IN GOLD AND USD (GOLD AND DOLARS).


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THE DOLLAR OF USATHE DOLLAR OF USA• It was a decision made in a hurry way, which gives the It was a decision made in a hurry way, which gives the

US dollar, a position never it had in the past, and make US dollar, a position never it had in the past, and make to jump USA strongest to the international context.to jump USA strongest to the international context.

• The USA dollar, was the KEY currency, since the Post The USA dollar, was the KEY currency, since the Post War.War.

• The International Commerce begins to move forward The International Commerce begins to move forward with this currency a lot.with this currency a lot.

• Exporters and Importers begin to open accounts in Exporters and Importers begin to open accounts in Dollars.Dollars.

• It was a plan of Strong Economy which tries to show It was a plan of Strong Economy which tries to show USA to the rest of the world.USA to the rest of the world.


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INTERCAMBIO COMERCIAL INTERNACIONAL

CAPITULO IICAPITULO II


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GATT (1948)GATT (1948)GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND

TRADE.TRADE.• The need of a new Economic Model.The need of a new Economic Model.• To Create: RULES, PARAMETERS AND To Create: RULES, PARAMETERS AND

PROCEDURES .To reach a benefit in the PROCEDURES .To reach a benefit in the commercial word wide process.commercial word wide process.

• Equity in the International Commerce Equity in the International Commerce transactions.transactions.

• To Develop politics to reach International To Develop politics to reach International markets in equilibrium.markets in equilibrium.

WTOOMCOMC


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RONDAS DEL GATT

Number Sede Fecha

I Ginebra 1947

II Annecy 1949

III Torquay 1950-1951

IV Ginebra 1955-1956

V "Ronda Dillon" Ginebra 1960-1961

VI "Ronda Kennedy" Ginebra 1964-1967

VII "Ronda Tokio"antes "Ronda Nixon"

Tokio 1973-1979

VIII "Ronda Uruguay" Ginebra 1986-1994


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INTERNACIONALIZACION DE LAS ECONOMIAS.


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INTERNATIONAL INTERCHANGEINTERNATIONAL INTERCHANGE

INTERNATIONALIZATIONINTERNATIONALIZATION.

PROTECCIONISMPROTECCIONISM

ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC INTEGRATION

ECONOMIC APERTUREECONOMIC APERTURE


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INTERNACIONALIZATIONINTERNACIONALIZATIONIs a procces of expansion which implicates the movements Is a procces of expansion which implicates the movements

of capital from one country to an other with the objective of capital from one country to an other with the objective to generate commercial and financial relationship.to generate commercial and financial relationship.

• The map shows how USA, JAPON, and Europe, The map shows how USA, JAPON, and Europe, improves in a big scale in the process of export.improves in a big scale in the process of export.

• Latin-America, China and Africa was delay.Latin-America, China and Africa was delay.• It generates problems in the economy.....It generates problems in the economy.....• The protectionist IDEAS come up again.The protectionist IDEAS come up again.



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MAIN IDEAS OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION MAIN IDEAS OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION ..1.1. Each country specialize in products in which they has a major Each country specialize in products in which they has a major

efficiency power, efficiency power, It allows to maximize their productive resources It allows to maximize their productive resources and to create a welfare in their workersand to create a welfare in their workers. . (DAVID RICARDO).(DAVID RICARDO).

2.2. The prices have a tendency to stabilityThe prices have a tendency to stability. . 3.3. Make Make posposssible ible that a country imports only those goods which that a country imports only those goods which

internal capacity of production do not full fill the demand and maybe internal capacity of production do not full fill the demand and maybe the local production don´t be enoughthe local production don´t be enough. .

4.4. Make possible the Make possible the ofoffferer of products from abroad countries to other of products from abroad countries to other countries which exceecountries which exceedd the the consumeconsume (Export (Exportss) ) ..

5.5. Make possible equilibrium between excess and lack. Make possible equilibrium between excess and lack. 6.6. The input and output movements brings a scale in the international The input and output movements brings a scale in the international

marketmarket. . 7.7. By the payment scale we could see what kind of international By the payment scale we could see what kind of international

transactions make by the residents of one country in a period of transactions make by the residents of one country in a period of time given(one year)time given(one year)



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THE PROTECCIONISMTHE PROTECCIONISMIs a process to reduce the competition in a market of Is a process to reduce the competition in a market of

one product that come from abroad. (To protect one product that come from abroad. (To protect Local producer).Local producer).

• The mechanism used in the TARIFFS OR TAXES The mechanism used in the TARIFFS OR TAXES ((ARANCELES )ARANCELES )..

• ASSURE the sell of the local productions.ASSURE the sell of the local productions.• The tariffs do not apply to local production.The tariffs do not apply to local production.• Why? Because local productions make the PIB.Why? Because local productions make the PIB.• PIB, The sum of Local production inside of a country PIB, The sum of Local production inside of a country

in one year period.in one year period.• Multinational made movements to local markets to Multinational made movements to local markets to

block the Tariffs.block the Tariffs.• Multinational: International companies which has Multinational: International companies which has

presence in many countries and make production, presence in many countries and make production, commerce and services operations.commerce and services operations.

INTERCAMBIO COMERCIAL INTERNACIONALINTERCAMBIO COMERCIAL INTERNACIONAL


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Los Aranceles (THE TARIFFS)Los Aranceles (THE TARIFFS)The Tariffs are barriers of taxesThe Tariffs are barriers of taxes: : The Government decide a Tariff The Government decide a Tariff percentage, looking forward a movement in price up of the imported percentage, looking forward a movement in price up of the imported

product, so the demand of this product maybe reduceproduct, so the demand of this product maybe reduce.. Barriers Types:Barriers Types:

1* Tariffs Barriers.- 1* Tariffs Barriers.- Rights (Ad valorem) Surplus, Taxes to Special Rights (Ad valorem) Surplus, Taxes to Special consumption, Safeguard Taxes. Special Quotes.consumption, Safeguard Taxes. Special Quotes.

2* No Tariffs Barriers (NO Arancelarias).-2* No Tariffs Barriers (NO Arancelarias).- Administrative Administrative Barriers , there are many , like burocracy , misunderstanding in the customs, Barriers , there are many , like burocracy , misunderstanding in the customs, Sanitary rules, Quality certificationsSanitary rules, Quality certifications, , Special Standards , many operative Special Standards , many operative process wich behind the nationalization of a product in one country.process wich behind the nationalization of a product in one country.

3*Auto-restrictions.-3*Auto-restrictions.-are the fashion Barriers , it is a sophisticated are the fashion Barriers , it is a sophisticated barrier , now a days apply only by the USA and Japan, in virtue of the barrier , now a days apply only by the USA and Japan, in virtue of the decisiohn taken, the seller country make a cut off or reduce voluntee the decisiohn taken, the seller country make a cut off or reduce voluntee the quantity of products wich are exporting to USA.quantity of products wich are exporting to USA.

INTERCAMBIO COMERCIAL INTERNACIONAL


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ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC INTEGRATIONIs a process through the neighbor countries in similar Is a process through the neighbor countries in similar

Geographic areas conform geo-economic zones for Geographic areas conform geo-economic zones for the free trade, when the barriers and no barriers try the free trade, when the barriers and no barriers try

to fell down to commerce benefit.to fell down to commerce benefit.

• A wide market is created for a mutual negotiationsA wide market is created for a mutual negotiations

INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL


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FREE TRADE FREE TRADE

ZONEZONE

CUSTOM UNIONCUSTOM UNION

COMMON MARKETCOMMON MARKET

ECONOMIC UNIONECONOMIC UNION

TOTAL ECONOMICTOTAL ECONOMICINTEGRATIONINTEGRATION



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REDUCTION OF THE TAXES AND COMPROMISE TO MOVE FORWARD THE

TOTAL ELIMINATION OF THE TARIFFS TO THE FOREING TRADE, AS WELL THE

REDUCTION OF NO TARIFFS BARRIERS.

FREE TRADE FREE TRADE

ZONEZONE


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CUSTOM UNIONCUSTOM UNION


TOTAL ELIMINATION OF THE TAXES OF EXPORT AND THE NON TAXABLE BARRIERS , ADMINISTRATIVE BARRIERS.

ADOPTION OF A COMMON TARIFF TO DEAL WITH COUNTRIES NO PART OF THE UNION. (THREE PARTY COUNTRIES)


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COMMON MARKETCOMMON MARKET


PRIOR TO THE COMITMENTS IN THE CUSTOM UNION.

FREE CIRCULATION OF PEOPLE, SERVICES AND CAPITALS.

UNIFY OF NATIONAL POLITICS , TO SUPPORT SUCH MOVEMENTS.


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ECONOMIC UNIONECONOMIC UNION


PRIOR TO THE COMITMENTS AGREED IN THE COMON MARKET PROCCES.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POLICY MANAGED WITH HARMONY: MONETARY AND FISCALMONETARY AND FISCAL


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TOTAL INTEGRATIONTOTAL INTEGRATION


PRIOR TO THE COMMITMNETS AGREED IN THE EUROPEAN UNION.

A SUPRANATIONAL AUTHORITY OVER DE REGIONAL ONE.

TO MANAGE THE RELATION SHIP WITH THE THIRD PARTY COUNTRIES. ING.VICENTE ARMIJOS MSC

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ECONOMIC INTEGRATION EXAMPLESECONOMIC INTEGRATION EXAMPLES

• IN AMERICAIN AMERICA• NAFTA. (Canadá, USA, México)NAFTA. (Canadá, USA, México)• CARICOM.(Paises del Caribe)CARICOM.(Paises del Caribe)• MCCA.(Paises Centro América)MCCA.(Paises Centro América)• CAN(Comunidad Andina de Naciones)CAN(Comunidad Andina de Naciones)• MERCOSUR.(países del Sur Rivera Atlantica)MERCOSUR.(países del Sur Rivera Atlantica)• La Asociación LatinLa Asociación LatinoAoAmericana de Integración (mericana de Integración (ALADIALADI).).• EL ALCA.EL ALCA.



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• IN EUROPEIN EUROPE• LA UNION EUROPEALA UNION EUROPEA• LA ASOCIACION EUROPEA DE LIBRE COMERCIOLA ASOCIACION EUROPEA DE LIBRE COMERCIO• IN ASIAIN ASIA• ASEAN ASEAN (ASOCIACION DE NACIONES DEL ASIA SUDORIENTAL.)(ASOCIACION DE NACIONES DEL ASIA SUDORIENTAL.)• APEC (ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION)APEC (ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION)• IN AFRICAIN AFRICA• COMESA COMESA (MERCADO COMUN DE AFRICA ORIENTAL Y (MERCADO COMUN DE AFRICA ORIENTAL Y

MERIDIONAL).MERIDIONAL).• IN OCEANIAIN OCEANIA• SPARTECA SPARTECA (ACUERDO REGIONAL DE COOPERACION COMERCIAL Y (ACUERDO REGIONAL DE COOPERACION COMERCIAL Y

ECONOMICA EN EL PACIFICO SUR.ECONOMICA EN EL PACIFICO SUR.



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MARKET APERTUREMARKET APERTUREIs a PROCESS, of the Neoliberalism, throw the countries Is a PROCESS, of the Neoliberalism, throw the countries reduce the tariffs barriers to facilitate the internationalization reduce the tariffs barriers to facilitate the internationalization

of its own economy and for to be ready to be globalizes.of its own economy and for to be ready to be globalizes.

• Permits free entrance of capital and products.Permits free entrance of capital and products.• There is a Process of Reciprocity in the trade.There is a Process of Reciprocity in the trade.• The country that allows the entrance of foreign products The country that allows the entrance of foreign products dd

as well to sell more over seas.as well to sell more over seas.• Firm relationsFirm relations ship ship could could be stronger withbe stronger with the other the other

countries due to the success countries due to the success of of commercial interchange.commercial interchange.



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La idea general es optimizar la producción buscando la La idea general es optimizar la producción buscando la competitividad.competitividad.••Reducción de Costos en los procesos productivos.Reducción de Costos en los procesos productivos.••Internacionalización en las relaciones de las estructuras Internacionalización en las relaciones de las estructuras productivas capitalistas.productivas capitalistas.••Beneficios o perjuicios de una zona económica tienen impacto Beneficios o perjuicios de una zona económica tienen impacto en las demás regiones.en las demás regiones.

GLOBALIZACIONGLOBALIZACION• Es un FENOMENO, a través del cual , las relaciones Es un FENOMENO, a través del cual , las relaciones

económicas están estrechamente vinculadas en todo el económicas están estrechamente vinculadas en todo el mundo.mundo.


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GLOBALIZACIONGLOBALIZACIONGlobal: es el termino mundial como una designación neutral. Global: es el termino mundial como una designación neutral.

Internacional, se aplica a cualquier cosa que tenga que ver Internacional, se aplica a cualquier cosa que tenga que ver con con negociosnegocios fuera del país de origen; una estrategia fuera del país de origen; una estrategia

multilocal trmultilocal trata aata a la la competenciacompetencia en cada país o regi en cada país o regióón n aisladamente, mientras que la global enfoca a los países y las aisladamente, mientras que la global enfoca a los países y las

regiones conjuntamente en forma integrada.regiones conjuntamente en forma integrada.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

La globalización agrega un proceso de creciente La globalización agrega un proceso de creciente internacionalización del capital financiero, industrial y internacionalización del capital financiero, industrial y

comercial, nuevas relaciones políticas internacionales y el comercial, nuevas relaciones políticas internacionales y el surgimiento de nuevos procesos productivos, surgimiento de nuevos procesos productivos,

distributivos y de consumo deslocalizados distributivos y de consumo deslocalizados geográficamente, una expansión y uso intensivo de la geográficamente, una expansión y uso intensivo de la

tecnología sin precedentes. tecnología sin precedentes. ING.VICENTE ARMIJOS MSC

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GLOBALIZACIONGLOBALIZACION

• Una industria es global en el grado en que haya conexiones entre países. Una Estrategia es Global en el

grado en que está integrada entre diversos países.

• El aumento de la competencia extranjera es por si mismo una razón del por que los negocios se

globalizan, a fin de adquirir tamaño y destrezas que les permitan competir mas eficazmente


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GLOBALIZACIONGLOBALIZACIONUNA ACERTADA UNA ACERTADA ESTRATEGIAESTRATEGIA GLOBAL: GLOBAL:

Esta consta de 3 componentes distintos:Esta consta de 3 componentes distintos:

1) Desarrolla la 1) Desarrolla la estrategiaestrategia básica, que es la base para básica, que es la base para una ventaja estratégica sostenible.una ventaja estratégica sostenible.

2) Internacionaliza la estrategia básica, mediante la 2) Internacionaliza la estrategia básica, mediante la expansión internacional de actividades y adaptación expansión internacional de actividades y adaptación

de la estrategia básica.de la estrategia básica.3) Globalizar la estrategia internacional integrando la 3) Globalizar la estrategia internacional integrando la

estrategia para todos los países.estrategia para todos los países.


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international trade techniques

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